People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is【C1】______and another is competitive. Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and【C2】______certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two【C3】______schools of thought on the matter have【C4】______. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from one another, and there is a great deal of【C5】______between proponents of each theory. The controversy is often【C6】______as "nature v. nurture". Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are【C7】______determined by biological and【C8】______factors. That our environment has【C9】______, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory【C10】______that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely【C11】______by our instincts. Proponents of the "nurture" theory, or,【C12】______they are often called, behaviorists, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts【C13】______determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely【C14】______by their surroundings. The behaviorists" view of the human being is quite【C15】______; they maintain that, like machines, humans【C16】______to environmental stimuli as the【C17】______of their behavior. The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some "nature" proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. Behaviorists,【C18】______, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental【C19】______that whites enjoy. Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the【C20】______to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes.

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

Barack Obama, in his state-of-the-union speech on February 12th, called for a new era of scientific discovery. " Now it is the time to reach a level of research and development not seen since the height of the space race," he declared. He praised projects to map the human brain and accelerate regenerative medicine. This would mean spending more on research. As The Economist went to press, America"s government was about to do the opposite. Federal spending is due to be cut on March 1st, the result of a long brawl over the deficit. Complex politics triggered this" sequester "(Congress excels at nothing if not elaborate dysfunction)but the sequester itself is brutally simple. America will cut $ 85 billion from this year"s budget(about 2.5% of spending), split between military and non-military programmes. Among the areas to be squeezed is R companies pay for later stages of development. For example, the NIH supported early research into monoclonal antibodies. By 2010 such research underpinned five of America"s 20 bestselling drugs. As drug firms trim their budget, the NIH"s work is becoming even more vital. But since 2003 , inflation-adjusted spending on medical research has declined.

In April, British researchers at University College London found that, rather than the recommended five, seven daily portions of fresh fruit and vegetables were the key to health. They【C1】______that seven daily portions of fresh fruit and vegetables or more could reduce the risk of cancer by 25 percent and of heart disease by 31 percent,【C2】______to people who consumed less than one portion a day. The study was【C3】______the eating habits of more than 65,000 people in England【C4】______2001 and 2008. But a new study into the field of【C5】______eating says the famous five-a-day recommendation made by the UN's World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2003 should be fine. Researchers in China and the United States went through 16 published investigations into diet and health【C6】______more than 830,000 participants, who were【C7】______for periods ranging from four and a half years to 26 years. Every additional daily serving of fruit and vegetables reduced the【C8】______risk of premature death from all【C9】______by five percent, the scientists found.【C10】______the period of the studies, 56,000 of the participants died, researchers said. In the case of death from a heart attack or a stroke, each additional serving【C11】______risk by four percent. 【C12】______there was no evidence of an additional fall in risk beyond five portions, according to the【C13】______published online Tuesday by the British Medical Journal (BMJ). "We found a threshold of around five servings a day of fruit and vegetables, after which the risk of death did not reduce【C14】______," said the investigators, led by Frank Hu of the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts. High consumption of fruit and vegetable did not translate into a【C15】______reduction in the risk of death from cancer, the study also found.【C16】______advising patients about the【C17】______of healthy eating, doctors should also push home the message about risks from obesity, inactivity, smoking and【C18】______drinking, said the paper. The London researchers【C19】______to being surprised by what they found and【C20】______the results may not be applicable to other countries.

Do you wake up every day feeling too tired, or even upset? If so, then a new alarm clock could be just for you. The clock, called SleepSmart, measures your sleep cycle, and waits【C1】______ you to be in your lightest phase of sleep【C2】______ rousing you. Its makers say that should【C3】______ you wake up feeling refreshed every morning. As you sleep you pass【C4】______ a sequence of sleep states—light sleep, deep sleep and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep—that【C5】______ approximately every 90 minutes. The point in that cycle at which you wake can【C6】______ how you feel later, and may【C7】______ have a greater impact than how much or little you have slept. Being roused during a light phase【C8】______ you are more likely to wake up energetic. SleepSmart【C9】______ the distinct pattern of brain waves【C10】______ during each phase of sleep, via a headband equipped【C11】______ electrodes(电极)and a microprocessor. This measures the electrical activity of the wearer' s brain, in much the【C12】______ way as some machines used for medical and research【C13】______ , and communicates wirelessly with a clock unit near the bed. You【C14】______ the clock with the latest time at【C15】______ you want to be wakened, and it【C16】______ duly(适时地) wakes you during the last light sleep phase before that. The【C17】______ was invented by a group of students at Brown University in Rhode Island【C18】______ a friend complained of waking up tired and performing poorly on a test.【C19】______ sleep-deprived people ourselves, we started thinking of【C20】______ to do about it, " says Eric Shashoua, a recent college graduate and now chief executive officer of Axon Sleep Research Laboratories, a company created by the students to develop their idea.

