填空题A. Convincing evidence: US is losing its appeal in the eyes of multinationals B. Biggest hindrance: US divided political system C. American future: stuck in the middle D. Overstated statement: US overall competitiveness is declining E. Voice of experts: pessimism pervades academic world F. Economic outlook: bad but not desperate G. Undisputed fact: US is losing its economic edge 1 Is America fading? America has been gripped by worries about decline before, notably in the 1970s, only to roar back. But this time it may be serious. There is little doubt that other countries are catching up. Between 1999 and 2009 America"s share of world exports fell in almost every industry: by 36 percentage points in aerospace, nine in information technology, eight in communications equipment and three in cars. Private-sector job growth has slowed dramatically, and come to a halt in industries that are exposed to global competition. Median annual income grew by an anemic 2% between 1990 and 2010. 2 The March issue of the Harvard Business Review is devoted to "American competitiveness". The Review reports that declinism is prevalent among HBS alumni: in a survey, 71% said that American competitiveness would decline in the coming years. 3 America is losing out in the race to attract good jobs. Matthew Slaughter of Dartmouth"s Tuck School of Business points out that multinational firms increased employment in America by 24% in the 1990s. But since then they have been cutting back on jobs in America. They have moved dull repetitive tasks abroad, and even some sophisticated ones, too. The proportion of the employees of American multinationals who work for subsidiaries abroad rose from 21.4% in 1989 to 32.3% in 2009. The share of research-and-development spending going to foreign subsidiaries rose from 9% in 1989 to 15.6% in 2009; that of capital investment rose from 21.8% in 1999 to 29.6% in 2009. 4 America"s political system comes in for particularly harsh criticism: 60% of HBS alumni said that it was worse than those in other advanced countries. David Moss of HBS argues that such complaints are nothing new: American politicians have been arguing about the role of government ever since Thomas Jefferson butted heads with Alexander Hamilton. But in the past this often led to fruitful compromises. But such compromises are rarer these days. Republicans and Democrats are more ideologically divided, and less inclined to make pragmatic concessions. 5 For all this gloom, the Review"s gurus argue that, as Bill Clinton said in his first inaugural address, there is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America. The country has huge strengths, from its world-beating universities to its tolerance of risk-taking. It has a highly diverse market: firms that seek cheap labour can move to Mississippi, where wages are a third lower than those in Massachusetts. Rosabeth Moss Kanter of HBS points to the extraordinary amount of innovation that is going on not just in Silicon Valley but across the country. Yet it is difficult to read this collection of essays without a sense of foreboding. The one thing that worries the HBS alumni more than anything else—the state of American politics—is the most difficult to fix. The politicalsituation swings unpredictably, making it hard to plan for the future. Should companies assume that they will have to abide by Mr. Obanm"s health-care law when it comes into effect in 2014, or will the Republicans have repealed it by then? No one knows.

填空题A. They who know nothing listen more B. Women support is essential C. Women who create pink-collar industry D. Women: backbone for e-commerce E. Men: pretended fashion experts F. Men: technology savvy in fashion business G. New form of gender equality 1 According to a 2010 report from comScore, women spend more time online than men, and they"re overrepresented in social networking, gaming, photos, blogs, and retail. Not only do women spend time online, they spend money, too—female customers make up 61% of online transactions. In a TechCrunch article on the topic, Silicon Valley venture capitalist Arleen Lee called women the "rocket fuel" of e-commerce. "Especially when it comes to social and shopping," Lee explains, "women rule the Internet." 2 Hence the surge in "pink-collar" start-ups—businesses in traditionally feminine industries like fashion, beauty, and shopping. But women aren"t the only tech entrepreneurs with their eyes on female customers. From the men behind Pinterest to the dudes who started Shoe Dazzle, smart men are defying gender stereotypes in the pursuit of great business and jumping at the chance to cash in on pink-collar opportunities. Nils Johnson is one of the three male co-founders of Beautylish, a beauty-focused social network. What attracted three men to the female-dominated cosmetics industry? "Most engineers are guys, so they think about products for guys," Johnson explains. "When we thought about the intersection of technology and beauty, we saw a large opportunity in a market that was significantly underserved." Josh Berman and Diego Berdakin are another great example: The duo took their expertise in technology and proximity to the heart of Hollywood and identified a huge opportunity to revolutionize e-commerce. The result was Beachmint, a designer-curated social-commerce site, which catered exclusively to women." The founders never pretended to be fashion experts," says Ara Katz, Beachmint"s Head of Creative and Partnerships. "Their strengths are in technology and operations." 3 When I asked Johnson whether he and his founders had ever encountered criticism, he groaned. "Totally. It"s reverse discrimination. They say, "Why don"t you address something that scratches your own itch?"" But Johnson adds, "I made it clear that I was going to hire the best people." In many cases, that hiring philosophy means actively seeking to hire women, and some male founders are making strategic choices to recruit women to join their founding teams. Of course, these male entrepreneurs make it clear that their co-founders aren"t just window dressing. In addition to their personal knowledge of the female market, women have brought valuable skills to their ventures. 4 These pink-collar male entrepreneurs aren"t letting gender hold them back. In fact, they even see some benefits of their outsider perspective. "It can be hard for entrepreneurs to not think their personal experiences are a proxy for the market," explained Topolovac. "Because I come to the table without emotional attachment to the answers, it"s made me a better listener." 5 Women are the economic engines of some of the Internet"s hottest markets from e-commerce to social media. It"s no wonder then that savvy entrepreneurs—both men and women—are developing ways to better serve the female market. And as with any growing industry, it takes teams of both genders to truly succeed. Just as we need more women to bring their unique perspective to traditionally male-dominated fields, so too will pink-collar industries benefit from smart, innovative men.

