Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

Immigration stirs up strong enough fears to justify questionable measures of protection against it— from arrests at the doors of French schools to the border wall that separates the USA from Mexico. Economic research suggests that the intensity of these reactions seems completely disproportionate to immigration's real economic impact on the local population. David Card has shown that even massive waves of immigration don't result in lower salaries or fewer jobs for local people in the US. In a recent survey article, he concluded that the " new immigration" assimilates just as well as previous waves had, and that the wages and employment prospects of natives are not any lower in cities that received more migrants. Furthermore, Patricia Cortes also showed that an increase in the number of immigrants causes a price-drop in the sectors where they're concentrated.

BSection III Writing/B

BPart B/B

BPart B/B

Now that we are fairly sure that there are many Earth-like planets in the Galaxy, the time is ripe (or almost so) to wonder whether these new worlds do indeed have a high probability of hosting new forms of life. Currently, the best【C1】______on the existence of other planets comes from NASA"s【C2】______Kepler satellite, which has been mapping an area of the sky【C3】______some 150,000 stars. Scientists estimate that around 5 percent of planets in our galaxy have masses similar【C4】______Earth"s and, possibly, are within the habitable zone of their stars, meaning that【C5】______they hold water it has a high chance of being liquid.【C6】______there are about 200 billion stars in our galaxy alone, scientists estimate that there should be about 10 billion Earth-size planets. Not bad, especially if we【C7】______that to be Earth-size and within a habitable zone is all it takes for life to take hold in an【C8】______world. In practice, however, the situation is much more【C9】______, since it depends on what life is and how it appears in a planet,【C10】______on the planet"s detailed geological history. Here on Earth life appeared some 3.5 billion years ago.【C11】______that it may have been here as far【C12】______as 3.8 billion years ago remain tentative. For about the first three billion years, life on earth was【C13】______in the form of single-cell creatures. Only when Earth"s atmosphere was full of oxygen did more sophisticated organisms appear. 【C14】______its unusual atmosphere, Earth"s heavy, single moon, its magnetic field also did something else that allowed complex life to【C15】______on its surface.【C16】______these, Complex life would find it very hard to【C17】______and survive. The results from Kepler"s mission are encouraging and exciting. We have the【C18】______of confirming the existence of countless other worlds out there. Based on these findings, we should indeed【C19】______that other worlds would host some kind of simple life. However, as some scientists argued, Earth and its ability to host complex life will probably remain a【C20】______phenomenon in this and other galaxies.

On how the world has changed over the last 50 years, not all of it has been good. As you are looking for organic food information, you have obviously become aware that a better alternative exists and you are taking a critical look at the source and production practices of the companies producing the world's food supplies. The purpose of organic food information is to give you an understanding of what is going into your food. You will see that there are many benefits to organic food that you didn't know before. The basis behind knowing about organic food information is the fact that farmers are resorting to using artificial fertilizers and pesticides (杀虫剂) to control disease and insect attack in order to produce more crops to satisfy growing demand. These artificial fertilizers leave something poisonous in and on the fruit and vegetables we consume which in turn is absorbed and stored by our bodies. Even the quality of food has gone down in recent years. Today's fruits have nowhere near the Vitamin C levels they did at one time. However, with organic food information you learn that organic food has fifty percent more nutrients, minerals and vitamins than any other form of produce that has been grown under intensive farming. If you are eating non-organic produce you will have to eat more fruit in order to make up for this deficiency. But then the dangerous cycle continues since you will be eating more chemicals that are worse for your health than they are good for you. Another aspect of organic food information is the production of meat and poultry (家禽) . Most only consider produce when it comes to organic food information disregarding the antibiotics (抗生素) and hormones that are given to both cattle and poultry that are being force fed. Ask yourself what happens to all these antibiotics and hormones when the animal is killed, the remaining of these antibiotics and growth hormones reside in the meat which are then consumed, digested and stored in human bodies. There is no way that an animal that isn't kept in healthy conditions can produce healthy food for humans to eat. You have nothing to lose by trying organic product, not only will it be healthy for you but you will also be able to eat produce and meat the way they are supposed to be. You will likely be so impressed with the taste of organic fruit that you will never return to the mass-produced fruit again. While cost and availability can be a big issue for some, you can do a bit of research online and find a local store that stocks organic produce for a reasonable price.

After the dotcom boom of the 1990s, the world is about to experience a boom in dots. Over 1,000 new generic top-level domain names(gTLDs)are set to join the 22 existing ones, such as. com and . org, and the 280 country-specific ones, such as . uk, that now grace the end of web addresses. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(ICANN), the nonprofit organisation that manages the web"s address book, reckons this will boost competition and innovation. It will also increase the cost to businesses of protecting their brands. Some of the new gTLDs, such as . guru and . sexy, will flatter owners" egos. Others, such as . clothing and . photography, will be used by firms to tout their wares. Among the first to go live, on February 4th, was ".web" written in Arabic script. That made history: until now all generic top-level domains have been written in Latin lettering, meaning internet users with Arabic keyboards had to wrestle with ALT, CTRL and the like to type the last few letters of most websites" names. Other gTLDs in scripts such as Chinese and Russian will follow in the coming months. Firms including Apple, Ford and IWC, a watchmaker, have already applied to register their names as gTLDs. That will allow them to ensure they are not used by crooks or cybersquatters. Google, Amazon and others have applied for numerous gTLDs, including . app and . kindle, presumably because they want to use them and think they can make money by selling the right to use "second-level" domains(for example, economist, app), typically for $ 10—50 a year. Firms may also be keen to buy certain second-level domains to stop them falling into the wrong hands. Donuts, a company that has lodged hundreds of applications for gTLDs, has . wtfand . sucks on its list. But there are costs to owning a gTLD. Firms must pay $ 185 ,000 to ICANN when applying for one, plus $ 25 ,000 for each year they use it. Deciding which ones to splash out on is tricky. New domains including . biz and . mobi have been added in the past, but have failed to put a dent in the wildly popular . com. The avalanche of new domains may also confuse web users, who often get to their destinations via search engines rather than by typing web addresses into browsers. Greater choice and competition should eventually bring them benefits. But the transition may be . complicated.

Just as each wedding creates potential business for divorce lawyers, so each engagement gives insurers a chance to drum up business. Future spouses, says Alan Tuvin of Travelers, an insurer, may wish to protect themselves against something going wrong on the wedding day. It is unlikely that your intended wife will leave on horseback, as Julia Roberts did in "Runaway Bride", and most insurers wouldn' t cover that anyway. But you never know what might happen. Mr. Tuvin launched the firm' s wedding-insurance business; he and his wife were its first clients. A typical American wedding costs 25,000 or so. This has fallen a bit over the past quarter-century but still seems lavish given how tight American belts are these days. Weddings are pricey because the rich are more likely to marry than the poor, and the average age of newlyweds has gone up, so couples are more prosperous when they eventually tie the knot. High prices, and the fact that many venues require couples to take out liability insurance, feed demand for wedding insurance. A fifth of couples buy it, says the Wedding Report, a trade publication. Wedding insurance began in Britain: Cornhill, an insurer, wrote its first policy in 1988. But there were few takers. The idea only took off once transplanted to America. In the early days, says Mr. Nuccio of Robert Nuccio of Wedsure, an surer, there were incidents of couples faking engagements to collect a payout. Since then, most policies have a clause that excludes "change of heart". Wedsure does insure against cold feet, but its policy will pay out only if the wedding is cancelled more than 12 months before it is due to take place, thereby guarding against fiances phoning the broker once the relationship is already on the rocks. This does not mean policies are useless. Common causes of payouts include the venue or caterers going bust after having taken a big deposit. Extreme weather, a spouse being deployed by the armed forces and an absent priest can all trigger payouts. Most policies will pay to re-stage the photos if the photographer fails to turn up or disappears with the pictures. For some, even a small risk of something going wrong on a day that has been planned for months is worth paying to avoid. Who says romance is dead?

Even before economist Howard Davies thinking where to put extra airport capacity in Britain, rejecting the idea of building a big new hub in the Thames Estuary, the backlash had begun. Boris Johnson, the mayor of London and an enthusiastic supporter of the Thames plan, spluttered in advance, then branded the decision "shortsighted". NIMBYs opposing the expansion of Heathrow and Gatwick groaned, knowing that the remaining options all involve building or extending runways at one of those airports. Sir Howard's final recommendation is sure to run into heavy fire. To make matters worse, he and his team must hazard a guess about the future of air travel. Heathrow and Gatwick are both full, or close to it, and want to expand. But the two airports presently serve quite different parts of the market. Some 37% of passengers at Heathrow transfer between flights. Nearly a third of its customers are on business. By contrast, only 13% of Gatwick's customers are business travellers. Most are going on holiday. Just 7% transfer there—a proportion that has fallen by half over the past decade. Heathrow's shiny new Terminal 2, which opened in June, is full of expensive shops and restaurants run by Michelin-starred cooks to entice rich passengers. At Gatwick, recent improvements reflect its popularity with holiday goers: a wider lane at security gate has been set aside for families, while an area in the southern terminal is now reserved for elderly passengers, with comfortable seats and a small duty-free shop. The airports' managers also hold entirely different views about the way the airline industry will develop, and its place in the broader economy. Much of the argument for expanding Heathrow rests on the idea that hub airports are, and will remain, vital. Without further expansion, boosters argue, fewer flights to distant places such as Wuhan and Xiamen will be available to businessmen. If the capacity plight persists, domestic flights are more likely to be delayed or cancelled. European airports will pick up those passengers instead. "That's our GDP leaking out," says Jon Proudlove, the general manager of air-traffic control at Heathrow. Not surprisingly, Gatwick takes a different view. Over the past ten years the growth of low-cost airlines has been explosive, points out Sir Roy McNulty, chairman of the Gatwick group. People are travelling in different ways, with more "self-connecting" to keep costs down. Although connections with emerging markets are important, Europe and North America will remain Britain's largest trading partners, he argues. London will be a destination in its own right.

If you want to succeed, you have to be passionate【C1】______your work. It has to be true. 【C2】______speakers around the globe say so. The prestigious consulting firm Deloitte quantified it in a report that said, "Up to 87. 7 percent of America's workforce is not able to contribute【C3】______their full potential because they don't have enthusiasm for their work. " Enthusiasm for your work intensifies focus, provides the drive to persist when challenges【C4】______, and enables creativity. It is also important to remember【C5】______passion can fade and relationships with too much of it early on can result【C6】______disillusionment. You see this at work when a formerly "passionate" employee becomes jaded and cynical because things just aren't as they used to be in the past. If you are fortunate to work every day at a career or job about which you are passionate,【C7】______yourself lucky. The reality is, according to the Deloitte study, there【C8】______that many people who are enthusiastic about what they do. You can't easily toss the dispassionate masses aside and hire all new people who are in love with what you do. 【C9】______, some jobs and industries just don't elicit passion. Many companies need people to perform jobs that never appear on anyone's most desirable list. They are often physically challenging, somewhat monotonous, and provide low wages. They may have limited【C10】______for advancement, and they exist in industries that are profitable but not sexy. One of my manufacturing clients perfectly【C11】______this description, and despite the difficult environment , people show【C12】______and do a great job every day. They aren't particularly crazy about their jobs, but they are driven by an immense pride in their performance. A positive【C13】______of pride is grounded in humility. It establishes and maintains a reputation for excellence. Pride doesn't【C14】______shortcuts, and most important, it maintains high standards when passion for the job has diminished. At the【C15】______of the day, you can't ignore the impact of passion. Virtually【C16】______raises their hands when I ask seminar participants if they would do their ideal jobs for less than one percent of what they make today. We should, however, pay more attention【C17】______pride. Pride speaks to character, and character is an excellent indicator of the quality and commitment of the work. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. said: "If a man is called to be a street sweeper, he should sweep streets【C18】______as Michelangelo painted, or Beethoven composed music, or Shakespeare wrote poetry. He should sweep streets so well that all the hosts of heaven and earth will【C19】______to say, here lived a great street sweeper who did his job well. " Most assume that Dr. King was talking about the importance of passion【C20】______of the status of your position. Perhaps, however, we missed the real message about having personal pride in your performance.