Writeanessaybasedonthedrawing.Inyourwriting,youshould1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,and3)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

BPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D./B

BSection III Writing/B

Climate change is supposed to unfold slowly, over decades. But that is not true up in the great white north, as those attending the AAAS meeting"s session on climate change in the Arctic were reminded. Temperatures there are 2°C higher than their long-term average, and the upper layers of parts of the Arctic Ocean are hotter than they have been for at least 2,000 years. Summer sea ice has been vanishing faster than even the gloomiest researchers thought likely, with some now predicting the first completely ice-free summer as soon as the 2020s. The Arctic is not, though, isolated from the rest of the world; rapid changes there could have knock-on effects elsewhere. Whether or not that is happening was a question addressed by Jennifer Francis, an atmospheric scientist at Rutgers University. It is a topical subject. Along with much of the rest of America, Chicago endured a fierce and prolonged cold snap in January, in which temperatures fell to -27°C, the lowest since 1884. Meanwhile, Brits at the conference were fleeing a country that had been soaked by the heaviest winter rains in two and a half centuries, and battered by a seemingly endless succession of Atlantic storms and gales. Campaigners in both countries have been quick to blame climate change for the rotten weather. But things are rarely so straightforward in climatology. The best Dr Francis could offer was a theory as to why a warmer Arctic might be expected to lead to wilder weather in mid-latitudes, and some tentative but suggestive evidence that this is already happening. Her idea rests on the jet stream, a powerful, persistent, high-altitude " river of air" which flows around the world from west to east, affecting the weather as it goes. The jet stream is driven in part by the temperature difference between cold Arctic air and the warmer air of middle latitudes. Because the Arctic is warming more rapidly than the rest of the planet, that difference is shrinking. This ought to produce a less potent jet stream. And a less potent jet stream is a more unpredictable one.

As the internet and social media become increasingly embedded in how we connect with and understand the world around us, so does the language we use to access that experience. Today the UN argues that speakers of non-dominant languages need to be able to express themselves online in culturally meaningful ways, and urges governments to develop comprehensive language-related policies that support and facilitate online linguistic diversity and multilingualism. "The internet is becoming the town square for the global village of tomorrow," said Bill Gates. But if the vast majority of the world's languages don't have a digital future, what will speakers have to sacrifice to be heard in the "digital town square"? Closing the digital divide clearly has huge potential to empower individuals around the world.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

If you want to succeed, you have to be passionate【C1】______your work. It has to be true. 【C2】______speakers around the globe say so. The prestigious consulting firm Deloitte quantified it in a report that said, "Up to 87. 7 percent of America's workforce is not able to contribute【C3】______their full potential because they don't have enthusiasm for their work. " Enthusiasm for your work intensifies focus, provides the drive to persist when challenges【C4】______, and enables creativity. It is also important to remember【C5】______passion can fade and relationships with too much of it early on can result【C6】______disillusionment. You see this at work when a formerly "passionate" employee becomes jaded and cynical because things just aren't as they used to be in the past. If you are fortunate to work every day at a career or job about which you are passionate,【C7】______yourself lucky. The reality is, according to the Deloitte study, there【C8】______that many people who are enthusiastic about what they do. You can't easily toss the dispassionate masses aside and hire all new people who are in love with what you do. 【C9】______, some jobs and industries just don't elicit passion. Many companies need people to perform jobs that never appear on anyone's most desirable list. They are often physically challenging, somewhat monotonous, and provide low wages. They may have limited【C10】______for advancement, and they exist in industries that are profitable but not sexy. One of my manufacturing clients perfectly【C11】______this description, and despite the difficult environment , people show【C12】______and do a great job every day. They aren't particularly crazy about their jobs, but they are driven by an immense pride in their performance. A positive【C13】______of pride is grounded in humility. It establishes and maintains a reputation for excellence. Pride doesn't【C14】______shortcuts, and most important, it maintains high standards when passion for the job has diminished. At the【C15】______of the day, you can't ignore the impact of passion. Virtually【C16】______raises their hands when I ask seminar participants if they would do their ideal jobs for less than one percent of what they make today. We should, however, pay more attention【C17】______pride. Pride speaks to character, and character is an excellent indicator of the quality and commitment of the work. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. said: "If a man is called to be a street sweeper, he should sweep streets【C18】______as Michelangelo painted, or Beethoven composed music, or Shakespeare wrote poetry. He should sweep streets so well that all the hosts of heaven and earth will【C19】______to say, here lived a great street sweeper who did his job well. " Most assume that Dr. King was talking about the importance of passion【C20】______of the status of your position. Perhaps, however, we missed the real message about having personal pride in your performance.

