I had an experience some years ago which taught me something about the ways in which people make a bad situation worse by blaming themselves. One January, I had to officiate at two funerals on successive days for two elderly women in my community. Both had died "full of years," as the Bible would say: both yielded to the normal wearing out of the body after a long and full life. Their homes happened to be near each other, so I paid condolence calls on the two families on the same afternoon. At the first home, the son of the deceased woman said to me, "If only I had sent my mother to Florida and gotten her out of this cold and snow, she would be alive today. It"s my fault that she died." At the second home, the son of the other deceased woman said, "If only I hadn"t insisted on my mother"s going to Florida, she would be alive today. That long airplane ride, the abrupt change of climate, was more than she could take. It"s my fault that she"s dead." When things don"t turn out as we would like them to, it is very tempting to assume that had we done things differently, the story would have had a happier ending. Priests know that any time there is a death, the survivors will feel guilty. Because the course of action they took turned out badly, they believe that the opposite course—keeping Mother at home, postponing the operation—would have turned out better. After all, how could it have turned out any worse? There seem to be two elements involved in our readiness to feel guilt. The first is our pressing need to believe that the world makes sense, that there is a cause for every effect and a reason for everything that happens. That leads us to find patterns and connections both where they really exist and where they exist only in our minds. The second element is the notion that we are the cause of what happens, especially the bad things that happen. It seems to be a short step from believing that every event has a cause to believing that every disaster is our fault. The roots of this feeling may lie in our childhood. Psychologists speak of the infantile myth of omnipotence. A baby comes to think that the world exists to meet his needs, and that he makes everything happen in it. He wakes up in the morning and summons the rest of the world to its tasks. He cries, and someone comes to attend to him. When he is hungry, people feed him, and when he is wet, people change him. Very often, we do not completely outgrow that infantile notion that our wishes cause things to happen.

Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, or joy, typically make Americans feel uncomfortable and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging from recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive. Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological response, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival. Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to elicit assistance from others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention. So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves. Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress. University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to a cut onion would contain no such substance. Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs. At Tulane University"s Tear Analysis Laboratory Dr. Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication, to determine whether a contact lens fits properly or why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of "dry eye" syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants. At Columbia University Dr. Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses.

"I"ve never met a human worth cloning," says cloning expert Mark Westhusin from his lab at Texas A~M University. "It"s a stupid endeavor." That"s an interesting choice of adjective, coming from a man who has spent millions of dollars trying to clone a 13-year-old dog named Missy. So far, he and his team have not succeeded, though they have cloned two cows and expect to clone a cat soon. They just might succeed in cloning Missy this spring—or perhaps not for another 5 years. It seems the reproductive system of man"s best friend is one of the mysteries of modern science. Westhusin"s experience with cloning animals leaves him upset by all this talk of human cloning. In three years of work on the Missy project, using hundreds upon hundreds of dog"s eggs, the A he"s put up $3.7 million so far to fund A&M"s research. Contrary to some media reports, Missy is not dead. The owner wants a twin to carry on Missy"s fine qualities after she does die. The prototype is, by all accounts, athletic, good-natured and supersmart. Missy"s master does not expect an exact copy of her. He knows her clone may not have her temperament. In a statement of purpose, Missy"s owner and the A&M team say they are "both looking forward to studying the ways that her clones differ from Missy." Besides cloning a great dog, the project may contribute insight into the old question of nature vs. nurture. It could also lead to the cloning of special rescue dogs and many endangered animals. However, Westhusin is cautious about his work. He knows that even if he gets a dog pregnant, the offspring, should they survive, will face the problems shown at birth by other cloned animals: abnormalities like immature lungs and heart and weight problems. "Why would you ever want to clone humans," Westhusin asks, "when we"re not even close to getting it worked out in animals yet?"

判断题Copying Birds May Save Aircraft Fuel Both Boeing and Airbus have trumpeted the efficiency of their newest aircraft, the 787 and A350 respectively. Their clever designs and lightweight composites certainly make a difference. But a group of researchers at Stanford University, led by Ilan Kroo, has suggested that airlines could take a more naturalistic approach to cutting jet-fuel use, and it would not require them to buy new aircraft. The answer, says Dr. Kroo, lies with birds. Since 1914, scientists have known that birds flying in formation—a V-shape—expend less energy. The air flowing over a bird"s wings curls upwards behind the wingtips, a phenomenon known as upwash. Other birds flying in the upwash experience reduced drag, and spend less energy propelling themselves. Peter Lissaman, an aeronautics expert who was formerly at Caltech and the University of Southern California, has suggested that a formation of 25 birds might enjoy a range increase of 71%. When applied to aircraft, the principles are not substantially different. Dr. Kroo and his team modeled what would happen if three passenger jets departing from Los Angeles, San Francisco and Las Vegas were to assemble over Utah, assume an inverted V formation, occasionally change places so all could have a turn in the most favourable positions, and proceed to London. They found that the aircraft consumed as much as 15% less fuel (coupled with a reduction in carbon-dioxide output). Nitrogen-oxide emissions during the cruising portions of the flight fell by around a quarter. There are, of course, knots to be worked out. One consideration is safety, or at least the perception of it. Would passengers feel comfortable traveling in companion? Dr. Kroo points out that the aircraft could be separated by several nautical miles, and would not be in the intimate groupings favoured by display teams like the Red Arrows. A passenger peering out of the window might not even see the other planes. Whether the separation distances involved would satisfy air traffic-control regulations is another matter, although a working group at the International Civil Aviation Organisation has included the possibility of formation flying in a blueprint for new operational guidelines. It remains to be seen how weather conditions affect the air flows that make formation flight more efficient. In zones of increased turbulence, the planes" wakes will decay more quickly and the effect will diminish. Dr. Kroo says this is one of the areas his team will investigate further. It might also be hard for airlines to co-ordinate the departure times and destinations of passenger aircraft in a way that would allow them to gain from formation flight. Cargo aircraft, in contrast, might be easier to reschedule, as might routine military flights. As it happens, America"s armed forces are on the case already. Earlier this year the country"s Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency announced plans to pay Boeing to investigate formation flight, though the programme has yet to begin. There are reports that some military aircraft flew in formation when they were low on fuel during the Second World War, but Dr. Lissaman says they are unsubstantiated. "My father was an RAF pilot and my cousin, the skipper of a Lancaster, lost over Berlin," he adds. So he should know.