填空题As companies continue to cut costs, the days of frequent promotions are a distant memory. So are the days of endless opportunities to show off your skills. Layoff survivors, faced with fewer options are finding themselves in career purgatory—there"s no way up and no way out. After talking to career coaches, managers, recruiters, and psychologists, Fortune put together eight tips to help workers break free from the inertia. 1 Avoid taking cover Don"t hide out behind your computer. "You should really work to increase or maintain the visibility that you have," says David Opton, founder and CEO of career management firm ExecuNet. Build a circle of allies Fortify your current relationships and work on making new ones, both within and outside the office. "Allies will be helpful in terms of letting you know information, like if there"s a job possibility that comes up," says Dee Soder, founder of the CEO Perspective Group. Who you know can make a big difference, especially in difficult times. 2 Load up on new tools This is the perfect time to acquire new expertise. (If the boss can"t pay, do it on your own.) 3 Look beyond your job description People don"t get promotions just because they do their jobs well; they get promotions because they take initiative. Lauren Doliva, a partner at recruiting firm Heidrick identify your weaknesses and work on them; find better ways to harness your strengths. For nontangible skills— leadership, management, communication—coaches recommend hiring a coach. A client of Soder"s was put into a new management role, but didn"t feel like she had what it took to oversee a bigger team. She went out and hired a coach who helped her learn how to interact with top executives as well as how to run a bigger territory. She has since been promoted again. Taking responsibility for your own success is something everyone should do, regardless of external factors. Otherwise you"re heading straight for burnout. 5 Adjust your attitude Don"t panic. Even though the economy is in a recession, your career is not coming to an end. How you look at the situation will have a big impact on whether you stay stuck or move ahead. "One can choose to say there is no opportunity or one can choose to look for it," says Doliva. In fact, many coaches believe that being stuck is just a state of mind. A. Let people know when you accomplish something or when you put in the extra effort to get a project done early. Without being cheesy, make sure that you"re giving off the right vibes by keeping a positive attitude, avoiding emotional outbursts, and appearing calm and organized. And don"t forget to look the part. Many didn"t get promotions because of their professional presence—grooming, clothes, and body language. B. When someone brought up the VP of operations, who was the obvious candidate for the job, the CEO rejected him outright. "He said no because the VP only does what"s expected," says Doliva. "The CEO didn"t see him as someone who would take the risks and the time to do the job better." Now is not the time for complacency, even if you"re not gunning for a spot in the executive suite. Coaches suggest that employees come in early, stay late, and take on extra projects. Little things can make a big difference. C. Brush up on computer skills, audit a class, or get a certificate or degree in your field--and when jobs do open up, you"ll be ready. D. "What you don"t want to do is start getting depressed", adds Melissa Karz, founder of Kadima Coaching. "Be what you want to attract." It might be helpful to hunt for motivation in other places. "Now is the time to start taking a look at how fulfilling your life is outside of work," says Lois Frankel, president of Corporate Coaching International. Find exciting activities to replenish yourself with--and then bring that positive spirit into the office. E. Amid all of the layoffs, you"ve managed to keep your job--but the chances of moving up are slim to none. Nobody above you is going to leave now, and there"s no money for special projects to prove yourself. You"re stuck. Here"s how to avoid fading into the woodwork. F. Speak up in meetings, join task forces, and volunteer for difficult projects that co-workers aren"t willing to tackle.

