单选题A．胫骨干骺端的溶骨性破坏B．掌骨骨膜下脓肿C．椎体边缘有缺损性脓肿D．膝关节内有浆液性渗出液E．椎体中心部有死骨

单选题免疫性非溶血性发热性输血反应的主要原因和发病机制是输入血液中的

单选题手术区皮肤消毒范围，应包括切口周同A．5cmB．10cmC．15cmD．20cmE．30cm

单选题不完全性肠梗阻的特点是

单选题阑尾切除术后，最常见的并发症是

单选题不符合局灶性节段性肾小球肾炎的是

单选题桡骨远端骨折，骨折线经关节面，远端骨折片向背侧移位，该骨折诊断为A．Colles骨折B．Smitll骨折C．Banon骨折D．Monteggia骨折E．Galeazzi骨折

问答题Directions:Thefollowingarethreepicturesofdifferentwaystospendthesummerholiday.Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthesepictures.Inthecompositionyoushould:1)describethepictures2)discusstheadvantageanddisadvantageofthem,and3)givesuggestions.

问答题Directions:Lookatthefollowingpictureandwriteanarticleoneagerlearners.Yourarticleshouldmeetthefollowingtworequirements:1)Interpretthemessageconveyedbythepicture.2)Makeyourcommentsonthephenomenon.Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

问答题试述脑损伤的分级。

问答题(46) Experts are individuals with specialized knowledge suited to perform the specific tasks for which they are trained, but that expertise does not necessarily transfer to other domains. A master chess player cannot apply chess expertise in a game of poker—although both chess and poker are games, a chess master who has never played poker is a novice poker player. Similarly, a biochemist is not qualified to perform neurosurgery, even though both biochemists and neurosurgeons study human physiology. In other words, the more complex a task is the more specialized and exclusive is the knowledge required to perform that task. An expert perceives meaningful patterns in her domain better than non-experts. Where a novice perceives random or disconnected data points, an expert connects regular patterns within and between cases. This ability to identify patterns is not an innate perceptual skill; rather it reflects the organization of knowledge after exposure to and experience with thousands of cases. Experts have a deeper understanding of their domains than novices do, and utilize higher-order principles to solve problems. A novice, for example, might group objects together by color or size, whereas an expert would group the same objects according to their function or utility. Experts comprehend the meaning of data and weigh variables with different criteria within their domains better than novices. (47) Experts recognize variables that have the largest influence on a particular problem and focus their attention on those variables. Experts have better domain-specific short-term and long-term memory than novices do. (48) Moreover, experts perform tasks in their domains faster than novices and commit fewer errors while problem solving. Interestingly, experts go about solving problems differently than novices. Experts spend more time thinking about a problem to fully understand it at the beginning of a task than do novices, who immediately seek to find a solution. Experts use their knowledge of previous cases as context for creating mental models to solve given problems. Better at self-monitoring than novices, experts are more aware of instances where they have committed errors or failed to understand a problem. Experts check their solutions more often than novices and recognize when they are missing information necessary for solving a problem. (49) Experts are aware of the limits of their domain knowledge and apply their domain's heuristics to solve problems that fall outside of their experience base. (50) Psychologists and cognitive scientists agree that the time it takes to become an expert depends on the complexity of the task and the number of cases, or patterns, to which an individual is exposed. The more complex the task, the longer it takes to build expertise, or, more accurately, the longer it takes to experience and store a large number of cases or patterns.

问答题试述气管扩张原因。

问答题Green space facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urban environment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lecture or every book about this subject has to start with the proof of this idea. 46. At present it is generally accepted, although more as a selfevident statement than on the basis of a closely-reasoned scienfifie proof. The recognition of the importance of green space in the urban environment is a first step on the right way. 47. This doesn' t mean, however, that sufficient details are known about tile functions of green space in towns and about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complex subject I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the re-creative function of green space facilities. 48. The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic, and recreation, which for many years has been used in town-and-country planning, has resulted in disproportionate attention for forms of recreation far from home, whereas there has been relatively little attention for improving re-creative possibilities in the direct neighborhood of the home. 49. We have come to the conclusion that this isn' t right, because an important part of the time which we don' t pass in sleeping or working is used for activities at and around home. So it is obvious that recreation in the open air has to begin at the front door. 50. The urban environment has to offer as many recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatory activities can also have a re-creative aspect. The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in the district, if the children can' t be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are too great, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather, in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the front door is shut.

问答题Directions:Writeanessayof160～200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawings.Inyouressay,youshould:1)describethedrawingbriefly,2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen3)giveyourcomments.YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.

问答题什么是原发性脑损伤和继发性脑损伤?

问答题男，7岁，因打架摔倒头部外伤伴意识障碍5小时入院。因患儿于6小时前与同学打架，摔倒地上，右颞着地，当即昏迷5分钟后清醒，能自己回到家中，但觉头痛逐渐加重伴呕吐，1小时后家人发现不省人事，到当地医院诊治，发现神志不清，血压16／10kPa，脉搏60～70次／分，右侧瞳孔>左侧瞳孑L，对光反应消失，用甘露醇快速静脉滴注后送医院急诊人院。既往史无特殊。检查BP17／llkPa，P58次／分，R18次／分。浅昏迷，躁动，有呻吟。右颞部颈肌处肿胀，该处头皮少许擦伤，未扪到凹陷骨折，刺痛无睁眼。双侧眼球向右侧凝视，右侧瞳孔5mm，呈椭圆形，对光反应消失；左侧瞳孔2.5mm，圆形，对光反射存在。耳、鼻、口腔未见流血，左侧鼻唇沟变浅，胸腹未见异常。左侧上下肢张力升高，右侧上下肢张力正常，压眶上神经及针刺左上下肢无活动反应，右侧上下肢可自主活动，针刺有逃避反应，浅反应消失，左上下腱反射亢进，左下肢锥体束征阳性。头颅照片右颞骨线性骨折，长达5cm。做出诊断，写出诊断依据，制定治疗措施。

问答题脑动一静脉畸形的临床表现。

问答题(46) Students of United States history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social conditions that affected the status of women. These historinans, however, have analyzed less fully the development of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. (47) Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United States have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as "solitary" and "individual theorists" were in reality connected to a movement—utopian socialism—which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe during the two decades that culminated in the first women's rights conference held at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. (48) Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United States requires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism. The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the group's contribution to early socialism. This is regrettable on two counts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern of Saint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents' energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism, European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ideas can be traced to Saint-Simonianism, European historians' appreciation of later feminism in France and the United States remained limited. (49) Saint-Simon's followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation of his project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the rule of spiritual powers. The new world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, they nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their utopia. Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believed that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. (50) The envisioned result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.

问答题肾错构瘤