填空题Directions: Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.A man wakes up in a New York apartment, brews coffee and goes out into the world, and everything that can appear on a smartphone or iPad appears before his eyes instead: weather reports , calendar reminders, messages from friends, his girlfriend's smiling face. This is the promise of Google's Project Glass. Even if the project itself never comes to fruition, though, the preview video deserves a life of its own, as a window into what our era promises and what it threatens to take away. On the one hand, the video is a testament to modem technology's extraordinary feats—not only instant communication across continents, but also an almost god-like access to information about the world around us. But the video also captures the sense of isolation that coexists with our technological mastery. The man in the Google Glasses lives alone, in a drab, impersonal apartment. He is, in other words, a characteristic 21st-century American, more electronically networked but more personally isolated than ever before. As the N. Y.U. Sociologist Eric Klinenberg notes in Going Solo: The Extraordinary Rise and Surprising Appeal of Living Alone, there are now more Americans living by themselves than there are Americans in intact nuclearfamily households. And friendship, too, seems to be attenuating (减弱): a 2006 Duke University study found that Americans reported having, on average, three people with whom they discussed important issues in 1985, but just two by the mid-2000s. The question hanging over the future of American social life, then, is whether all the possibilities of virtual community can make up for the weakening of flesh-and-blood ties and the decline of traditional communal institutions. The optimists say yes. ff you believe writers like Clay Shirky, author of 2008's Here Comes Everybody, the buzzing hive mind of the Internet is well on its way to generating a kind of "cognitive surplus", which promises to make group interactions even more effective and enriching than they were before the Web. The pessimists, on the other hand, worry that online life offers only an illusion of community. In Alone Together, Sherry Turkle argues that the lure of Internet relationships, constantly available but inherently superficial, might make both genuine connection and genuine solitude impossible. Seeing the world through the eyes of the man in the Google Glasses, though, suggests a more political reason for pessimism. In his classic 1953 work, The Quest for Community, the sociologist Robert Nisbet argues that in eras of intense individualism and weak communal ties, an atomized, rootless population is more likely to embrace authoritarian ideologies, and more likely to seek the protection of an omnicompetent state. Today, social media are hailed for empowering dissidents and undercutting tyrannies around the world. Yet it's hard not to watch the Google video and agree with Forbes's Kashmir Hill when she suggests that such a technology could ultimately "accelerate the arrival of the persistent and pervasive" citizen surveillance state, in which everything you see and do can be recorded, reported. In this kind of world, the man in the Google Glasses might feel like a king of infinite space. But he'd actually inhabit a comfortable, full-service cage. A. Internet will eliminate the social advance achieved in the past centuries. B. individual liberty might lead some people to embrace despotism ideology. C. Internet is likely to bring genuine correlation to an end. D. vast change has taken place in terms of the current American family structure. E. the Internet will facilitate and enrich communal interactions. F. the Internet technology will make personal behaviour exposed to others. G. excessive addiction to the Internet will bring about individualism.

填空题Economics is all about consumption. A healthy economy is largely a result of a reasonable balance between consumption today and consumption deferred. To figure out what our buying behavior says about the U.S. economy"s future, my colleagues and I at NPR"s "Planet Money" went searching for as many shopping-based indicators as we could find, hoping some would unlock a hidden story about what Americans are feeling and where the country is headed. The results were mixed, but we did uncover some ominous signs. Lipstick sales used to go up when the economy went down, perhaps because women were searching for a cheap pick-me-up or an edge in a job interview—and sales of lipsticks are way up right now. Women"s underwear sales are down, which historically suggests intense frugality and more rough times ahead. But there are also some optimistic indicators. Sales of men"s underwear, one of Alan Greenspan"s favorite metrics for predicting growth, are also up. Sales of cheap spirits, which soared during the worst of the recession (people need an affordable way to self-medicate), have now stabilized, meaning, at the very least, that people can now afford better liquor. Of all the indicators we looked at, one of the most consistently accurate was Champagne sales. The amount of French Champagne that Americans consume has predicted—with nearly 90 percent accuracy—the average American income one year later. Apparently, when we pop a Champagne cork, we know that good times are ahead. Champagne sales hurtled upward twice in recent history—at the peak of the Internet bubble in 1999 and the housing bubble in 2007. These were both followed by slowdowns as fewer people found reason to celebrate. There are so many indicators to choose from that you could glean just about anything regarding our economic future. In fact, the most telling indicator appears to be the sheer number of indicators themselves. Americans now have so many seductive things they can buy that there are ample consumer options no matter what we feel. Partly as a result, savings—known in economics as deferred consumption—have fallen steadily for more than 30 years. The decline of the savings rate is particularly troubling because it is consistent through busts and booms. During the fast growth of the late 1990s and mid-2000s, and the dark times that followed, people have been choosing to spend more and save less than ever before. Paradoxically, this happened just as pensions have been disappearing and life spans have been increasing. It suggests that Americans are so caught up in every short-term enthusiasm or agony that they haven"t thought enough about long-term fiscal health. America will, most likely, need to find a more normal, sustainable level of consumption, and that"s exactly the problem. What does a reasonable balance between consumption now and consumption deferred actually look like? That"s what we need to figure out. A. the American economy shows signs of recovery. B. American consumption lacks sustainable momentum. C. the American economy falls from its peak. D. the American economy is stuck in recession. E. the American economy is booming in its hey day. F. Americans consume more than can afford. G. the American economy outlook is mixed and uncertain.