The EU's climate chief is seeking to extend the bloc's renewable energy targets, in a move apparently designed to protect the green energy sector from an intensifying attack by the gas industry. This is the first time the European commission has【C1】______the issue of official targets beyond 2020, when the current commitment—to【C2】______20% of energy from renewable sources—expires. An extension would boost the renewable energy industry【C3】______lobbying efforts by the gas industry, which is trying to rebrand gas【C4】______a cheaper "green" alternative to renewables. In its【C5】______to push this line, the gas industry has held a series of high-level meetings with senior【C6】______in the European commission and the European parliament, 【C7】______with the governments of member states. Connie Hedegaard, the climate change commissioner in Brussels, is【C8】______at the lobbying, and is determined to maintain Europe's【C9】______in developing renewable energy and clean technology. "We should be looking to avoid a lock-in to fossil fuels," she said. "We should be discussing a renewable energy target for 2030. We need to have【C10】______targets. It would be one way to send a long-term price【C11】______for renewable energy—that renewable energy is not just going to stop growing after 2020." The push to extend the target is likely to be【C12】______by some member states who fought hard against the 2020 targets when they were unveiled in early 2007. Poland is known to be concerned that its heavy【C13】______on coal may attract penalties, and Italy has a history of【C14】______climate targets. An official in the department of Gunther Oettinger, the EU commissioner for energy, said no targets were【C15】______needed for later. He is also against raising the current target to【C16】______emissions from 20% by 2020 to 30%,【C17】______some member states—including the UK, France and Germany-have proposed. In its "Roadmap to 2050", the European commission【C18】______that the share of low-carbon technologies—【C19】______renewables, nuclear power, and carbon capture and【C20】______—in the electricity mix would have to rise to 75% or 80% by 2030.

While western governments worry over the threat of Ebola, a more pervasive but far less harmful 【C1】______ is spreading through their populations like a winter sniffle: mobile personal technology. The similarity between disease organisms and personal devices is 【C2】______. Viruses and other parasites control larger organisms, 【C3】______ resources in order to multiply and spread. Smartphones and other gadgets do the same thing, 【C4】______ever-increasing amounts of human attention and electricity supplied 【C5】______ wire umbilici. It is tempting to【C6】______a "strategy" to both phages and phablets, neither of which is sentient.【C7】______, the process is evolutionary, consisting of many random evolutions, 【C8】______ experimented with by many product designers. This makes it all the more powerful. Tech【C9】______occurs through actively-learnt responses, or "operant conditioning" as animal behaviourists call it. The scientific parallel here also involves a rodent, typically a rat, which occupies a【C10】______cage called a Skinner Box. The animal is【C11】______with a food pellet for solving puzzles and punished with an electric shock when it fails. "Are we getting a positive boost of hormones when we【C12】______look at our phone, seeking rewards?" asks David Shuker, an animal behaviourist at St Andrews university, sounding a little like a man withholding serious scientific endorsement【C13】______an idea that a journalist had in the shower. Research is needed, he says. Tech tycoons would meanwhile【C14】______that the popularity of mobile devices is attributed to the brilliance of their designs. This is precisely what people whose thought processes have been【C15】______by an invasive pseudo-organism would believe. 【C16】______, mobile technology causes symptoms less severe than physiological diseases. There are even benefits to【C17】______sufferers for shortened attention spans and the caffeine overload triggered by visits to Starbucks for the free Wi-Fi. Most importantly, you can 【C18】______ the Financial Times in places as remote as Alaska or Sidcup. In this【C19】______, a mobile device is closer to a symbiotic organism than a parasite. This would make it【C20】______to an intestinal bacterium that helps a person to stay alive, rather than a virus that may kill you.