填空题The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits." According to many books and articles, New England"s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life. To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans" theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity. The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. Their thinking often had atraditional superstitious quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an, account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope—all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in Puritan churches. Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane"s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion. "Our main end was to catch fish." A. influenced by superstitions. 1 In the seventeenth-century New England B. illustrates a kind of landscape- orientated light conceptual art. 2 New Englanders C. came from different intellectual backgrounds. 3 The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay D. intellectual interests were encouraged. 4 The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often E. brought with them the culture of the Old World. 5 Early settlers in New England F. embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors. G. created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England.

填空题A. The famous athletes in the Games B. The origin of Olympic Games C. Interruption of the Games D. Honor given to the winners E. Olympic Games held nowadays F. Hosting countries of the Games G. Spectators and events of the ancient Games 1 In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 BC. But before that, the ancient Olympic Games may have existed for centuries. In the long history of human development, in addition to the ancient religion of social and cultural phenomenon, the Olympic movement can be regarded as one of the oldest social and cultural phenomenon. 2 The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman, was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain, but events included boy"s gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modem Olympic Games. 3 On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modem standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling. 4 After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 AD. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896. In 1896 year 6 April to 15 April, Athens hosted the first modern Olympic Games. 5 Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athlete"s expenses. The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun"s rays. It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolizes the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. So the torch symbolizes peace, light, and so the significance of unity and friendship. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modem conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games. Among them, the blue represents Europe, yellow for Asia, black for Africa, green for Oceania, red for the Americas.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text and choose the best answer from the right column to complete each of the unfinished statements in the left column. There are two extra choices in, the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.The human voice, like any sound produced by thrumming a stretched string, has a fundamental frequency. For voice, the centre of that frequency lies mostly below 300Hz depending on the speaker's sex. Information is conveyed through simultaneous higher-frequency overtones and additional components that can stretch up to 20,000 Hz (20kHz). Modern hearing aids are able to distinguish only a small part of that range, typically between 300Hz and 6kHz, reducing noise and amplifying those frequencies where the wearer's hearing is weakest. But differentiating elements of many common parts of speech occur in higher frequencies. This is the result both of harmonics that ripple out from the main tone, and from non-voiced elements used to utter consonants, which employ the tongue, teeth, cheeks and lips. Take the words "sailing" and "failing". Cut off the higher frequencies and the two are indistinguishable. The problem is compounded on telephone calls, which do not transmit frequencies below 300Hz or above 3.3kHz. People with hearing aids experience this problem constantly, says Brian Moore of the University of Cambridge. Typical hearing loss tends to be most acute at frequencies above 10kHz, which contain quieter sounds but where speech can still include important cues. Older hearing aids cut off at no higher than 6kHz, but much modern equipment stretches this range to 8-10kHz. However, a problem remains, Dr. Moore says, because bespoke hearing-aid calibrations for individual users, called "fittings", do not properly boost the gain of these higher frequencies. So Dr. Moore and his colleagues have come up with a better method. Their approach can be applied to many existing devices, and is also being built into some newer ones. A key step in any fitting involves testing an individual's ability to hear sounds in different frequency bands. Each hearing loss is unique, and for most users a standard profile would be too loud in some ranges and too soft in others. But current tests pay scant attention to the higher frequencies that a device's tiny speaker can produce, regardless of whether the user needs a boost. Dr. Moore's new test, known as CAM2, which is both a set of specifications and an implementation in software, extends and modifies fittings to include frequencies as high as 10kHz. When the results are used to calibrate a modem hearing aid, the result is greater intelligibility of speech compared with existing alternatives. CAM2 also improves the experience of listening to music, which makes greater use of higher frequencies than speech does. A．be applied to many existing devices B．use the tongue, teeth, cheeks and lips C．enhance the gain of higher frequencies D．pays little attention to the higher frequencies E．reduce noise and amplify certain frequencies F．transmit frequencies below 300Hz or above 3.3kHz G．extends and modifies fittings to include high frequencies

填空题A. Personal affairs cause accidents B. Accidents are caused by people rather than take place by themselves C. Uncertain factors that cause accident D. Accidents take place due to carelessness or thoughtlessness E. Other factors causing accidents F. Why the accidents happened G. Some accidents are avoidable 1 Accidents are caused; they don"t just happen. The reason may be easy to see: an overloaded tray, a shelf out of reach, a patch of ice on the road. But more often than not there is a chain of events leading up to the misfortune—frustration, tiredness or just bad temper—that shows what the accident really is, a sort of attack on oneself. 2 Road accidents, for example, happen frequently after a family quarrel, and we all know people who are accident-prone, so that at odds with themselves and the world that they seem to cause to accidents for themselves and others. 3 By definition, an accident is something you can"t predict or provide, and the idea which used to be current, that the majority of road accidents are caused by a minority of criminally careless drivers, is not supported by insurance statistics. These show that most accidents involve ordinary motorists in a moment of carelessness and thoughtlessness. 4 It is not always, clear, either, what sort of conditions make people more likely to have an accident. For instance, the law requires all factories to make safety precautions and most companies have safety committees to make sure the regulations are observed, but still, every day in Britain, some fifty thousand men and women are absent from work due to an accident. 5 Some accidents are largely results of human error or misjudgment—noise and fatigue, boredom or worries are possible factors, which contribute to this. Doctors who work in factories have found that those who drink too much, usually people, who have an anxiety level, run three times the normal risk of accidents at work.