填空题Directions: Read the following text and choose the best answer from the right column to complete each of the unfinished statements in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Over the past decade the government of South Africa has used mining revenues to refurbish Soweto, the symbolic town of the apartheid era. The roads are spotless, police patrols offer a measure of safety, children go to school. But their parents have no jobs. Many spend their days at the Maponya Mall, a shopping centre straight from the rich world, and their nights in shebeens, private drinking dens that first opened when blacks could not legally visit bars. The official national unemployment rate is 25%, but the real figure is above 40%. If there is one country that exemplifies the challenges awaiting Africa as it becomes richer and more developed, it is South Africa. It has the biggest economy and the most developed democracy among the larger African countries. However, it is also among the most unequal. In a global ranking by Gini coefficient, a measure of income inequality, South Africa comes off as one of the worst. The South African economy is growing and welfare spending has brought down absolute poverty levels, yet the gap between rich and poor is now wider than under apartheid. There are many reasons for this, but the main one is the country's failure to move up the economic-development ladder. Industrialization has stalled. Sedated by mining income, politicians and voters see little need to make difficult adjustments. Above all, they are unwilling to free up labour markets. The rest of the continent must learn its lesson from this. Resource income is useful but it cannot replace other industries. Many countries know this but, like South Africa, they fail to create an environment in which businesses can prosper and create jobs. African economies differ fundamentally from some of their successful Asian counterparts, which for decades have focused on making things that other countries want to buy, and are now doing the same for services. If Africa wants to overtake Asia, it needs to give a higher priority to manufacturing. Will it? Fee-hungry bankers in Johannesburg, South Africa's business capital, pronounce the continent "ready for take-off". Business conferences are filled with talk of African lions overtaking Asian tigers. Bob Geldof, the founder of Live Aid, is leading the pack in his new incarnation as head of an investment group. Sceptics are equally vocal. Some view capitalism with suspicion and sense a return to colonialism. Others point out that every boom comes to an end, citing the last chapter of Thomas Pakenham's otherwise excellent book, "The Scramble for Africa", published in 1992. It depicts Zimbabwe's independence in 1980-towards the end of an earlier commodities boom-as a bright new dawn and applauds the rise of its first black leader, Mr. Mugabe, who went on to bankrupt his country. A．has the most unequal revenues B．has the worst democratic system C．can not displace other industries D．the country fails to boost its economy E．every prosperity will finally meets its end F．Africa's economy will soon overtake Asia G．has prepared for the economic development

填空题Earlier this year when a lawsuit accused Anheuser-Busch of selling watered-down beer, it caused only a minor buzz. America's biggest breweries have long produced flavourless beer. And anyway, those seeking a more robust brew have plenty of options. Today's beer market increasingly resembles that of the pre-Prohibition era, when smaller, regional breweries dotted the map. Such is the demand for good-tasting beer that, on average, more than one new brewery opened every day last year. Small and independent breweries have thrived during the recession and its wave, taking market share away from traditional brands like Budweiser and Miller Lite. According to Beer Marketer's Insights, a trade publication, craft beer (精酿啤酒) has grown over 13% by volume in each of the past three years. America's two biggest brewers, Anheuser-Busch and MillerCoors, still account for around three quarters of the domestic market, to craft's 6.7%. But even they have noticed the change in consumer tastes. Whereas sales of their big brands have dropped off, gains have been made by offerings called "crafty beer", which look and taste like craft brews. This has led to some debate over what constitutes a craft beer and an intra-industry quarrel over taxes. The Brewers Association promotes the interests of "small, independent and traditional" brewers that produce up to 6m barrels of beer a year. The largest craft brewer under this definition is the Boston Beer Company, maker of Samuel Adams, which produced over 2m barrels last year. That number also happens to be the cut-off (界限) for favourable treatment by the government, which gives small brewers a break on the federal excise tax (消费税). As the craft-beer industry grows, the Brewers Association thinks more of its members will join Boston Beer on the wrong side of the tax code. So it is pushing Congress to pass a bill that would raise the excise-tax bar to 6m barrels a year. In March hundreds of small-brewery owners took their case to Congress. But the Beer Institute, which represents big and small brewers alike, unsurprisingly favours a different bill that would cut the excise tax for the whole industry. Opponents of slashing the excise tax, which has not been adjusted since 1991, note that inflation has already reduced its potency. Moreover, some see higher alcohol taxes as a Way to increase revenues. But others are sympathetic to the Beer Institute's claim that taxes have become the most expensive ingredient of beer. Hence, perhaps, the bitter taste of some brews. A．small and independent breweries B．produced over 2m barrels last year C．produced up to 6m barrels of beer a year D．claims that duties become the most costly part of beer E．considers more of its members will leave Boston Beer F．small and regional beer-makers scattered about the country G．pushes Congress to pass an act that would raise the excise-tax