Suppose the Martial Art Association in your university wants to recruit new members. Write an ad to all students to 1) inform them of the advantages and requirements of being a member of the association, and 2) encourage them to participate. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "The Martial Art Association" instead.

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

To Google is now in broad usage as a verb for retrieving information from the internet. If the tech giant has its way, "I Googled" will become a standard reply to the question, "How did you get here?" On May 28th Google said it would build 100 prototype driverless cars without pedals, steering wheel or controls. It is the next stage in its apparent quest to be as popular on the road as on computer screens. People have dreamed about driverless motoring since at least the 1930s, but only in recent years have carmakers such as Mercedes-Benz and Volvo given the matter more thought, kitting out test cars with the sensors and sophisticated software required to negotiate busy roads. Google has roared ahead by designing a driverless car from the ground up. But bringing autonomous motoring to the world is proving harder than Google had envisaged.

Could your smartphone prevent a car from hitting you? General Motors and other researchers think that"s a possibility【C1】______an emerging wireless standard works its way into the latest smartphones and new cars. First seen in 2010, Wi-Fi Direct【C2】______ultrafast device-to-device connections over the same radio waves that smartphones, computers and other electronics currently use to connect to routers and home networks. The【C3】______here is that unlike your application-enabled television, Wi-Fi Direct doesn"t【C4】______the Internet. Rather, it"s【C5】______connect local devices directly to each other【C6】______as little as a second, and unlike Bluetooth, the connection doesn"t require special pass keys and works at more than double the【C7】______, at about 656 feet apart. GM says future cars could【C8】______pedestrians carrying Wi-Fi Direct smartphones, gather their【C9】______locations and warn the driver through existing active safety systems such as forward collision【C10】______and auto-braking. Wi-Fi Direct is one part of GM"s research on vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure【C11】______in which both cars and roadways become【C12】______aware and adaptive to real-time information. More and more automakers, such as BMW and Hyundai, use a subscription-based 3G cell network to connect a car"s information & entertainment system to the Web for things such as【C13】______searches. A few automakers, such as Ford and Audi,【C14】______wireless hotspots that allow full【C15】______to the Internet from any mobile device. By 2015, Ford said it【C16】______80 percent of the vehicles it sells in North America to have a Wi-Fi connection. Wi-Fi Direct currently allows file【C17】______between two electronic devices【C18】______having to pair them. If the technology becomes popular and【C19】______it could pull the market away from Bluetooth, the short-range wireless standard for in-car telephone calls and portable audio. With Bluetooth, there isn"t one【C20】______way to connect a device—and many times, as we"ve often found, it still doesn"t work. According to data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, nearly 4,900 pedestrians and cyclists were killed by cars last year, for which data were available.

If you intend using humor in your talk to make people smile, you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems. Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view. Depending on whom you are addressing, the problems will be different. If you are talking to a group of managers, you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries; alternatively if you are addressing secretaries, you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example, which I heard at a nurses' convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful accommodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a line for lunch, the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat, who rushes to the head of the line, grabs his food and stomps over to a table by himself. "Who is that?" the new arrival asked St. Peter. "Oh, that' s God," came the reply, "but sometimes he thinks he's a doctor." If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and it' 11 be appropriate for you to make a passing remark about the inedible canteen food or the chairman's notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn' t attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making disparaging remarks about their canteen or their chairman. You will be on safer ground if you stick to scapegoats like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous, you must practice so that it becomes more natural. Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. Often it' s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light-hearted remark. Look for the humor. It often comes from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote "If at first you don't succeed, give up" or a play on words or on a situation. Search for exaggeration and understatements. Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor.