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U.S.customers historically tipped people they assumed were earning most of their income via tips,such as restaurant servers earning less than the minimum wage.In the early 2010s,a wide range of businesses started processing purchases with iPads and other digital payment systems.These systems prompted customers to tip for services that were not previously tipped.Todays tip requests are often not connected to the salary and service norms that used to determine when oud how people tip.Customers in the past nearly always paid tips after receiving a service,such as at the conclusion of a restaurant meal,after getting a haircut or once a pizza was delivered.That timing could reward high-quality service and give workers an incentive to provide it.Its becoming more common for tips to be requested beforehand.And new tipping technology may even automatically add tips.The prevalence of digital payment devices has made it easier to ask customers for a tip.That helps explain why tip requests are creeping into new kind of services.Customers now routinely see menus of suggested default options-often well above 70%of what they owe.The amounts have risen from 10%or less in the 1950s to 15%around the year 2000 to 20%or higher today.This increase is sometimes called tipflation-the expectation of ever-higher tip amounts.Tipping has always been a vital source of income for workers in historically tipped services,like restaurants,where the tipped minimum wage can be as low as US $2.13 an hour.Tip creep and tip flation are now further supplementing the income of many low-wage service workers.Notably,tipping primarily benefits some of these workers,such as cooks and dishwashers.To ensure that all employees were paid fair wages, some restaurants banned tipping and increased prices,but this movement toward no-tipping services has largely fizzled out.

41. _______Great ideas don’t stand alone. In other words, you can’t mention your suggestion once and expect it to be adopted. To see a change, you’ll need to champion your plan and sell its merits. In addition, you need to be willing to stand up to scrutiny and criticism and be prepared to explain your innovation in different ways for various audiences.42. _______Sometimes it makes sense to go to your boss first. But other times, it’s useful to build a coalition among your co-workers or other stakeholders. When it works, it works great—because you’re ready for your stubborn supervisor’s pushback with answers like, “Actually, I connected with a few people in our tech department to discuss how much time these kinds of website updates would take, and they suggested they have the bandwidth.”However, just be certain you can explain your end-around approach as one that built your case, rather than simply circumvented your manager. The last thing you want is for your boss to feel embarrassed he wasn’t informed—which could lead him to quash the idea before it even takes off.43. _______One of the biggest barriers to gaining buy-in occurs when the owner of an idea is viewed as argumentative, defensive, or close-minded. Because, let’s be honest: No one likes a know-it-all. So, if people disagree with you, don’t be indignant. Instead, listen to their concerns fully, try to understand their perspective, and include their concerns (and possible remedies) in future discussions.So, instead of saying, “Martha, our current slogan is confusing and should be updated,” you could try, “Martha raises a great point that our current slogan has a long history for our stakeholders, but I wonder if we might able to brainstorm a tagline that could build on that—and be clearer for new customers.”44. _______New ideas are the grandchildren of old ones. In other words, don’t throw old solutions under the bus to make your improvement stand out. Remember that in light of whatever the problem the old system solved—or, maybe, has failed to solve in recent memory—it was a great idea at the time. Appreciating the older contributions as you suggest future innovations helps bolster the credibility of your idea.45. _______When pitching a new idea, it’s important use the language of abundance instead of the language of deficit. Instead of saying what is wrong, broken, or suboptimal, talk about what is right, fixable, or ideal. For example, try, “I can see lots of applications for this new approach” rather than, “This innovation is the only way.” Be optimistic but realistic, and you will stand out.There is rarely value in pointing out a problem without also offering a solution. Innovation isn’t seeing the problem, it is being able to see a viable solution to the issue. So, use the steps above to pitch your new idea—they should help you overcome the barriers to buy-in so that people will be on board and excited.A. Stay positive.B. Respect the past, but don’t get stuck there.C. Use channels.D. Give it time.E. Expect (and invite) resistance.F. Be a salesman.G. Be humble.

Directions:Read the following text.Choose the best word (s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or Don the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)Your social life is defined as the activities you do with other people,for pleasure,when you are not working.Its important to have a social life,but whats right for one person wont be rightfor another.Some of us feel energised by spending lots of time with others,___1 ___some of us may feel drained,even if its doing something we enjoy.This is why finding a ___2___ in your social life is key,spending too much time on your own,not___3___ others,can make you feel lonely and___4___.loneliness is known to impact on your mental healthand___5___a low mood.Anyone can feel lonely at any time.This might be especially true if,___6___ youare work ing form from home and you are___ 7___on the usual social conversations that happen in anoffice.other life changes can ___8___periods of loneliness too,such as retirement Changing jobs or becoming a parent.Its important to recognise these feelings of loneliness.There are ways to___ 9___ a social life,but it can feel overwhelming ___10___.Its a great idea able to meet ___11___people.Mere are groups aimedat new parents at those who want to ___12___a new sport for the first time,or network ing events for those in the same profession to meet up and ___13___ idea ideas.On the other hand,its ___14___possible to have too much of a social life.If you feel like yourealways doing something and there is never any___15 ___you calendar for downtime,you could sufiersocial bumout or social ___16___We all have our own social limit and its important to recongnise when youre feeling like its all too much.Low mood,low energy,irritability and trouble sleeping could all be ___17 ___of poor social health.Make sure you___18 ___some time in your diary when youre___19___for socialising and use this time to relax,___20___ and recover.

