It is easier to negotiate initial salary requirement because once you are inside, the organizational constraints influence wage increases. One thing, however, is certain; your chances of getting the raise you feel you deserve are less if you don't at least ask for it. Men tend to ask for more, and they get more, and this holds true with other resources, not just pay increases. Consider Beth's story: I did not get what I wanted when I did not ask for it. We had cubicle (小隔间) offices and window offices. I sat in the cubicles with several male colleagues. One by one they were moved into window offices, while I remained in the cubicles. Several males who were hired after me also went to offices. One in particular told me he was next in line for an office and that it had been part of his negotiations for the job. I guess they thought me content to stay in the cubicles since I did not voice my opinion either way. It would be nice if we all received automatic pay increases equal to our merit, but "nice" isn't a quality attributed to most organizations. If you feel you deserve a significant raise in pay, you'll probably have to ask for it. Performance is your best bargaining chip when you are seeking a raise. You must be able to demonstrate that you deserve a raise. Timing is also a good bargaining chip. If you can give your boss something he or she needs (a new client or a sizable contract, for example) just before merit pay decisions are being made, you are more likely to get the raise you want. Use information as a bargaining chip too. Find out what you are worth on the open market. What will someone else pay for your services? Go into the negotiations prepared to place your chips on the table at the appropriate time and prepared to use communication style to guide the direction of the interaction.

If this weekend is yawning ahead of you, offering nothing but the same old routines and household duties, then don"t despair: boredom is good for you, a new study claims. Far from【C1】______the mind and leading to a lack of productivity, boredom can【C2】______people to seek out ways of being selfless and to engage in prosocial tasks,【C3】______uneasy ones such as giving blood. "Bored people feel that their actions are【C4】______and so they are motivated to engage in meaningful behavior," said Wjjnand van Tilburg, co-author of the paper, A Pragmatic Meaning—Regulation Hypothesis on Boredom and Prosocial Behavior. If prosocial behavior【C5】______this requirement, boredom promotes prosocial behavior. " Investigating the link between boredom and prosocial behavior is not only highly【C6】______but also counter-intuitive," said Van Tilburg, "Past research has【C7】______boredom almost exclusively with disgusting correlates,【C8】______closer inspection suggests a much richer【C9】______of potential consequences that may well go beyond merely negative outcomes, such as prosocial behavior. Boredom makes people【C10】______different and purposeful activities, and as a result they turn towards more challenging and meaningful activities, turning towards what they【C11】______to be really meaningful in life. Of course, this does not mean that boredom is necessary for prosocial behavior. It is one positive【C12】______of an utterly negative experience, demonstrating the【C13】______character of how people attempt to re-establish a【C14】______of meaningfulness." The paper has been【C15】______by Adrian Savage, an editor at the online life coach site. "Being bored turns your mind【C16】______and encourages reflection. When you"re rushing【C17】______there"s no time to think. When you"re bored, there"s nothing else to do but think," he said. "Boredom is nearly always【C18】______to creativity. It isn"t true that creativity is mostly【C19】______by having a specific problem to be solved. It"s far more likely to arise because the person is bored with the way something has been done a thousand times before and wants to try something new. Boredom stimulates the search for better【C20】______to things like nothing else does."

Directions: In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words. 拼写在英语学习里是非常重要的。但如今，很多学生忽略自己的拼写错误。他们认为自己不必去记忆单词的拼写，因为总有电脑软件可以自动检查拼写并且进行更正。你的看法如何?

Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same【C1】______is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has【C2】______been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so【C3】______on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly【C4】______the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are【C5】______past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one that【C6】______it. Today the difference is very【C7】______indeed. The old always assume that they know best for the simple【C8】______that they have been around a bit longer. They don"t like to feel that their【C9】______are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely【C10】______the young are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and【C11】______their complacency. Office hours, for instance, are nothing more than【C12】______slavery. Wouldn"t people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? Who said that all the men in the world should wear dull grey suits and convict haircuts? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so【C13】______and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more【C14】______possessions? These are not questions the older generation can【C15】______lightly. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for【C16】______. Today, the situation might be【C17】______. The old—if they are【C18】______to admit it-could learn a thing or two from their children. One of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not "sinful". Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all【C19】______of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to【C20】______restricting inhibitions.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

BPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D./B

In 1977, the year before I was born, a Senate committee led by George McGovem published its landmark " Dietary Goals for the United States," urging Americans to eat less high-fat red meat, eggs and dairy and replace them with more calories from fruits, vegetables and especially carbohydrates. By 1980 that wisdom was codified. The US Department of Agriculture(USDA)issued its first dietary guidelines, and one of the primary directives was to avoid cholesterol(胆固醇)and fat of all sorts. The National Institutes of Health(NIH)recommended that all Americans over the age of 2 cut fat consumption, and that same year the government announced the results of a $ 150 million study, which had a clear message; Eat less fat and cholesterol to reduce your risk of a heart attack. The food industry—and American eating habits—jumped in step. Grocery shelves filled with "light" yogurts, low-fat microwave dinners, cheese-flavored crackers, cookies. Families like mine followed the advice; beef disappeared from the dinner plate, eggs were replaced at breakfast with cereal or yolk-free beaters, and whole milk almost wholly vanished. From 1977 to 2012, per capita consumption of those foods dropped while calories from supposedly healthy carbohydrates increased—no surprise, given that breads, cereals and pasta were at the base of the USDA food pyramid. The nation was embarking on a " vast nutritional experiment," as the skeptical president of the National Academy of Sciences, Philip Handler, put it in 1980. But with nearly a million Americans a year dropping dead from heart disease by the mid-"80s, it had to try something. Nearly four decades later, the results are in: the experiment was a failure. Americans cut the fat, but by almost every measure, they are sicker than ever. The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in the US increased 166% from 1980 to 2012. Nearly 1 in 10 American adults has the disease, costing the country"s health care system $ 245 billion a year, and an estimated 86 million people are predia-betic. Deaths from heart disease have fallen—a fact that many experts attribute to better emergency care, less smoking and widespread use of cholesterol-controlling drugs like statins—but cardiovascular(心血管的)disease remains the country"s No. 1 killer.

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

BPart B/B

Women have been driving yellow cabs in New York since the 1940s, but 99% of drivers are male. Even among drivers of cars booked by phone or online, only 4% are women. That may change with the launch of SheTaxis, an app that lets female passengers insist on female drivers, and vice versa. It will be available in New York City, Westchester and Long Island, and the firm plans to expand to other cities. Stella Mateo, the founder, is betting that quite a few women are nervous and weary of getting into cars driven by men. The service may also appeal to those whose religious beliefs forbid them to travel with unrelated men. Each driver wears a pink pashmina. Men who ask for a ride will be directed to another car service. Similar services thrive in India, South Africa and several Middle Eastern cities. Japan has had women-only railway carriages on and off since 1912. Known as hana densha(flower trains), they offer shelter from the gropers who make rush hour in Tokyo so disagreeable. But SheTaxis faces two speed bumps. One is practical. Demand has been so great that the firm has had to decelerate its launch until it can recruit 500 drivers. The other obstacle is legal. By employing only female drivers, SheTaxis is obviously discriminating against men. Since anti-discrimination law is not always applied with common sense, that may be illegal. And there is no shortage of potential litigants. Yellow cabbies are furious at the growth of online taxi firms such as Uber. "It' s not hard to imagine a guy ... filing suit," says Sylvia Law of New York University Law School. "SheTaxis' defence would probably be that its drivers are all independent contractors." Because the firm caters only to women, it is discriminating against male customers, too. Is that legal? Angela Cornell of Cornell Law School thinks there could be a loophole. New York' s Human Rights Commission could make an exemption on the ground that SheTaxi offers a service that is in the public interest: women feel safer not getting into cars with strange men. Women-only colleges are allowed, so why not women-only cabs? The snag is that some men may also feel safer getting into cabs with female drivers. A study in 2010 found that 80% of crashes in New York City that kill or seriously injure pedestrians involve male drivers. Women drivers are simply better.