BPart ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information./B

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchartonpeople'sperceptionofshoppingwebsites.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150wordsonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)

Many animals have some level of social intelligence, allowing them to coexist and cooperate with other members of their species. Wolves, for example—the probable ancestors of dogs—live in packs that hunt together and have a complex hierarchy. But dogs have evolved an extraordinarily rich social intelligence as they've adapted to life with us. All the things we love about our dogs—the joy they seem to take in our presence, the many ways they integrate themselves into our lives—spring from those social skills. Hare Brian, assistant professor of evolutionary anthropology at Duke University, and others are trying to figure out how the intimate coexistence of humans and dogs has shaped the animal's remarkable abilities. Hare suspects that the evolutionary pressures that turned suspicious wolves into outgoing dogs were similar to the ones that turned combative apes into cooperative humans. "Humans are unique. But how did that uniqueness evolve?" asks Hare. "That's where dogs are important." The first rule for scientists studying dogs is, don't trust your hunches . Just because a dog looks as if it can count or understand words doesn't mean it can. "We say to owners, look, you may have intuitions about your dog that are valuable," says Marc Hauser, a cognitive psychologist at Harvard University. "But they might be wrong." Alexandra Horowitz, a cognitive scientist at Barnard College, and other scientists are now running experiments to determine what a behavior, like a kiss, really means. In some cases, their research suggests that our pets are manipulating us rather than welling up with human-like feeling. "They could be the ultimate charlatans ," says Hauser. We've all seen guilty dogs slinking away with lowered tails, for example. Horowitz wondered if they behave this way because they truly recognize they' ve done something wrong, so she devised an experiment. First she observed how dogs behaved when they did something they weren't supposed to do and were scolded by their owners. Then she tricked the owners into believing the dogs had misbehaved when they hadn't. When the humans scolded the dogs, the dogs were just as likely to look guilty, even though they were innocent of any misbehavior. What's at play here, she concluded, is not some inner sense of right and wrong but a learned ability to act submissive when an owner gets angry. "It's a white-flag response," Horowitz says. While this kind of manipulation may be unsettling to us, it reveals how carefully dogs pay attention to humans and learn from what they observe. That same attentiveness also gives dogs—or at least certain dogs—a skill with words that seems eerily human.

[A]Monitor your alcohol use [B]Pay attention to table manners [C]Don' t be a gossip [D]Network with higher-ups [E]Keep the conversation light [F]Dress appropriately [G]Make new friends For young workers, holiday parties can be a wonderful opportunity to celebrate a successful year gone by, catch up with colleagues and hobnob with senior executives to try to get ahead. But a host of challenges confront young employees—from figuring out whom to bring to walking the fine line between being friendly and being flirty. Some do' s and don 'ts when it comes to these events: 【R1】______ If you' re new to the company, talk to co-workers who have attended previous office functions to get a sense of what you should wear. Dress conservatively, not "like you're going to a club in Vegas, "says Tom Gimbel, CEO of staffing firm LaSalle Network in Chicago. But, he adds, don't take it "to the point where(you're)wearing a suit where everybody else is wearing jeans." 【R2】______ Steer clear of talking about those layoffs or pay freezes that have hit morale, experts advise. "Try to keep the conversation upbeat," says Barbara Pachter, president of Pachter & Associates, a business-etiquette and communications firm in Cherry Hill, N.J. "If you're merging, that could be an exciting thing,(or if)you're adding new product lines, that could be an exciting thing" to talk about. 【R3】______ While it' s fun to indulge in rumors about colleagues, you don' t want to be known as the person who' s always spreading juicy gossip. "You want to be known for your work ethic, you want to be known for the work product that you put out, and at a holiday party, you don't want to be the one telling everybody who' s making out with whom and who' s fighting with whom," says Mr. Gimbel. Instead, he encourages people to stick to safe topics like sports, entertainment and what' s going on in the world. 【R4】______ Even if you're intimidated by the clique of VPs huddling in their own circle, don't pass up the opportunity to meet these people, who could be interviewing you when you' re up for your next promotion. Look for an opening to chime in on a topic that you know about. If they don't already know you, introduce yourself and say how long you've been with the company and what you do. Afterward, if you feel like you connected with someone senior, send them a follow-up email saying it was nice to meet them, says Ms. Pachter. "What have you got to lose?" 【R5】______ Holiday parties are one of the few workplace events where imbibing is allowed and even encouraged to get people relaxed. However, just because alcohol is free-flowing at the bar doesn't mean you should take that as a license to reprise your college frat parties. "Most people head toward the bar and the buffet when they get to a holiday party, and if they drink on an empty stomach they tend to get inebriated and then they could say the wrong thing or do the wrong thing," says Ms. Whitmore. "No. 1 rule is: Don't drink too much, monitor your alcohol intake. Usually, one or two drinks is plenty."