In the late 18th century

When it was established,the National Health service (NHS)was visionary:offering high-quality,timely care to meet the dominant needs of the population it served/Nearly 75 years on;with the UK facing very different health challenges,it is clear that model is out of date.From life expectancy to cancer and infant mortality rates,we are lagging behind many of our peers/With more than 6.8 million on waitlists, healthcare is becoming increasingly inaccessible for those who can not opt to pay for private treatment;and the cost of providing healthcare is increasingly squeezed out investment in other public services/As demand for healthcare continues to grow,pressures on the workforce-which is already near breaking point-will only become more acute.Many of the answers to the crisis in health and care are well rehearsed./We need to be much better at reducing and diverting demand on health services,rather than simply managing it./Much more needs to beinvested in communities and primary care to reduce our reliance on hospitals/And capacity in social care needs to be greater,to support the growing number of people living with long-term conditions.

Part A

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Navigating beyond the organised pavements and parts of our urban spaces,desire paths are the unofficial footprints of a community,revealing the unspoken preferences,shared shortcuts and collective choices of humans.Often appearing as trodden dirt tracks through otherwise neat green spaces,these routes of collective disobedience cut corners,bisect lawns and cross hills,representing the natural capability of people cand, animals,to go from point A to point B most effectively.Urban planners interpret desire paths as more than just convenient shortcuts;they offer valuable insights into the dynamics between planning and behaviour.Navigating beyond the organised pavements and parks of our urban spaces,desire paths are the unofficial footprints of a community,revealing the unspoken preferences,shared shortcuts and collective choices of humans.Often appearing as trodden dirt tracks through otherwise neat green spaces,these routes of collective disobedience cut corners,bisect lawns and cross hills,representing the natural capability of people (and animals)to go from point A to point B most effectively.Urban planners interpret desire paths as more than just convenient shortcuts;they offer valuable insights into the dynamics between planning and behaviour.Ohio State University allowed its students to navigate the Oval,a lawn in the centre of campus,freely,then proceeded to pave the desire paths,creating a web of effective routes students had established.Yet,reluctance persists among other planners to integrate desire paths into formal plans,citing concerns about safety,environmental impact,or primarily,aesthetics.A Reddit webpage devoted to the phenomenon, boasting nearly 50,000 members,showcases images of local desire paths adorned with signs instructing pedestrians to adhere to designated walkways,underscoring the rebellious nature inherent in these human-made tracks.This clash highlights an ongoing struggle between the organic,user-driven evolution of public spaces and the desire for a visually curated and controlled urban environment.The Wickquasgeck Trail is an example of a historical desire path, created by Native Americans to cross the forests of Manhattan and move between settlements quickly.This trail,when Dutch colonists arrived,was widened and made into one of the main trade roads across the island, known at the time as de Heere Straat,or Gentlemens Street.Following the British assumption of control in New York,the street was renamed Broadway.Notably,Broadway stands out as one of the few areas in NYC that defies the grid-based system applied to the rest of the city,cutting a diagonal across parts of the city.In online spaces,desire paths have sparked a fascination that can approach obsession,with the Reddit page serving as a hub.Contributors offer a wide array of stories,from little-known new shortcuts to long-established alternate routes.Animal desire paths,such as ducks forging trails through frozen ponds or dogs carving direct routes in gardens,highlight the adaptability of these trails in both human and animal experiences.As desire paths criss-cross through both physical and virtual landscapes,they stand as a proof of the collective insistence on forging unconventional routes and embracing the spirit of communal choice.

阅读理解[A] Do not let others dictate your major life

阅读理解Tesco has overhauled its pay policy for top

阅读理解[A] Mark the headway [B] Celebrate the

阅读理解For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers

阅读理解It almost didn't happen. There was a time

阅读理解You are going to read a list of subheadings

阅读理解[A] Bring a visual reminder [B] Eat nothing

阅读理解[A] Don't look back [B] Accept the change

阅读理解Running may be the single most effective

阅读理解[A] Overworking [B] Too much help [C] Too

阅读理解There are many reasons for the sorry state of