We've been hearing about it for years, but the bookless library has finally arrived, first appearing on college campuses. At Drexel University's new Library Learning Terrace, which opened just last month, there is not a bound【C1】______, just rows of computers and plenty of seating offering【C2】______to the Philadelphia university's 170 million【C3】______items. Scott Erdy, designer of the new library, says open,【C4】______space allows student and staff "knowledge transfer," a concept【C5】______by Danuta Nitecki, dean of Drexel's libraries. "We don't【C6】______house books, we house learning," she says. The trend began, naturally,【C7】______engineers, when Kansas State University's engineering library went primarily bookless several years ago. Last year, Stanford University【C8】______all but 10,000 printed books from its new engineering library, making more room【C9】______large tables and study areas. And the University of Texas a-bandoned print【C10】______electronic material when it opened its engineering library last year. But when books disappear, does a library lose its【C11】______? "The library is a social tent pole," says Michael Connelly, a best-selling author. "There are a lot of ideas under it.【C12】______the pole and the tent comes down." Connelly says that browsing through【C13】______books brings inspiration of the kind that led him from【C14】______his campus library's stacks straight to a writing【C15】______. "Can something like that happen in a bookless library? I'm not so sure," he says. From a design perspective, some architects also【C16】______the inevitable trend toward booklessness. Steven Holl, architect of Queens Library's new branch, in New York City, says books still provide character and are a nice counterpoint to technology. "A book【C17】______knowledge, and striking a balance in a library is a good thing." He says.【C18】______other designers, seem inspired by the challenge presented by a world going bookless. Others are hedging their bets that【C19】______the library isn't bookless now, someday it probably will be. To most people, it is best when paper and electronic【C20】______are both available.

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthecharts.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthecharts,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)interpretthechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150words.

Betting against an industry with addicts for customers carries obvious risks.【C1】______these are uncertain times for Big Tobacco. Electronic cigarettes, once dismissed as a novelty, now pose a serious【C2】______. E-cigarettes work by turning nicotine-filled liquid into vapour, which is then breathed in. A user is【C3】______said to be "vaping", not smoking. More important, he or she is not【C4】______all the toxic substances found in【C5】______smokes. In 2012 sales of e-cigarettes in America were between $300m and $500m, say analysts. That is【C6】______compared with the $80 billion-plus market for conventional cigarettes in the country. But e-cigarette sales doubled last year, and are expected to double again next year. Analysts believe sales of e-cigarettes could【C7】______sales of the normal sort within a decade. That may【C8】______how governments react. E-cigarettes are probably not good for you. One study showed that vaping【C9】______user's lung capacity.【C10】______a switch from smoking【C11】______vaping could improve public health, some say. E-cigarettes may help smokers quit more【C12】______than nicotine patches or gum. This notion has not been thoroughly tested, however, so governments are【C13】______. America has warned e-cigarette manufacturers not to make health claims. New tobacco guidelines in Europe would either tightly limit the nicotine content of e-cigarettes or【C14】______them to undergo clinical trials. None of this has stopped companies from【C15】______to consumers. In America and Britain advertisements for e-cigarettes have appeared on television—forbidden【C16】______for standard cigarettes. Craig Weiss, the head of NJOY, America's top-selling brand of e-cigarettes, swears to make traditional ones【C17】______. His ads crow: "Cigarettes, you've met your match." America's tobacco giants do not think he is blowing smoke. Last year Lorillard (the maker of brands such as Newport and Kent) bought Blu, an e-cigarette maker. NJOY is rumoured to be facing a【C18】______, perhaps by Altria (the maker of Marlboro). Foreign cigarette makers also have【C19】______in the industry, while other firms are working on their own vaporous offerings. E-cigarette executives dream of beating traditional cigarettes. But as they struggle with taxes, patents and red tape, they may come to【C20】______Big Tobacco's deep pockets.

With the popularity of the Internet, more and more people do shopping online. Serial returner refers to someone who regularly orders more than they need and sends some of the items back. Three in ten shoppers deliberately over-purchase and subsequently return unwanted items, with one in five admitting to ordering multiple versions of the same item to make up their mind at home— safe in the knowledge they can choose from the ever-growing number of ways to quickly and easily send items back. Shoppers have also come to expect good value regardless of whether they're making a purchase or a return. Six in ten say a retailer' s returns policy impacts their decision to make a purchase online, and almost half of these would not order an item if they had to fund the cost of sending it back from their own pocket. Serial returners said they would send back fewer purchases if businesses were to standardize clothing and shoe sizes.

Most people would define optimism as being endlessly happy, with a glass that' s perpetually half full. But that' s exactly the kind of false cheerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn' t recommend. "Healthy optimism means being in touch with reality," says Tal Ben-Shahar, a Harvard professor. According to Ben-Shahar, realistic optimists are those who make the best of things that happen, but not those who believe everything happens for the best. Ben-Shahar uses three optimistic exercises. When he feels down — say, after giving a bad lecture — he grants himself permission to be human. He reminds himself that not every lecture can be a Nobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next is reconstruction. He analyzes the weak lecture, learning lessons for the future about what works and what doesn' t. Finally, there is perspective, which involves acknowledging that in the grand scheme of life, one lecture really doesn' t matter.