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following information. Make comments and express your own opinion. You should write at least 150 words. 许多大学生面对写作愁眉不展．因为他们不知道如何安排句子或者写什么内容。怎样才能写出好文章呢?请给大学生一些建议。

Many of the tech industry' s biggest companies, like Amazon, Google, IBM and Microsoft, are jockeying to become the leader for artificial intelligence(A.I.). In the industry's term, the companies are engaged in a "platform war." A platform, in technology, is essentially a piece of software that other companies build on and that consumers cannot do without. Become the platform and huge profits will follow. Microsoft dominated personal computers because its Windows software became the center of the consumer software world. Google has come to dominate the Internet through its ubiquitous search bar. If true believers in A.I. are correct that this long-promised technology is ready for the mainstream, the company that controls A.I. could steer the tech industry for years to come. "Whoever wins this race will dominate the next stage of the information age," said Pedro Domingos, a machine learning specialist and the author of "The Master Algorithm," a 2015 book that contends that A.I. and big-data technology will remake the world. In this fight—no doubt in its early stages—the big tech companies are engaged in tit-for-tat publicity stunts, circling the same start-ups that could provide the technology pieces they are missing and, perhaps most important, trying to hire the same brains. Fei-Fei Li, a Stanford University professor who is an expert in computer vision, said one of her Ph.D. candidates had an offer for a job paying more than $1 million a year, and that was only one of four from big and small companies. For years, tech companies have used man-versus-machine competitions to show they are making progress on A.I. In 1997, an IBM computer beat the chess champion Garry Kasparov. Five years ago, IBM went even further when its Watson system won a three-day match on the television trivia show "Jeopardy!" Today, Watson is the centerpiece of IBM's A.I. efforts. By 2020, the market for machine learning applications will reach $40 billion, IDC, a market research firm, estimates. And 60 percent of those applications, the firm predicts, will run on the platform software of four companies—Amazon, Google, IBM and Microsoft. Intelligent software applications will become commonplace, said Jeff Dean, a computer scientist who oversees Google's A.I. development. "And machine learning will touch every industry."

Scientists say they have found a way to turn body fat into a better type of fat that burns off calories and weight. The US Johns Hopkins team made the【C1】______in rats but believe the same could be done in humans, offering the hope of a new way to treat obesity. 【C2】______the expression of a protein linked to【C3】______not only reduced the animals' calorie intake and weight, but also【C4】______their fat composition. Brown fat is【C5】______in babies, which they use as a【C6】______source to generate body heat,【C7】______calories at the same time. But as we age our brown fat largely【C8】______and gets replaced by "bad" white fat, which【C9】______sits as a spare tyre around the waist. "We will need a lot more work to tease this out, but it could offer a(n)【C10】______way to develop new treatments for obesity", an expert said. Experts have【C11】______that stimulating the body to make more brown fat【C12】______white fat could be a helpful way to control weight and【C13】______obesity and its related health problems. Various teams have been searching for a way to do this, and Dr Sheng Bi and colleagues at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine believe they may have cracked it. They designed an experiment to see【C14】______suppressing an appetite-stimulating protein called NPY would decrease body weight in rats. When they silenced NPY in the brains of the rats they found their appetite and food【C15】______decreased. Even when the rats were fed a very【C16】______, high-fat diet they still managed to keep more weight【C17】______than rats who had fully functioning NPY. The scientists then checked the fat【C18】______of the rats and found an interesting change had occurred. In the rats with silenced NPY expression, some of the bad white fat had been replaced with good brown fat. The researchers are【C19】______that it may be possible to achieve the same effect in people by injecting brown fat stem cells【C20】______the skin to burn white fat and stimulate weight loss.