填空题A. What have they found? B. Is it true that laughing can make us healthier? C. So why do people laugh so much? D. What makes you laugh? E. How did you come to research it? F. So what"s it for? G. When should laughing be banned? Why are you interested in laughter? It"s a universal phenomenon, and one of the most common things we do. We laugh many times a day, for many different reasons, but rarely think about it, and seldom consciously control it. We know so little about the different kinds and functions of laughter, and my interest really starts there. Why do we do it? What can laughter teach us about our positive emotions and social behaviour? There"s so much we don"t know about how the brain contributes to emotion and I think we can get at understanding this by studying laughter. 41. ______ Only 10 or 20 per cent of laughing is a response tohumour. Most of the time it"s a message we send to other people—communicating joyful disposition, a willingness to bond and so on. It occupies a special place in social interaction and is a fascinating feature of our biology, with motor, emotional and cognitive components. Scientists study all kinds of emotions and behaviour, but few focus on this most basic ingredient. Laughter gives us a clue that we have powerful systems in our brain which respond to pleasure, happiness and joy. It"s also involved in events such as release of fear. 42. ______ My professional focus has always been on emotional behaviour. I spent many years investigating the neural basis of fear in rats, and came to laughter via that route. When I was working with rats, I noticed that when they were alone, in an exposed environment, they were scared and quite uncomfortable. Back in a cage with others, they seemed much happier. It looked as if they played with one another—real rough and tumble—and I wondered whether they were also laughing. The neurobiologist Jaak Panksepp had shown that juvenile rats make short vocalisations, pitched too high for humans to hear, during rough and tumble play. He thinks these are similar to laughter. This made me wonder about the roots of laughter. 43. ______ Everything humans do has a function, and laughing is no exception. Its function is surely communication. We need to build social structures in order to live well in our society and evolution has selected laughter as a useful device for promoting social communication. In other words, it must have a survival advantage for the species. 44. ______ The brain scans are usually done while people are responding to humorous material. You see brainwave activity spread from the sensory processing area of the occipital lobe, the bit at the back of the brain that processes visual signals, to the brain"s frontal lobe. It seems that the frontal lobe is involved in recognising things as funny. The left side of the frontal lobe analyses the words and structure of jokes while the right side does the intellectual analyses required to "get" jokes. Finally, activity spreads to the motor areas of the brain controlling the physical task of laughing. We also know about these complex pathways involved in laughter from neurological illness and injury. Sometimes after brain damage, tumours, stroke or brain disorders such as Parkinson"s disease, people get "stonefaced syndrome" and can"t laugh. 45. ______ I laugh a lot when I watch amateur videos of children, because they"re so natural. I"m sure they"re not forcing anything funny to happen. I don"t particularly laugh hard at jokes, but rather at situations. I also love old comedy movies such as Laurel and Hardy and an extremely ticklish. After starting to study laughter in depth, I began to laugh and smile more in social situations, those involving either closeness or hostility. Laughter really creates a bridge between people, disarms them, and facilitates amicable behaviour.

填空题Directions: Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each numbered paragraph (41-45). There are two extra subheadings. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.A．U.S. Is in Face of Obesity B．Eat Less Fat and Cholesterol C．Dietary Goals for the U.S. Issued D．The Americans' Eating Habits Change E．America Becomes Sicker than Before F．A Nutritional Experiment Is Performed G．Cardiovascular Disease—America's No. 1 Killer In 1977, the year before I was born, a Senate committee led by George McGovern published its landmark "Dietary Goals for the United States", urging Americans to eat less high-fat red meat, eggs and dairy and replace them with more calories from fruits, vegetables and especially carbohydrates. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} By 1980 that wisdom was codified. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) issued its first dietary guidelines, and one of the primary directives was to avoid cholesterol and fat of all sorts. The National Institutes of Health recommended that all Americans over the age of 2 cut fat consumption, and that same year the government announced the results of a $150 million study, which had a clear message: Eat less fat and cholesterol to reduce your risk of a heart attack. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} The food industry—and American eating habits—jumped in step. Grocery shelves filled with "light" yogurts, low-fat microwave dinners, cheese-flavored crackers, cookies. Families like mine followed the advice: beef disappeared from the dinner plate, eggs were replaced at breakfast with cereal or yolk-free beaters, and whole milk almost wholly vanished. From 1977 to 2012, per capita consumption of those foods dropped while calories from supposedly healthy carbohydrates increased—no surprise, given that breads, cereals and pasta were at the base of the USDA food pyramid. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} The nation was embarking on a "vast nutritional experiment", as the skeptical president of the National Academy of Sciences, Philip Handler, put it in 1980. But with nearly a million Americans a year dropping dead from heart disease by the mid-'80s, it had to try something. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Nearly four decades later, the results are in: the experiment was a failure. Americans cut the fat, but by almost every measure, they are sicker than ever. The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in the U.S. increased 166% from 1980 to 2012. Nearly 1 in 10 American adults has the disease, costing the country's health care system $245 billion a year, and an estimated 86 million people are prediabetic. Deaths from heart disease have fallen—a fact that many experts attribute to better emergency care, less smoking and widespread use of cholesterol—controlling drugs like statins—but cardiovascular disease remains the country's No. 1 killer. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} Even the increasing rates of exercise haven't been able to keep Americans healthy. More than a third of the country is now obese, making the U.S. one of the fattest countries in an increasingly fat world. "Americans were told to cut back on fat to lose weight and prevent heart disease," says Dr. David Ludwig, the director of the New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center at Boston Children's Hospital.