填空题Directions: Read the following text and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.A. What to do as a student? B. Various definitions of plagiarism. C. Ideas should always be sourced. D. Ignorance can be forgiven. E. Plagiarism is equivalent to theft. F. The consequence of plagiarism. G. Acknowledgement should be advocated. Scholars, writers and teachers in the modem academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person's ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism (剽窃) is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one's ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is "the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as one's own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another." {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a mined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars' ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words; otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students' inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer's inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation-note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although "there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them", the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals; he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention. The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship; they will admire the humility and honesty.

填空题A. Be silly B. Have fun C. Express your emotions D. Don"t overthink it E. Be easily pleased F. Notice things G. Ask for help As adults, it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness, often with mixed results. Yet children appear to have it down to an art—and for the most part they don"t need self-help books or therapy. Instead, they look after their wellbeing instinctively, and usually more effectively than we do as grownups. Perhaps it"s time to learn a few lessons from them. 1 What does a child do when he"s sad? He cries. When he"s angry? He shouts. Scared? Probably a bit of both. As we grow up, we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don"t dictate our behaviours, which is in many ways a good thing. But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions, especially negative ones. That"s about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill. What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately, and then—again like children—move. 2 A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was nine years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn"t stop talking about it. Too often we believe that a new job, bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content, but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing. 3 Have you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies, increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance of fighting off infection. All of which, of course, have a positive effect on happiness levels. 4 The problem with being a grown up is that there"s an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with—work, mortgage payments, figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it"s important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love. Those things might be social, sporting, creative or completely random (dancing around the living room, anyone?)—it doesn"t matter, so long as they"re enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects, such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you"re on a tight budget. 5 Having said all of the above, it"s important to add that we shouldn"t try too hard to be happy. Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said: "Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness." And in that, once more, we need to look to the example of our children, to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural byproduct of the way they live.

填空题A. You are not alone B. Don"t fear responsibility for your life C. Pave your own unique path D. Most of your fears are unreal E. Think about the present moment F. Experience helps you grow G. There are many things to be grateful for Some Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough Times Unfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won"t last forever. When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I"ve learned along the way. 1 Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, "Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice." I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination. 2 If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present. 3 Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something. 4 No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement. 5 Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.

填空题A man wakes up in a New York apartment, brews coffee and goes out into the world, and everything that can appear on a smartphone or iPad appears before his eyes instead: weather reports, calendar reminders, messages from friends, his girlfriend"s smiling face. This is the promise of Google"s Project Glass. Even if the project itself never comes to fruition, though, the preview video deserves a life of its own, as a window into what our era promises and what it threatens to take away. On the one hand, the video is a testament to modern technology"s extraordinary feats—not only instant communication across continents, but also an almost god-like access to information about the world around us. But the video also captures the sense of isolation that coexists with our technological mastery. The Man in the Google Glasses lives alone, in a drab, impersonal apartment. He has a significant other, but she"s far enough away that when sunset arrives, he climbs up on a roof and shares it with her via Video, while she grins from a window at the bottom of his field of vision. He is, in other words, a characteristic 21st-century American, more electronically networked but more personally isolated than ever before. As the N. Y. U. sociologist Eric Klinenberg notes in Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone, there are now more Americans living by themselves than there are Americans in intact nuclear-family households. And friendship, too, seems to be attenuating: a 2006 Duke University study found that Americans reported having, on average, three people with whom they discussed important issues in 1985, but just two by the mid-2000s. The question hanging over the future of American social life, then, is whether all the possibilities of virtual community can make up for the weakening of flesh-and-blood ties and the decline of traditional communal institutions. The optimists say yes. If you believe writers like Clay Shirky, author of 2008"s Here Comes Everybody, the buzzing hive mind of the Internet is well on its way to generating a kind of "cognitive surplus," which promises to make group interactions even more effective and enriching than they were before the Web. The pessimists, on the other hand, worry that online life offers only an illusion of community. In Alone Together , Sherry Turkle argues that the lure of Internet relationships, constantly available but inherently superficial, might make both genuine connection and genuine solitude impossible. Seeing the world through the eyes of the Man in the Google Glasses, though, suggests a more political reason for pessimism. In his classic 1953 work, The Quest for Community , the sociologist Robert Nisbet argued that in eras of intense individualism and weak communal ties, an atomized, rootless population is more likely to embrace authoritarian ideologies, and more likely to seek the protection of an omnicompetent state. Today, social media are hailed for empowering dissidents and undercutting tyrannies around the world. Yet it"s hard not to watch the Google video and agree with Forbes "s Kashmir Hill when she suggests that such a technology could ultimately "accelerate the arrival of the persistent and pervasive citizen surveillance state," in which everything you see and do can be recorded, reported. In this kind of world, the Man in the Google Glasses might feel like a king of infinite space. But he"d actually inhabit a comfortable, full-service cage. A. the American household composition has undergone dramatic changes. B. the isolation of individuals creates a hotbed for tyranny ideology. C. internet leaves us less connected with people and more connected to simulations of them. D. internet will wipe out the social progress human being have gained in the past centuries. E. excessive use of internet will lead to individualism. F. the advance of internet technology will make privacy a nearly impossible thing. G. the internet provides a platform to deepen and expand communal ties.