Writeanessaybasedonthechart.Inyourwriting,youshould1)describethechart,and2)giveyourcomments.Youshouldwriteabout150word.

Suppose your cousin Ann will finish the high school course this month. She is undecided whether to take a college course or to accept a job. Write her an email to 1) give her your advice, and 2) encourage her. You should write about 100 words. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.

BSection II Reading Comprehension/B

BPart BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information./B

Suppose you want to study at a foreign university. Write a letter to 1)ask about its accommodation and fees, and 2)what qualifications one needs for acceptance. You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your own name. Use "Li Ming" instead. Do not write your address.(10 points)

BSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D./B

The U.S. system of higher education is widely considered the world's best. A college education【C1】______substantial benefits—about $20,000 per year【C2】______extra earnings over the course of a lifetime.【C3】______. according to a recent survey, 57 percent of Americans think higher education is not a good value,【C4】______they know how much it boosts earning power. And with the cost of many state universities【C5】______. the perceptions that college is too expensive for most people are【C6】______. Clearly, higher education officials must think harder about affordability—including not only more scholarship money but also lower costs and higher【C7】______One promising idea is the three-year degree which enables students to spend【C8】______. And they would have an extra year of work to pay the costs of education. There are many【C9】______approaches to the three-year degree: Schools can make it easier for students to【C10】______college credit earned in high school; they can fashion programs that【C11】______nearly four years of credits into three years, making use of summer and online learning; they can consider a more focused and streamlined curriculum. What all such【C12】______assume is that universities and colleges could make more intensive use of resources that often lie idle for much of the year under the【C13】______pattern. But up to now, only a handful of schools offered three-year degree【C14】______. Colleges and universities prefer to【C15】______the four-year model because of powerful economic incentives. Most won't offer a three-year option【C16】______those incentives change. That may be starting to happen: The recent budget proposal by Ohio Governor John Kasich requires the state's public univer sities to prepare【C17】______to offer three-year undergraduate degrees. It probably will take successful innovation by one or more large state systems to【C18】______change nationwide. Perhaps federal aid to universities or the schools' participation in the student loan program could be partly conditioned on offering a three-year degree option. Today's students have the ability to acquire and【C19】______knowledge faster than any previous generation,【C20】______technology. Higher education needs to catch up.

Players of FarmVille, an online game, raise virtual chickens on an imaginary farm. Yet they are happy to swap real money for virtual money to buy virtual farm tools. And investors are likely to pay more than chicken feed for shares in Zynga, the firm that makes FarmVille and other online games. Zynga is expected to file soon for an initial public offering (IPO). Analysts predict that the firm will be valued at between $ 15 billion and $ 20 billion. That is about as much as the world's two biggest videogame makers (Electronic Arts and Activision Blizzard) combined. More than 271m people play Zynga's games at least once a month, and the firm said in March that it expects to make a profit this year of $ 630m on revenues of $ 1.8 billion. So its business is more real than those of some other online firms. But it is not something a sober investor would bet the farm on. Users may tire of virtual vegetables and online Mafia Wars (another popular Zynga's game). Rivals are straining to grab Zynga' s players. Electronic Arts, Playdom and Wooga have only about 30m monthly active users each, but they may catch up. What is more, Zynga depends on two other firms, Amazon and Facebook, like the cabbage crop depends on the rain. Although it operates data centers of its own, it outsources much of its computing to Amazon Web Services, the cloud-computing arm of the online shopping giant. More importantly, most users play Zynga's games on Facebook. In September the social network pushed Zynga into using its virtual currency, called "Facebook Credits", so Facebook gets 30% of what Zynga's users spend. With Zynga gearing up for its IPO, the question now is which other tech start-up is next in line to go public. With Groupon, an online coupon service, also about to float, the supply of hot stocks is running low. But Silicon Valley venture capitalists are busy replenishing the pool. On June 24th it emerged that Foursquare, a location-based service, had raised $50m, a deal which values it at $ 600m. Foursquare lets users electronically "check in" at bars and restaurants so their friends can join them—and the people who owe them money can avoid them. A few days later investors pumped $ 100m into Square, a mobile-payments start-up, valuing it at $ 1 billion. Neither firm has ever turned a profit.