Writeanessaybasedonthediagrams.Inyourwriting,youshould1)describethediagrams,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

More and more people choose to travel abroad in their vacations. Many people believe that traveling abroad benefit them a lot. In this section, you are asked to write an essay on the benefits of traveling abroad. You can provide specific reasons and examples to support your idea. You should write at least 150 words.

The highest anxiety moment in the holiday season must be the moment just before your loved ones unwrap their gifts. The ribbon comes untied, the paper falls to the floor—what will their expression be?【C1】______out the right gift can be very difficult, and we can easily make mistakes. Before【C2】______a gift, we all ask ourselves two questions: How much to spend and what to get.【C3】______both questions are complex, the more complex one by far is what to get. We may not know the exact【C4】______of the other person;【C5】______we know what kind of gift they would absolutely love, we might still not know the exact color, size, etc.【C6】______these risks, giving an ill-suited gift risks showing the other person exactly how little we really know them. And from there the path to a【C7】______relationship is short The risk of giving the wrong thing is【C8】______gift givers often end up giving consumables such as wine and chocolate. After all, these are unlikely to be the "wrong" gift for anyone. But there"s a【C9】______: These safe gifts are not very "gifty" and are unlikely to strengthen our relationship with the recipient【C10】______, when we give jewelry, art, or furniture, we take a risk that the other person will not like the【C11】______. But these risky gifts are more "gifty" and, if they are successful, will【C12】______their goal of strengthening the social【C13】______between the person giving the gift and the person【C14】______it. So how much risk do most gift givers take? Not surprisingly, the majority of givers don"t risk giving more risky gifts. But were they right in playing it【C15】______? In short: They were not. A research showed that, in general, gift givers don"t【C16】______how much others will enjoy their gift.【C17】______, gift receivers preferred the riskier gift and wished that gift givers took more【C18】______. So perhaps this holiday season we should put an extra effort into gift giving. Let"s throw caution to the winds,【C19】______the wine, chocolates, and gift certificates and give real gifts. The biggest risk is being【C20】______.

Australian children are visiting social media websites at an increasingly younger age, a new survey suggests, with one in five "tweens" (children between the ages of about 10 and 14) admitting they have chatted to someone online they do not know. The report 'Tweens, Teens and Technology" by online security company McAfee found that children in the tweens age【C1】______of 8 to 12 were【C2】______technology faster than expected, with 67 percent using a social media website..【C3】______the age eligibility for Facebook being 13, one in four (26 percent)【C4】______using the site— although 95 percent said they had their parents'【C5】______to do so. The most【C6】______site for tweens was Skype (used by 28 percent),【C7】______children were also using Instagram, according to the survey of 500 youngsters geographically【C8】______of Australia's online population.【C9】______the survey found that one in five tweens (19 percent) said they chatted to someone online that they did not know,【C10】______seven percent said they had shared personal information. Australia's Communications Minister Stephen Conroy said it was【C11】______that children talk to strangers online. "It shows we must remain【C12】______to online threats," he said. The findings suggest the age at which children first use social media is【C13】______, given a 2012 McAfee survey of teens aged 13-17 found the average age they opened their first social network【C14】______was 13. On average, tweens were using three or four devices that can be Internet【C15】______, with 66 percent of them【C16】______mobile phones and/or tablets. Fifty-four percent said they used a tablet for more than an hour a day. Most tweens use their devices to【C17】______the Internet, and on average spend about 1.5 hours a day browsing the web, the survey said. "Both parents and schools are encouraged to keep a close【C18】______on their child's online behavior to ensure they have safe online【C19】______," said Andrew Littleproud, president of McAfee Asia-Pacific. "By working closely with child psychologists, we have seen that online behaviors firmly set in the tween age group so active education is【C20】______within eight to 12 age bracket."