填空题Directions: Read the following text and choose the best answer from the right column to complete each of the unfinished statements in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.The casino at the smart Atlantis resort on Paradise Island in the Bahamas is bigger than 20 tennis court. Tourists flit from slot machine to roulette table, drift past Temples of the Sun and Moon and walk by Crystal Gate and Poseidon's Throne. But the only Bahamians in sight are waiters, croupier and cashiers. The Bahamas legalised casino gambling in 1969, when they were still a British colony. But mainly because of the influence of local pastors, both Bahamians and foreigners who live in the country are banned from gambling. This has not stopped residents from placing bets. Instead, they gamble off the books in "number houses" or "webshops"—legal internet cafes that offer illegal bets on the side and operate in plain sight. These have mushroomed in recent years, even as tourism has stagnated and hotels have reduced staff. This pretence will be put to the test on January 28th, when a referendum will be held on legalising gambling in web shops, as well as on a separate proposal to set up a national lottery. The well-funded campaign supporting the initiative has been distributing posters and T-shirts. It argues that web shops account for almost 2% of jobs in the country, and that gambling taxes could help close the budget deficit. The "no" movement, which calls itself "Save Our Bahamas", is led by the islands' evangelical churches. Perry Christie, the prime minister, says he has "no horse in the race". The opposition accuses him, without proof, of running a "fixed" referendum on behalf of web-shop owners who back him financially. If the proposal is approved, the government will probably try to pass a series of reforms supported by the big hotel casinos. In order to compete with Las Vegas, New Jersey or Macau, they say, they need authorisation for credit-card payment for chips, online and mobile wagers, private VIP gaming rooms and betting on sports matches while play is in progress. They also want stronger legal tools to collect unpaid debts and the right to void payments caused by computer errors. The tourism minister has already announced support for these policies. However, letting Bahamians into the casinos is not yet on the agenda. A．are prohibited from gambling B．are waiters, croupier and cashiers C．is bigger than twenty tennis court D．may try to pass a series of reforms E．are internet cafes that offer illegal bets F．is accused of running a fixed referendum G．is led by the islands' evangelical churches