填空题A. The wars between Indian and the settlers B. Indians were pushed away C. Indians, once the master of America, now live in their reservation D. Indians are still fighting for the improvement of their lives E. The relationship between Indians and the early settlers F. Indians were ferocious savages G. Indian"s struggle for their own possessions 1 When Christopher Columbus landed on America"s shores, he encountered copper-shinned people whom he promptly called "Indians". Current estimates indicate that there were over a million Indians inhabiting Indians North American then. There are approximately 800,000 Indians today, of whom about 250,000 live on reservations. 2 The early settlers had an amicable relationship with Indians, who share their knowledge about hunting, fishing and farming with their uninvited guests. The stereotyped stealthy, wicked Indian of Western movies are created by different faithless white man; the Indian was born friendly. Indian lifestyle greatly influenced the whites; whites continue to have defected to join the Indians. 3 Disgust developed between the Indians and the settlers, whose encroachment on Indian lands provoked an era of turbulence. As early as 1745, Indian tribes joined together to drive the French off their land. The French and Indian war did not end until 1763. The Indian had succeeded in destroying most of the settlements. The British, superficially submissive to the Indiana, promised that further migrations west would not extend beyond a specified boundary. 4 Evicted from their lands, or worse still, frankly giving their property to the whites for few baubles, Indians were ruthlessly pushed west. The battle in 1876 at Little Horn river in Montana, in which setting Bull and the Sioux tribes massacred General Custer"s cavalry, caused the whites intensify their campaign against the red man. The battle at Wound Knee, South Dakota, in 1890 put an end to the last vestige of hope for amity between Indians and whites. 5 Although the Bureau of Indian affairs has operated since 1842, presumably for the purpose of guarding Indians "interests", Indian on reservations lead notoriously deprived lives. Due to historical reasons, the majority of Indians are now living in remote rural areas. Most of the Indian nation also retains their traditional way of life and customs. In the multi-ethnic society in Latin America, the Indians is a vulnerable group. There are very few live in cities and towns, with formal employment, the vast majority are still living in the mainland forest, grassland areas, engaged in simple crafts such as agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, fisheries, divorced from modern society. Indian ghettos suffer from economic backwardness, the difficulties of life, and low levels of health and education, and all aspects of the situation in stark contrast to the mainstream of society, simply unbearable under the dramatic impact of national modernization and economic globalization. In recent times Indians have taken a militant stand and appealed to the courts and the American people to improve their substandard living conditions.

填空题The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director has been the talk of the classical-music world ever since the sudden announcement of his appointment in 2009. For the most part, the response has been favorable, to say the least. "Hooray! At last!" wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober-sided classical-music critic. One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is comparatively little known. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert"s appointment in the Times, calls him "an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him." As a description of the next music director of an orchestra that has hitherto been led by musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some Times readers as faint praise. For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from iTunes. Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are missing the point. For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century. These recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic quality than today"s live performances; moreover, they can be "consumed" at a time and place of the listener"s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert. One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not yet available on record. Gilbert"s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic into "a markedly different, more vibrant organization." But what will be the nature of that difference? Merely expanding the orchestra"s repertoire will not be enough. If Gilbert and the Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between America"s oldest orchestra and the new audience it hopes to attract. A. doubtful. 1 Gilbert"s appointment has B. are easily accessible to the general public. 2 Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is C. received acclaim. 3 The author believes that the devoted concertgoers D. are often inferior to live concerts in quality. 4 Recordings E. modest. 5 Regarding Gilbert"s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels F. ignore the expenses of live performances. G. overestimate the value of live performances.

填空题Directions: Read the following text and answer questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column.There are two extra choices in the fight column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET. "The great manufacturers in the Yorkshire and Lancashire districts tell me that, under modern conditions, they have got into the habit of laying in supply not for a period of two to five months but they are dependent week by week on the importation of the raw material." So Sir George Parkin described the alarming business practices found in Britain at the dawn of the 20th century. As a leader of the Imperial Federation League, he sought to replace the British empire with a bigger group of trading partners, so as to guarantee supplies. A hundred years on, Sir George would have marveled at globalization, but been aghast that today's manufactures measure their inventories in only a few hours of production. The great manufacturers now have amazingly lean operations. They have outsourced business to contractors that can do the work more efficiently, often in places where wages are lower. A huge logistics (物流) industry has sprung up to move stuff around the world at dazzling speed. Containerization (集装箱运输) has slashed the cost of shipping. Express air-freight has made overnight delivery possible to most places on earth. Moreover, such services are within the grasp not just of the supply departments of giant multinationals but also of anyone trading on eBay from the spare bedroom. The logistics business is one of the marvels of commerce, but it is not without its risks. Supply chains have become ever more complex and extended. Some great manufacturers and great service companies may have become too lean in their relentless drive to reduce costs, outsourcing not just their non-core activities but essential ones too. If one link of a company's supply chain snaps, the consequences can be grave. Ericsson and Nokia found this out when they both relied on the same supplier for a special chip in their mobile phones. After the chipmaker's factory was hit by lightning, Nokia swiftly locked up all the alternative supplies whereas Ericsson suffered a severe parts shortage and later quit making handsets on its own. A company's best protection from its own supply chain is to expect failure, not to hide from it. Toyota last year narrowly escaped a parts shortage when an American supplier went bankrupt. The carmaker has now introduced an early-warning system in Europe to try to detect any looming problems with suppliers before they bring production lines to a halt. The good news is that many companies are now trying to identify the choke points and weak links in their supply chains. What about Sir George's concern—the wider threat to national economies? With so many people worrying about oil supplies and a bird-flu epidemic, the prospect of supply chains collapsing around the world can seem a scary idea. It shouldn't be. There are a few industries where it makes sense for governments to keep some emergency stocks of a few essentials such as energy, munitions and medicines. But the logistical disruption is not a good way for politicians to think about everyday life, let alone to start interfering in markets. Natural disasters are not, in fact, a common cause of supply-chain disruptions. Most are the result of humdrum internal problems, like bad planning or the choice of an unreliable subcontractor. That can be terrible for a particular company, but hardly poses a threat to society at large. After all, if Ericsson and Nokia cannot supply you with a mobile phone, Samsung would be only too happy to get one to you tomorrow. A. be free from the interference of markets. B. make supply chains increasingly intricate and lengthy. C. some manufacturers and service companies outsource their core business to contractors for more profit. D. they outsource business to contractors that can do the work more efficiently. E. a company should try to identify any potential problems with suppliers in advance. F. pose a threat to society at large. G. the logistics business is not without its risks.