Long time ago, everyone knew that regular bedtimes were important. "Dream on! " most modern parents might reply. But research by Yvonne Kelly of University College, London, shows that the【C1】______wisdom is right-half the time. Daughters, it seems, do【C2】______regular bedtimes. Sons do not. Dr Kelly knew of many studies that had looked at the connection between sleep habits and cognitive ability in adults and【C3】______. All showed that inconsistent sleeping【C4】______went hand in hand【C5】______poor academic performance. Surprisingly,【C6】______little such research had been done on children She【C7】______examined the bedtimes and cognitive abilities of 11,178 children born in Britain. She collected the bedtime information of the participants when they were nine months, three years, five years and seven years of age.【C8】______asking whether the children had【C9】______bedtimes on weekdays and if they always, usually, sometimes or never made them, she collected information about family【C10】______economic circumstances and other matters—including whether children were read to before they went to sleep and whether they had a television in their bedroom. The children【C11】______were also asked, at the ages of three, five and seven, to take standardized reading, mathematical and spatial-awareness tests, from which their IQs could be【C12】______. Dr Kelly"s report shows that by the time children had reached the age of seven, not having had a regular bedtime did seem to【C13】______their cognition, even when other relevant【C14】______such as bedtime reading, bedroom televisions and parents" socioeconomic status were controlled for. But that was true【C15】______if they were female. On the IQ scale, girls who had had regular bedtimes【C16】______between eight and nine points more than those who did not. Boys were not completely unaffected. Irregular bedtimes left their IQs about six points below those of their【C17】______at the age of three. But the distinction【C18】______by the time they were seven. This difference between the sexes is【C19】______Dr Kelly did not expect it and has no explanation to offer for it. As scientists are accustomed to say, but this time with good reason, more research is【C20】______.

Not too many decades ago it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people' s natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the "obvious" is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else. Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than are big-city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different stifle of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities any likelier to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers. These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover, there may be a link between a community's population size and its social heterogeneity. For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city urbanites are also more likely than their small-town counterparts to have a cosmopolitan outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups, and so-called undesirables. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size.

阅读理解[A]Youarenotalone　　[B]Experiencehelpsyougrow　　[C]Paveyourownuniquepath　　[D]Mostofyourfearsareunreal　　[E]Thinkaboutthepresentmoment　　[F]Don’tfearresponsibilityforyourlife　　[G]Therearemanythingstobegratefulfor　　SomeOldTruthstoHelpYouOvercomeToughTimes　　Unfortunately,lifeisnotabedofroses.Wearegoingthroughlifefacingsadexperiences.Moreover,wearegrievingvariouskindsofloss:afriendship,romanticrelationshiporahouse.Hardtimesmayholdyoudownatwhatusuallyseemslikethemostinopportunetime,butyoushouldrememberthattheywon’tlastforever.　　Whenourtimeofmourningisover,wepressforward,strongerwithagreaterunderstandingandrespectforlife.Furthermore,theselossesmakeusmatureandeventuallymoveustowardfutureopportunitiesforgrowthandhappiness.IwanttosharetheseoldtruthsI’velearnedalongtheway.　　41.________________________　　Fearisbothusefulandharmful.Thisnormalhumanreactionisusedtoprotectusbysignalingdangerandpreparingustodealwithit.Unfortunately,peoplecreateinnerbarrierswithahelpofexaggeratingfears.MyfavoriteactorWillSmithoncesaid,“Fearisnotreal.Itisaproductofthoughtsyoucreate.Donotmisunderstandme.Dangerisveryreal.Butfearisachoice.”Idocompletelyagreethatfearsarejusttheproductofourluxuriantimagination.　　42._________________________　　Ifyouaresurroundedbyproblemsandcannotstopthinkingaboutthepast,trytofocusonthepresentmoment.Manyofusareweigheddownbythepastoranxiousaboutthefuture.Youmayfeelguiltoveryourpast,butyouarepoisoningthepresentwiththethingsandcircumstancesyoucannotchange.Valuethepresentmomentandrememberhowfortunateyouaretobealive.Enjoythebeautyoftheworldaroundandkeeptheeyesopentoseethepossibilitiesbeforeyou.Happinessisnotapointoffutureandnotamomentfromthepast,butamindsetthatcanbedesignedintothepresent.　　43._________________________　　Sometimesitiseasytofeelbadbecauseyouaregoingthroughtoughtimes.Youcanbeeasilycaughtupbylifeproblemsthatyouforgettopauseandappreciatethethingsyouhave.Onlystrongpeopleprefertosmileandvaluetheirlifeinsteadofcryingandcomplainingaboutsomething.　　44._________________________　　Nomatterhowisolatedyoumightfeelandhowseriousthesituationis,youshouldalwaysrememberthatyouarenotalone.Trytokeepinmindthatalmosteveryonerespectsandwantstohelpyouifyouaretryingtomakeagoodchangeinyourlife,especiallyyourdearestandnearestpeople.Youmayhaveacircleoffriendswhoprovideconstantgoodhumor,helpandcompanionship.Ifyouhavenofriendsorrelatives,trytoparticipateinseveralonlinecommunities,fullofpeoplewhoarealwayswillingtoshareadviceandencouragement.　　45.________________________　　Todaymanypeoplefinditdifficulttotrusttheirownopinionandseekbalancebygainingobjectivityfromexternalsources.Thiswayyoudevalueyouropinionandshowthatyouareincapableofmanagingyourownlife.Whenyouarestrugglingtoachievesomethingimportantyoushouldbelieveinyourselfandbesurethatyourdecisionisthebest.Youliveinyourskin,thinkyourownthoughts,haveyourownvaluesandmakeyourownchoices.

阅读理解It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradise because people can _____.

阅读理解Julie Parks_____

阅读理解Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?