填空题A. Not giving bonus to employees who deserve it B. Not giving positive information C. Not linking individual jobs to the big picture D. Not recognizing and rewarding great performance E. Failure to get employees obsessive about winning F. Not giving feedback G. Failure to give a clear vision of winning Over the years, Gallup has surveyed millions of employees and customers on a variety of workplace issues. One very interesting fact emerges from all their research. Of all the employees Gallup has surveyed, just over half have a clear understanding of what"s expected of them when they show up to work every day. And we wonder why excellence is such a rare commodity in the corporate world! As leaders, the things we don"t do or say often have more of an impact than those that we do. So I took my own informal poll and came up with the top five things managers don"t do that undermine excellence in organizations. 1 Nothing is more important to creating a culture of excellence than defining what winning looks like for your organization, for teams and for individuals. Having a clear definition of winning provides focus and clarity at every level. It gets everyone aligned and moving in the same direction. It motivates and inspires people to perform at their best. And when unexpected adversity occurs, it gives people an anchor to rally around and keep their energy and spirits high. 2 It"s not enough just todefine winning. To keep employees focused on winning, you have to infuse it into your employees" minds! Otherwise, people get so distracted by everything they have on their plates that they lose sight of the big picture. 3 Today"s employees want feedback, and lots of it! Without it, people don"t know where they stand in regards to performance expectations. More important, when you don"t tell employees how they"re doing, it sends the message that you don"t care. Without feedback, people make up information to fill the void. This made-up information is almost always negative. Giving regular feedback helps to prevent destructive "information gaps," and strengthens relationships between employees and their supervisors. It also leads to improved work quality, increased accountability, and a higher-performing work environment. 4 Most employees want to feel like they"re doing more than just earning a paycheck. Start by making sure every individual job actually supports getting to your destination. Then let people know—specifically—how their jobs contribute to winning and why it"s so important for them to perform at a high level. This makes it easier to set priorities, make decisions that support reaching your destination, and eliminate activities that get in the way of achieving the goal. 5 As leaders, we all know we need to acknowledge and reward employees for top performance. And I"m not talking about an automatic 1% bonus at the end of the year. I"m talking about small, ongoing, personalized rewards that show employees you really appreciate the effort they put in. Nothing lets the air out of the excellence balloon quicker than a perceived attitude of indifference on the part of management. And nothing shouts "indifference" louder than failing to perform your job as a leader. Put these five tasks on your daily to-do list and watch your employees" performance soar! Don"t do them and don"t be surprised by a lack of excellence in your organization.

填空题Directions: Read the following text and choose the best answer from the right column to complete each of the unfinished statements in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.A young consultant's life is tiring. A typical week starts before dawn on Monday, with a rush to the airport and a flight to wherever the client is based. A typical brain-for-hire can expect to stay in hotels at least three nights a week, texting a distant lover. "It's quite normal to spend a year living out of a suitcase," sighs one London-based consultant. An ex-McKinseyite in New York adds that 15 to 18-hour weekdays are normal and six to eight-hour Saturdays and Sundays common. It can be draining, she admits. So the job appeals to "insecure over-achievers"—a phrase widely used in the industry—"who are always worried that they haven't done enough work," jokes a former employee of Bain except enough sleep. A．holds that consultants have to travel much B．claims that everything may happen in London C．says that it is not uncommon to have long working hours D．states that consultants always worry they have done too little E．admits that it is regretful to work for a company outside London F．argues that small cities also need smart people to do smart things G．thinks that young consultants get to experience life in the real world

填空题A. What to do as a student? B. Various definitions of plagiarism C. Ideas should always be sourced D. Ignorance can be forgiven E. Plagiarism is equivalent to theft F. The consequences of plagiarism G. The relation between journals and plagiarism Scholars, writers and teachers in the modern academic community have strong feelings about acknowledging the use of another person"s ideas. In the English-speaking world, the term plagiarism is used to label the practice of not giving credit for the source of one"s ideas. Simply stated, plagiarism is "the wrongful appropriation or purloining, and publication as one"s own of the ideas, or the expression of ideas of another." 41. ______ The penalties for plagiarism vary from situation to situation. In many universities, the punishment may range from failure in a particular course to expulsion from the university. In the literary world, where writers are protected from plagiarism by international copyright laws, the penalty may range from a small fine to imprisonment and a ruined career. Protection of scholars and writers, through the copyright laws and through the social pressures of the academic and literary communities, is a relatively recent concept. Such social pressures and copyright laws require writers to give scrupulous attention to documentation of their sources. 42. ______ Students, as inexperienced scholars themselves, must avoid various types of plagiarism by being self-critical in their use of other scholars" ideas and by giving appropriate credit for the source of borrowed ideas and words, otherwise dire consequences may occur. There are at least three classifications of plagiarism as it is revealed in students" inexactness in identifying sources properly. They are plagiarism by accident, by ignorance, and by intention. 43. ______ Plagiarism by accident, or oversight, sometimes is the result of the writer"s inability to decide or remember where the idea came from. He may have read it long ago, heard it in a lecture since forgotten, or acquired it second-hand or third-hand from discussions with colleagues. He may also have difficulty in deciding whether the idea is such common knowledge that no reference to the original source is needed. Although this type of plagiarism must be guarded against, it is the least serious and, if lessons learned, can be exempt from being severely punished. 44. ______ Plagiarism through ignorance is simply a way of saying that inexperienced writers often do not know how or when to acknowledge their sources. The techniques for documentation—note-taking, quoting, footnoting, listing bibliography—are easily learned and can prevent the writer from making unknowing mistakes or omissions in his references. Although "there is no copyright in news, or in ideas, only in the expression of them," the writer cannot plead ignorance when his sources for ideas are challenged. 45. ______ The most serious kind of academic thievery is plagiarism by intention. The writer, limited by his laziness and dullness, copies the thoughts and language of others and claims them for his own. He not only steals, he tries to deceive the reader into believing the ideas are original. Such words as immoral, dishonest, offensive, and despicable are used to describe the practice of plagiarism by intention. The opposite of plagiarism is acknowledgement. All mature and trustworthy writers make use of the ideas of others but they are careful to acknowledge their indebtedness to their sources. Students, as developing scholars, writers, teachers, and professional leaders, should recognize and assume their responsibility to document all sources from which language and thoughts are borrowed. Other members of the profession will not only respect the scholarship, they will admire the humility and honesty.