填空题Every year Les Wexner, the owner of Victoria"s Secret, a lingerie (女士内衣) retailer, takes a month off to travel the world looking for other companies" ideas to adopt. Mr. Wexner"s philosophy is that business should celebrate imitation. That is almost a heresy. Businesses are told to innovate or die. Imitators are cast as the bad guys. But in the real world, companies copy and succeed. The iPod was not the first digital-music player; nor was the iPhone the first smartphone or the iPad the first tablet. Apple imitated others" products but made them far more appealing. The pace and intensity of legal imitation has quickened in recent years, argues Oded Shenkar, a management professor at Ohio State University, in a provocative book, "Copycats: How Smart Companies Use Imitation to Gain a Strategic Edge". History shows that imitators often end up winners. Who now remembers Chux, the first disposable nappies, whose thunder was stolen by Pampers? Ray Kroc, who built McDonald"s, copied White Castle, inventor of the fast-food burger joint. Even Playboy magazine was just an imitator, noted Ted Levitt, one of the earliest management gurus to acknowledge the role of imitation. Copying is not only far commoner than innovation in business, wrote Levitt in the 1960s, but a surer route to growth and profits. According to "Copycats", studies show that imitators do at least as well and often better from any new product than innovators do. Followers have lower research-and-development costs, and less risk of failure because the product has already been market-tested. A study by Peter Golder and Gerard Tellis, "Pioneer Advantage: Marketing Logic or Marketing Legend", found that innovators captured only 7% of the market for their product over time. Firms seldom admit to being copycats. But some businesspeople are willing to talk about the limitations of innovation. Kevin Rollins, a former chief executive of Dell, a computer-maker, asked, "If innovation is such a competitive weapon, why doesn"t it translate into profitability?" But most remain obsessed with their own inventions. Copying is taboo. Praise and promotion do not go to employees who borrow from other firms. As a result, firms pay insufficient attention to the art of copying. Levitt examined a group of companies whose sales depended on regularly launching new products. None of them, he found, had either a formal or informal policy on how to respond to other firms" innovations. So they were often far too slow to imitate rivals" successes, and missed out on profits. Not much has changed since Levitt"s day. Though copying is fairly common, lots of companies fail to do it effectively. American firms in particular are too obsessed with innovation, argues Mr. Shenkar. By contrast, Asian companies—such as Panasonic, whose former parent, Matsushita, was nicknamed maneshita denki, "electronics that have been copied"—have excelled at legal imitation. Excessive copying, of course, could be bad for society as a whole. Joseph Schumpeter worried that if innovators could not get enough reward from new products because imitators were taking so much of the profit, they would spend less on developing them. But that is not the immediate concern of corporations. Copying is here to stay; businesses may as well get good at it. A. are too obsessed with innovation. B. are actively involved in legal imitation. C. discourage innovators" enthusiasm for innovation. D. laugh last in market competition. E. pay little attention to imitate rival"s success. F. are slow to react to rival"s imitation. G. explicitly discuss their suspicion about innovation.

填空题A. Convincing evidence: US is losing its appeal in the eyes of multinationals B. Biggest hindrance: US divided political system C. American future: stuck in the middle D. Overstated statement: US overall competitiveness is declining E. Voice of experts: pessimism pervades academic world F. Economic outlook: bad but not desperate G. Undisputed fact: US is losing its economic edge 1 Is America fading? America has been gripped by worries about decline before, notably in the 1970s, only to roar back. But this time it may be serious. There is little doubt that other countries are catching up. Between 1999 and 2009 America"s share of world exports fell in almost every industry: by 36 percentage points in aerospace, nine in information technology, eight in communications equipment and three in cars. Private-sector job growth has slowed dramatically, and come to a halt in industries that are exposed to global competition. Median annual income grew by an anemic 2% between 1990 and 2010. 2 The March issue of the Harvard Business Review is devoted to "American competitiveness". The Review reports that declinism is prevalent among HBS alumni: in a survey, 71% said that American competitiveness would decline in the coming years. 3 America is losing out in the race to attract good jobs. Matthew Slaughter of Dartmouth"s Tuck School of Business points out that multinational firms increased employment in America by 24% in the 1990s. But since then they have been cutting back on jobs in America. They have moved dull repetitive tasks abroad, and even some sophisticated ones, too. The proportion of the employees of American multinationals who work for subsidiaries abroad rose from 21.4% in 1989 to 32.3% in 2009. The share of research-and-development spending going to foreign subsidiaries rose from 9% in 1989 to 15.6% in 2009; that of capital investment rose from 21.8% in 1999 to 29.6% in 2009. 4 America"s political system comes in for particularly harsh criticism: 60% of HBS alumni said that it was worse than those in other advanced countries. David Moss of HBS argues that such complaints are nothing new: American politicians have been arguing about the role of government ever since Thomas Jefferson butted heads with Alexander Hamilton. But in the past this often led to fruitful compromises. But such compromises are rarer these days. Republicans and Democrats are more ideologically divided, and less inclined to make pragmatic concessions. 5 For all this gloom, the Review"s gurus argue that, as Bill Clinton said in his first inaugural address, there is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured by what is right with America. The country has huge strengths, from its world-beating universities to its tolerance of risk-taking. It has a highly diverse market: firms that seek cheap labour can move to Mississippi, where wages are a third lower than those in Massachusetts. Rosabeth Moss Kanter of HBS points to the extraordinary amount of innovation that is going on not just in Silicon Valley but across the country. Yet it is difficult to read this collection of essays without a sense of foreboding. The one thing that worries the HBS alumni more than anything else—the state of American politics—is the most difficult to fix. The politicalsituation swings unpredictably, making it hard to plan for the future. Should companies assume that they will have to abide by Mr. Obanm"s health-care law when it comes into effect in 2014, or will the Republicans have repealed it by then? No one knows.

