In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with the problem of how to make their workers more productive. Some experts claim the answer is to make jobs more varied. But do more varied jobs lead to greater productivity? The evidence shows that while variety certainly makes the worker's life more enjoyable, it does not actually make him work harder. As far as increasing productivity is concerned, then, variety is not an important factor. Other experts feel that giving the worker freedom to do his job in his own way is important. There is no doubt that this is true. The problem is that this kind of freedom cannot easily be given in the modern factory with its complicated machinery which must be used in a fixed way. Thus, although freedom of choice may be important, usually very little can be done to create it. Another important consideration is how much a worker contributes to the product he is making. In most factories the worker sees only one small part of the product. Some car factories are now experimenting with having many small production lines rather than a large one, so that each worker contributes more to the production of the cars on his line. It would seem that not only is degree of the worker's contribution an important factor, therefore, but it is also one we can do something about. To what extent does more money lead to greater productivity? The workers themselves certainly think this is important. But perhaps they want more money only because the work they do is so boring. Money just lets them enjoy their spare time more. A similar argument may explain demands for shorter working hours. Perhaps if we make their jobs more interesting, they will want neither more money nor shorter working hours.

We met Mary and her husband at a party two months ago. ______ we've had no further communication.

{{B}}Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are 5 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by 5 questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.{{/B}}

{{B}}ClozeDirections: In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.{{/B}}

How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanagh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Management. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington.

A. it is always easier said than doneB. Informal clothes convey the impression that you are not serious about the jobC. it is very important for you to be punctualA: Hi, Alan. I feel very nervous because I am going to have a job interview next Monday. Could you please give me some suggestions?B: Sure. Firstly,【D1】______ . Interviewers usually don't think much of a candidate who comes 5 or 10 minutes late only to explain that he could not find the place or he was stuck in traffic.A: Yeah, that is very important.B: Secondly, you need to create a good image in a limited time.A: I will try my best to make a good impression but【D2】______ .B: I think you should make some preparations. For example, you should take care to appear well-groomed and modestly dressed. What's more, try to avoid a too causal style.A: Can I wear T-shirt and jeans for the job interview?B: You'd better not.【D3】______ , or that you may be casual about your work as you are about your clothes.A: I've got it. I think I will wear a white shirt with a tie. Thank you for your suggestions.

Terrorist activities, in all its forms and manifestations, committed by whomever, wherever, for whatever purpose, are to be denounced by peace-loving people worldwide.

{{B}}Part Ⅰ Oral Communication{{/B}}

{{B}}Section BDirections: In this section there is one incomplete interview which has four blanks and four choices A,B,C and D,taken from the interview.Fill in each of the blanks with one of the choices to complete the interview and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.{{/B}}

Where is the boundary between human mind and machine? If the test were reasoning ability, the computer would be our superior. But logic alone does not make a first-class mind. In our complicated world straightforward reasoning doesn't always work. As is known to all, productive thought requires not just the rules of logic but a wealth of experience and background information, plus the ability to generalize and interpret new experiences using that information. A genius like Einstein is produced only after many years of study, which is the period of time needed to lay foundations for a creative mind.

Perhaps A surprisingly the B main obstacles to C realize this dream D is neither technical nor commercial.

{{B}}ClozeDirections: In this part, there is a passage with 15 blanks. For each blank there are 4 choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer for each blank and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring ANSWER SHEET.{{/B}}

There are still many problems ahead of us, but by this time next year we can see light at the end of the______.

You'd had a couple of stories turned down by the highbrow magazines.

A. It's really family firstB. the real work will start when they walk off the stageC. then it was just a penaltyD. because I'm a pretty street-smart guyYorke: You've talked about finding meaning in suffering. What do you mean by that? McGraw: Everybody at some point is going to have misfortune. I think if we don't learn from that,【D7】______But if you use it, then it becomes tuition. I draw a lot on my personal experiences. It's hard for people to deceive me,【D8】______Yorke: Are there families who come on your show but whom you feel you just can't help? McGrow: I never think that I'm doing eight-minute cures on television. But I think that 50 percent of the solution to any problem lies in defining it first. I can be an emotional compass that points them down the path, but【D9】______. Yorke: What would you say is the greatest value system that you have? McGrow:【D10】______Our family and its properties, needs, values, come before everything else — work, recreation, whatever.

A. Thank you for the lesson in art appreciationB. It leaves me coolC. I can tell the difference between an etching and a lithographA: How can I appreciate modern art?【D4】______ .B: It would help if you followed the four steps of looking at modern art.A: What should I do then?B: Step one is to identify the medium used in the work. Is it a drawing, a painting, an etching or a lithograph?A: I think I can do that.【D5】______.B: Step two is to take an inventory of exactly what you see, the lines, the colors, the shapes and textures. A: Well, I suppose I can do that, too. B: Step three is to think about the interpretation of the piece of art and what the lines, colors, shapes and textures might mean. After analyzing the work from a number of perspectives, you can make a judgment in step four. A:【D6】______ .

The salesman approached the house cautiously when he saw the vicious dog at the door.

Scientists considered that building a dam here might menace animals living in this area.

Joe________away for the last two days but he is due back tomorrow.

Anyone who doubts that children are born with a healthy amount of ambition need spend only a few minutes with a baby eagerly learning to walk or a headstrong toddler starting to talk. No matter how many times the little ones stumble in their initial efforts, most keep on trying, determined to master their amazing new skill. It is only several years later, around the start of middle or junior high school, many psychologists and teachers agree, that a good number of kids seem to lose their natural drive to succeed and end up joining the ranks of underachievers. For the parents of such kids, whose own ambition is often inseparately tied to their children's success, it can be a bewildering, painful experience. So it is no wonder some parents find themselves hoping that ambition can be taught like any other subject at school. It's not quite that simple. "Kids can be given the opportunities, but they can't be forced," says Jacquelynne Eccles, a psychology professor at the University of Michigan who led a study examining what motivated first-and seventh-graders in three school districts. Even so, a growing number of educators and psychologists do believe it is possible to unearth ambition in students who don't seem to have much. They say that by instilling confidence, encouraging some risk taking, being accepting of failure and expanding the areas in which children may be successful, both parents and teachers can reignite that innate desire to achieve. Dubbed Brainology, the unorthodox approach uses basic neuroscience to teach kids how the brain works and how it can continue to develop throughout life. The message is that everything is within the kids' control, that their intelligence is malleable . Some experts say our education system, with its strong emphasis on testing and rigid separation of students into different levels of ability, also bears blame for the disappearance of drive in some kids. Some educators say it's important to expose kids to a world beyond homework and tests, through volunteer work, sports, hobbies and other extracurricular activities. "The crux of the issue is that many students experience education as irrelevant to their life goals and ambitions," says Michael Nakkula, a Harvard education professor who runs a Boston-area mentoring program called Project IF (Inventing the Future), which works to get low-income underachievers in touch with their aspirations. The key to getting kids to aim higher at school is to tell them the notion that classwork is irrelevant is not true, to show them how doing well at school can actually help them fulfill their dreams beyond it. Like any ambitious toddler, they need to understand that they have to learn to walk before they can run.