填空题A. Medicate with caution and see a doctor. B. Go to bed early. C. Get rid of time cues. D. Get out of bed. E. Try relaxation techniques. F. Ease anxiety. G. Take medicine when you are sleepless. How to Fall Asleep? It"s 4 a. m.: you should be sleeping! You should be logging those crucial seven-plus hours of quality sleep each night, and the frustration that you cannot fall asleep will make you feel angrier at this 4: 02 a. m. stare session. And it"s hard to fall asleep when you"re infuriated. So what do you do? The tips below might help you sleep easier. Here"s the advice of Eric Olson, co-director of the Center for Sleep Medicine at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester Minn., and Harneet Walia, a doctor in the Cleveland Clinic"s Sleep Disorders Center: 1 When you lie awake in bed, you send yourself the wrong message. "You"re basically training your body not to sleep in bed, but to lie there and not sleep," Dr. Walia says. "And your mind can get conditioned to that." So if you"re unable to sleep for about a 15 or 20 minute stretch, try something relaxing and non-stimulating. Listen to music. Read a book. Whatever activity you choose, do it away from bed, and return when you"re feeling tired. 2 Use whatever relaxation tips you know to combat this inappropriately timed alertness. Try your favorite calming yoga pose. Neuroscience researcher Catherine Kerr explains a simple way of relaxing through breathing. You simply note the rising and falling of your breath, and focus on the parts of your body where you feel your breath, whether it"s in the lungs, tip of your nose or elsewhere. Visualization is another classic relaxing technique, in which you picture yourself someplace pleasant and calm. And what about the mother of all sleep remedies— counting sheep? Olson views this as a "mental distraction technique," like visualization. He says, "You"re getting your mind off of "I can"t sleep" and onto something else." 3 Sometimes the sleeplessness stems from worry. Your brain is overworking, thinking about your bank account and the big meeting tomorrow. For people who consistently have trouble "quieting the mind" at night, Dr. Olson suggests trying "to train your mind to think about those things at more appropriate times of the day." By systematically documenting these worries during the day, ideally, you"ll be less likely to focus on them at night. 4 Another common anxiety that hides in the wee hours of a sleepless night is the mounting awareness that you"re not asleep when you should be. Stress and frustration increase as you worry about how you need to be up for work in four (or three or two) hours. The experts" suggestion? Get rid of time cues. "No clock watching," Walia says, "That"s a big no-no. Turn the clock around." 5 Whether prescription or over-the-counter, Dr. Walia and Dr. Olson do not recommend drugs as a first choice for relieving sleeplessness. Ideally, the tips above and improved sleep hygiene should do the trick. But, should you choose a sleep aid, Olson reminds people that, of course, they make you sleepy. If your sleeplessness is frequent and influencing your daytime behavior, bring it up with your physician. "When people start to feel like they"re worried about their sleep during the day, that"s probably the time when they need some guidance," Olson says.