填空题A. They who know nothing listen more B. Women support is essential C. Women who create pink-collar industry D. Women: backbone for e-commerce E. Men: pretended fashion experts F. Men: technology savvy in fashion business G. New form of gender equality 1 According to a 2010 report from comScore, women spend more time online than men, and they"re overrepresented in social networking, gaming, photos, blogs, and retail. Not only do women spend time online, they spend money, too—female customers make up 61% of online transactions. In a TechCrunch article on the topic, Silicon Valley venture capitalist Arleen Lee called women the "rocket fuel" of e-commerce. "Especially when it comes to social and shopping," Lee explains, "women rule the Internet." 2 Hence the surge in "pink-collar" start-ups—businesses in traditionally feminine industries like fashion, beauty, and shopping. But women aren"t the only tech entrepreneurs with their eyes on female customers. From the men behind Pinterest to the dudes who started Shoe Dazzle, smart men are defying gender stereotypes in the pursuit of great business and jumping at the chance to cash in on pink-collar opportunities. Nils Johnson is one of the three male co-founders of Beautylish, a beauty-focused social network. What attracted three men to the female-dominated cosmetics industry? "Most engineers are guys, so they think about products for guys," Johnson explains. "When we thought about the intersection of technology and beauty, we saw a large opportunity in a market that was significantly underserved." Josh Berman and Diego Berdakin are another great example: The duo took their expertise in technology and proximity to the heart of Hollywood and identified a huge opportunity to revolutionize e-commerce. The result was Beachmint, a designer-curated social-commerce site, which catered exclusively to women." The founders never pretended to be fashion experts," says Ara Katz, Beachmint"s Head of Creative and Partnerships. "Their strengths are in technology and operations." 3 When I asked Johnson whether he and his founders had ever encountered criticism, he groaned. "Totally. It"s reverse discrimination. They say, "Why don"t you address something that scratches your own itch?"" But Johnson adds, "I made it clear that I was going to hire the best people." In many cases, that hiring philosophy means actively seeking to hire women, and some male founders are making strategic choices to recruit women to join their founding teams. Of course, these male entrepreneurs make it clear that their co-founders aren"t just window dressing. In addition to their personal knowledge of the female market, women have brought valuable skills to their ventures. 4 These pink-collar male entrepreneurs aren"t letting gender hold them back. In fact, they even see some benefits of their outsider perspective. "It can be hard for entrepreneurs to not think their personal experiences are a proxy for the market," explained Topolovac. "Because I come to the table without emotional attachment to the answers, it"s made me a better listener." 5 Women are the economic engines of some of the Internet"s hottest markets from e-commerce to social media. It"s no wonder then that savvy entrepreneurs—both men and women—are developing ways to better serve the female market. And as with any growing industry, it takes teams of both genders to truly succeed. Just as we need more women to bring their unique perspective to traditionally male-dominated fields, so too will pink-collar industries benefit from smart, innovative men.

填空题As companies continue to cut costs, the days of frequent promotions are a distant memory. So are the days of endless opportunities to show off your skills. Layoff survivors, faced with fewer options are finding themselves in career purgatory—there"s no way up and no way out. After talking to career coaches, managers, recruiters, and psychologists, Fortune put together eight tips to help workers break free from the inertia. 1 Avoid taking cover Don"t hide out behind your computer. "You should really work to increase or maintain the visibility that you have," says David Opton, founder and CEO of career management firm ExecuNet. Build a circle of allies Fortify your current relationships and work on making new ones, both within and outside the office. "Allies will be helpful in terms of letting you know information, like if there"s a job possibility that comes up," says Dee Soder, founder of the CEO Perspective Group. Who you know can make a big difference, especially in difficult times. 2 Load up on new tools This is the perfect time to acquire new expertise. (If the boss can"t pay, do it on your own.) 3 Look beyond your job description People don"t get promotions just because they do their jobs well; they get promotions because they take initiative. Lauren Doliva, a partner at recruiting firm Heidrick identify your weaknesses and work on them; find better ways to harness your strengths. For nontangible skills— leadership, management, communication—coaches recommend hiring a coach. A client of Soder"s was put into a new management role, but didn"t feel like she had what it took to oversee a bigger team. She went out and hired a coach who helped her learn how to interact with top executives as well as how to run a bigger territory. She has since been promoted again. Taking responsibility for your own success is something everyone should do, regardless of external factors. Otherwise you"re heading straight for burnout. 5 Adjust your attitude Don"t panic. Even though the economy is in a recession, your career is not coming to an end. How you look at the situation will have a big impact on whether you stay stuck or move ahead. "One can choose to say there is no opportunity or one can choose to look for it," says Doliva. In fact, many coaches believe that being stuck is just a state of mind. A. Let people know when you accomplish something or when you put in the extra effort to get a project done early. Without being cheesy, make sure that you"re giving off the right vibes by keeping a positive attitude, avoiding emotional outbursts, and appearing calm and organized. And don"t forget to look the part. Many didn"t get promotions because of their professional presence—grooming, clothes, and body language. B. When someone brought up the VP of operations, who was the obvious candidate for the job, the CEO rejected him outright. "He said no because the VP only does what"s expected," says Doliva. "The CEO didn"t see him as someone who would take the risks and the time to do the job better." Now is not the time for complacency, even if you"re not gunning for a spot in the executive suite. Coaches suggest that employees come in early, stay late, and take on extra projects. Little things can make a big difference. C. Brush up on computer skills, audit a class, or get a certificate or degree in your field--and when jobs do open up, you"ll be ready. D. "What you don"t want to do is start getting depressed", adds Melissa Karz, founder of Kadima Coaching. "Be what you want to attract." It might be helpful to hunt for motivation in other places. "Now is the time to start taking a look at how fulfilling your life is outside of work," says Lois Frankel, president of Corporate Coaching International. Find exciting activities to replenish yourself with--and then bring that positive spirit into the office. E. Amid all of the layoffs, you"ve managed to keep your job--but the chances of moving up are slim to none. Nobody above you is going to leave now, and there"s no money for special projects to prove yourself. You"re stuck. Here"s how to avoid fading into the woodwork. F. Speak up in meetings, join task forces, and volunteer for difficult projects that co-workers aren"t willing to tackle.