BSection III Writing/B

People used to think that learning two languages created confusion in the mind. Far【C1】______it was thought, to get one right than bother with two. An even more extreme and【C2】______view was that learning two languages caused a kind of mental illness or dual personality. Some studies did seem to【C3】______the idea that learning two languages could be problematic; early researchers noted that bilingual people tended to have smaller vocabularies and slower access to words. But these myths and【C4】______disadvantages have now been overshadowed by a【C5】______of new research showing the【C6】______psychological benefits of learning another language. And these extend way【C7】______being able to order a cup of coffee abroad or ask directions to your hotel. First, Language centers in the brain actually grow as a result of successful language learning. The better you learn, the more those【C8】______areas of the brain grow. Second, bilingualism【C9】______Alzheimer"s disease in susceptible people by as much as five years. Seems unbelievable,【C10】______the studies are continuing to support this result. Third, being bilingual can lead to【C11】______listening skills, since the brain has to work harder to recognize different types of sounds in two or more languages. Fourth, you may become more language 【C12】______. Infants in bilingual households can distinguish languages they"ve never even【C13】______before. Just being 【C14】______the different sounds in, for example, Spanish and Catalan, helps them tell the difference between English and French. Fifth, it can【C15】______your memory. Babies brought up in a bilingual environment have stronger working memories than those brought up【C16】______only one language. Sixth, bilingual people can【C17】______from one task to another more quickly. Seventh, bilinguals have stronger control over their【C18】______and are better able to limit distractions. Furthermore, it can help develop new ways of seeing and improve your first language etc. These are all quite apart from the benefits of【C19】______yourself in another culture, and of seeing your own culture from the【C20】______of another. You may well get something like " a second soul" from learning another language.

While still catching up to men in some fields of modern life, women appear to be far ahead in at least one undesirable aspect. "Women are particularly liable to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men." according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran's Administration Hospital. Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormone (荷尔蒙) somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males. Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities" for stress. "It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so much more to cope with." says Dr. Yehuda. "Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men's," she observes, "it's just that they're dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner. " Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. " I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating. " Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. "I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better. " Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. " It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt. I lived from paycheck to paycheck. Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.

What do Russia"s Belgorod province and some schools in Florida and Connecticut have in common? They are unlikely recruits to the war on Valentine"s Day. In 2011 the governor of Belgorod banned celebration of the holiday in educational and cultural institutions on the【C1】______that it was harmful to Russian spirituality and【C2】______. Last year two schools in Orange County, Florida,【C3】______Valentine"s gift-giving, citing such reasons【C4】______the need to "maintain instructional focus" and "【C5】______distraction". And this year a school in Connecticut wrote to parents to say it would be【C6】______sweets and parties on February 14th with healthy snacks and【C7】______activities. This puts them all on the【C8】______side as many Muslim countries that have banned the celebration of Valentine"s Day. Saudi Arabia has gone so【C9】______as to ban all things red from flowers and gift shops on the day—with little effect【C10】______to create a black market for red roses. A Kyrgyzstan"s leader recently urged his fellow legislators to【C11】______a ban, too, dubbing Valentine"s Day a "holiday from the devil". Originally a Christian【C12】______associated with several victims called Valentine, February 14th was also the day when birds chose their mates in folk stories. In 1400 Charles VI of France picked the date to propose a "High Court of Love",【C13】______matters of the heart. The passing of love notes became fashionable in England in the 1700s, and in 1797 "The Young Man"s Valentine Writer" was published, formalizing a long【C14】______of telling men how to propose. In 1913 Hallmark produced their first【C15】______Valentine"s card. In the 1980s the diamond industry followed flower"s and chocolate"s businessmen, who had already【C16】______Valentine"s Day as a moment to give (or expect) a【C17】______gift. What bothers some of Valentine"s Day"s enemies is its Christian, or Western, origins. For others the problem is the stimulation to commerciality, evil or even unhealthy eating.【C18】______their battle is doomed to failure. Valentine"s Day has a conveniently unspecific origin myth. It【C19】______cheer to the post-Christmas depression. It provides an opportunity to give and get, and, for businesses, to【C20】______.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words. 在一些大学校园，学生在日常生活中造成大量的浪费。这是非常有害的。对此你有什么看法和建议?