填空题The Health Risks of Small Apartments New York City has a housing problem. Currently, it has 1.8 million one-and two-person households, and only one million studios and one-bedroom apartments. The obvious solution seems to be to develop more small residential units. But as New York City"s "micro-apartment" project inches closer to reality, experts warn that micro-living may not be the urban panacea we"ve been waiting for. "Sure, these micro-apartments may be fantastic for young professionals in their 20"s," says Dak Kopec, director of design for human health at Boston Architectural College. "But they definitely can be unhealthy for older people, say in their 30"s and 40"s, who face different stress factors that can make tight living conditions a problem." Research, Kopec says, has shown that crowding-related stress can increase rates of domestic violence and substance abuse. For all of us, daily life is a sequence of events, he explains. But most people don"t like adding extra steps to everyday tasks. Because micro-apartments are too small to hold basic furniture like a bed, table, and couch at the same time, residents must reset their quarters throughout the day. In this case, residents might eventually stop folding up their furniture every day and the space will start feeling even more constrained. Susan Saegert, professor of environmental psychology at the CUNY Graduate Center agrees that the micro- apartments will likely be a welcome choice for young New Yorkers. But she warns that tiny living conditions can be terrible for other residents—particularly if a couple or a parent and child squeeze into 300 square feet for the long term, no matter how well a unit is designed. "I"ve studied children in crowded apartments and low-income housing a lot," Saegert said, "and they can end up becoming withdrawn, and have trouble studying and concentrating." "When we think about micro-living, we have a tendency to focus on functional things, like is there enough room for the fridge," explained University of Texas psychology professor Samuel Gosling, who studies the connection between people and their possessions. "But an apartment has to fill other psychological needs as well, such as self-expression and relaxation, which might not be as easily met in a highly confined space." On the other hand, Eugenie L. Birch, professor of urban research and education at the University of Pennsylvania, says this certainly isn"t the first time we"ve had this debate over micro-living. New York has grappled with the public health costs of crowded living conditions and minimum apartment standards throughout its history. Rolf Pendall, director of the Urban Institute"s Metropolitan Housing and Communities Policy Center asks: Where would all these people be doing business and living without the density? Would they be commuting longer distances or earning less, and is living farther from economic opportunities "better" for them? In that context, Pendall says he welcomes micro-apartments as long as they fit within the larger housing ecology of the city, and don"t ultimately displace other types of units for families. For this project, while New York may be taking a step backwards in terms of square footage, Eric Bunge, working at Architects, (the firm that created the winning micro-apartment design), is firm that the city is taking a big step forward in terms of actual living conditions. "The city sees this initiative as one mechanism in a set of complex issues," Bunge says. "Nobody is claiming that micro-apartments will be a silver bullet." A. micro-apartments should be welcomed as long as they do solve the housing problems for some people. B. micro-apartments may not fill people"s psychological needs. C. micro-apartments will be an attempt help to solve the housing problems, but not a cure yet. D. micro-apartments may be welcomed by the elder people. E. narrow living conditions may cause the increase of domestic violence. F. children growing up in crowded apartments may have trouble studying and concentrating. G. micro-apartments may be unhealthy for young people to live.

填空题Directions: Read the following text and answer questions by finding a subtitle for each of the marked parts or paragraphs. There are two extra items in the subtitles. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.A. Importance of pursuing happiness B. Capitalism, a double-edged sword C. The modification of the traditional criterion D. The thing that cannot be attained E. The wave of the emerging notion F. A paradox in question G. The unparalleled economic growth Having grown at an annual rate of 3.2% per head since 2000, the world economy is over half way towards catching up with its best decade ever. If it keeps going at this speed, it will beat both the supposedly perfect 1950s and the 1960s. Market capitalism, the engine that runs most of the world economy, seems to be doing its job well. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} But is it? Once upon a time, that job was generally agreed to be to make people better off. Nowadays that's not so clear. A number of economists, in search of big problems to solve, and politicians, looking for bold promises to make, think that it ought to be doing something else: making people happy. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} The view that economics should be about more than money is widely held in continental Europe. In debates with Anglo-American capitalists, sly extravagant nobles have tended to cite the idea of "quality of life" to excuse slower economic growth. But now David Cameron, the latest leader of Britain's once rather materialistic Conservative Party, has upheld the notion of "general well-being" (GWB) as an alternative to more traditional GDP. In America, meanwhile, inequality, overwork and other hidden costs of prosperity were much discussed in the mid-term elections; and "wellness" (as opposed to health) has become a huge industry, catering especially to the prosperous discontent of the baby-boomers. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} Much of this draws on the upstart science of happiness, which mixes psychology with economics. Its adherents start with abundant survey data, such as those derived from the simple, folksy question put to thousands of Americans every year or two since 1972:"Taken all together, how would you say things are these days—would you say that you are very happy, pretty happy or not too happy?" Some of the results are unsurprising: the rich report being happier than do the poor. But a paradox emerges that requires explanation: affluent countries have not got much happier as they have grown richer. From America to Japan, figures for wellbeing have barely changed. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} The science of happiness offers two explanations for the paradox. Capitalism, it notes, is good at turning luxuries into necessities—bringing to the masses what the elites have always enjoyed. But the flip side of this genius is that people come to take for granted things they once desired from afar. Frills (不实用的装饰) they never thought they could have become essentials that they cannot do without. People are stuck on a monotonous lifestyle: as they achieve a better standard of living, they become accustomed to its pleasures. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} Capitalism's ability to take things downmarket also has its limits. Many of the things people most prize—such as the top jobs, the best education, or an exclusive home address—are luxuries by necessity. An elite schooling, for example, ceases to be so if it is provided to everyone. These "positional goods", as they are called, are in fixed supply: you can enjoy them only if others do not. The amount of money and effort required to grab them depends on how much your rivals are putting in.