填空题The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the New World are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was "so much importance attached to intellectual pursuits." According to many books and articles, New England"s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life. To take this approach to the New Englanders normally means to start with the Puritans" theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New World circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity. The early settlers of Massachusetts Bay included men of impressive education and influence in England. Besides the ninety or so learned ministers who came to Massachusetts churches in the decade after 1629, there were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of the Crown before he journeyed to Boston. These men wrote and published extensively, reaching both New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness. We should not forget, however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few craftsmen or farmers, let alone dependents and servants, left literary compositions to be analyzed, it is obvious that their views were less fully intellectualized. Their thinking often had atraditional superstitious quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late 1630s, left an, account of his reasons for leaving England that is filled with signs. Sexual confusion, economic frustrations, and religious hope—all came together in a decisive moment when he opened the Bible, told his father that the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words: "Come out from among them, touch no unclean thing, and I will be your God and you shall be my people." One wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in Puritan churches. Meanwhile, many settlers had slighter religious commitments than Dane"s, as one clergyman learned in confronting folk along the coast who mocked that they had not come to the New World for religion. "Our main end was to catch fish." A. influenced by superstitions. 1 In the seventeenth-century New England B. illustrates a kind of landscape- orientated light conceptual art. 2 New Englanders C. came from different intellectual backgrounds. 3 The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay D. intellectual interests were encouraged. 4 The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often E. brought with them the culture of the Old World. 5 Early settlers in New England F. embodies a romantic escape into the Scottish outdoors. G. created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England.

填空题A. The famous athletes in the Games B. The origin of Olympic Games C. Interruption of the Games D. Honor given to the winners E. Olympic Games held nowadays F. Hosting countries of the Games G. Spectators and events of the ancient Games 1 In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations. The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods, eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules against foreign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back the Olympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 BC. But before that, the ancient Olympic Games may have existed for centuries. In the long history of human development, in addition to the ancient religion of social and cultural phenomenon, the Olympic movement can be regarded as one of the oldest social and cultural phenomenon. 2 The games took place in August on the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece, but no married woman, was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonored persons were not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events is uncertain, but events included boy"s gymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sports involved than in the modem Olympic Games. 3 On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy olive leaves placed on their heads. So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his name to the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact, richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modem standards, we unfortunately have no means of telling. 4 After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by the Romans in 394 AD. They continued for such a long time because people believed in the philosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and that the spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. It was over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in 1896. In 1896 year 6 April to 15 April, Athens hosted the first modern Olympic Games. 5 Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vast facilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competing countries pay their own athlete"s expenses. The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus by the sun"s rays. It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolizes the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it burns throughout the Games until the closing ceremony. So the torch symbolizes peace, light, and so the significance of unity and friendship. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modem conception: the five interlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games. Among them, the blue represents Europe, yellow for Asia, black for Africa, green for Oceania, red for the Americas.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following text and choose the best answer from the right column to complete each of the unfinished statements in the left column. There are two extra choices in, the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.The human voice, like any sound produced by thrumming a stretched string, has a fundamental frequency. For voice, the centre of that frequency lies mostly below 300Hz depending on the speaker's sex. Information is conveyed through simultaneous higher-frequency overtones and additional components that can stretch up to 20,000 Hz (20kHz). Modern hearing aids are able to distinguish only a small part of that range, typically between 300Hz and 6kHz, reducing noise and amplifying those frequencies where the wearer's hearing is weakest. But differentiating elements of many common parts of speech occur in higher frequencies. This is the result both of harmonics that ripple out from the main tone, and from non-voiced elements used to utter consonants, which employ the tongue, teeth, cheeks and lips. Take the words "sailing" and "failing". Cut off the higher frequencies and the two are indistinguishable. The problem is compounded on telephone calls, which do not transmit frequencies below 300Hz or above 3.3kHz. People with hearing aids experience this problem constantly, says Brian Moore of the University of Cambridge. Typical hearing loss tends to be most acute at frequencies above 10kHz, which contain quieter sounds but where speech can still include important cues. Older hearing aids cut off at no higher than 6kHz, but much modern equipment stretches this range to 8-10kHz. However, a problem remains, Dr. Moore says, because bespoke hearing-aid calibrations for individual users, called "fittings", do not properly boost the gain of these higher frequencies. So Dr. Moore and his colleagues have come up with a better method. Their approach can be applied to many existing devices, and is also being built into some newer ones. A key step in any fitting involves testing an individual's ability to hear sounds in different frequency bands. Each hearing loss is unique, and for most users a standard profile would be too loud in some ranges and too soft in others. But current tests pay scant attention to the higher frequencies that a device's tiny speaker can produce, regardless of whether the user needs a boost. Dr. Moore's new test, known as CAM2, which is both a set of specifications and an implementation in software, extends and modifies fittings to include frequencies as high as 10kHz. When the results are used to calibrate a modem hearing aid, the result is greater intelligibility of speech compared with existing alternatives. CAM2 also improves the experience of listening to music, which makes greater use of higher frequencies than speech does. A．be applied to many existing devices B．use the tongue, teeth, cheeks and lips C．enhance the gain of higher frequencies D．pays little attention to the higher frequencies E．reduce noise and amplify certain frequencies F．transmit frequencies below 300Hz or above 3.3kHz G．extends and modifies fittings to include high frequencies