单选题Experts say distracted walking is a growing problem, as people of all ages become more dependent on electronic devices for personal and professional matters. They also note pedestrian deaths have been rising in recent years. In 2005, 11% of all US deaths involved pedestrians, but that number rose to 15% in 2014. The rise in deaths coincides with states introducing bills that target pedestrians. Some states, such as Hawaii, Arkansas, Illinois, Nevada and New York, continue to introduce legislation every year. The measure recently introduced by New Jersey assembly woman Pamela Lampitt would ban walking while texting and prohibit pedestrians on public roads from using electronic communication devices unless they are hands-free. Violators would face fines of up to $ 50, 15-day imprisonment or both, which is the same penalty as jaywalking (乱穿马路). Half of the fine would be allocated to safety education about the dangers of walking while texting, said Lampitt. Some see the proposal as an unnecessary government overreach, while others say they understand Lampitt"s reasoning. But most agree that people need to be made aware of the issue. "Distracted pedestrians, like distracted drivers, present a potential danger to themselves and drivers on the road," Lampitt said. "An individual crossing the road distracted by their smartphone presents just as much danger to motorists as someone jaywalking and should be held, at minimum, to the same penalty." The main question raised about the measure, though, is whether it can be enforced consistently by police officers who usually have more pressing matters to deal with. Some feel that rather than imposing a new law, the state should focus on distracted-walking education. Lampitt said the measure was needed to stop and penalize "risky behavior". She cited a National Safety Council report that showed distracted-walking incidents involving cellphones accounted for an estimated 11,101 injuries from 2000 to 2011. The study found a majority of those injured were female and most were 40 or younger. Talking on the phone was the most prevalent activity at the time of injury, while texting accounted for 12%. Nearly 80% of the injuries occurred as the result of a fall, while 9% occurred from the pedestrian striking a motionless object.

单选题{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}} Singletons, referring to those who live alone, are being comforted by well-meaning friends and family and told that not having a partner is not the end of the world. So, it would seem that they can say, yes, it is not. But no, in fact, it is the end. A gloomy study has just been released that says that the international trend towards living alone is putting an unprecedented strain on our ecosystem. For a number of reasons--relationship breakdown, career choice, longer life spans, smaller families—the number of individual households is growing. And this is putting intolerable pressure on natural resources, and accelerating the extinction of endangered plant and animal species. And there is worse news. Running a refrigerator, television, cooker, plumbing system just for selfish little you is a disastrous waste of resources on our over-populated planet. "The efficiency of resource consumption" is a lot higher in households of two people or more, simply because they share everything. Well imagine that. Just when you thought living alone was OK, you would find that all the time you were the enemy of mankind. Every time you put the kettle on the stove for a cup of coffee you were destroying Mother Earth. Indeed, it is not just your mother who is a bit worried by your continuing single status—you are letting down the entire human race by not having a boyfriend or girlfriend. The trouble is that society has a group instinct and people panic and hit out when they see other people quietly rebelling and straying away from the "standard" of family and coupledom. The suggestion is that singledom should be at best a temporary state. Unless you are assimilated into a larger unit, you can never be fully functional. Try "communal living." There are all these illustrations of young attractive people having a "great time," laughingly bumping into each other. It looks like an episode of the TV series "Friends. " And the message is clear: Togetherness is good, solitude is bad, and being single on your own is not allowed.

单选题In the end, both attacks and defenses of the free market and {{U}}conventional{{/U}} economics have immense philosophical implications.

单选题It can be inferred from the context that the "flip side" (Line 4, Par

单选题Woman: What did the teacher want you to do? Man: She asked me to finish doing the assignment in ten minutes. Woman: In ten minutes? That would not be a piece of cake. But did you say "yes"? Question: What does the woman mean?

单选题The manager was told when he was ______that his job was a pressure job.

单选题(Writing) in a clear and terse style, the book (describes) the (author's) childhood experiences in a small town (just before) the outbreak of the Civil War.A. WritingB. describesC. author'sD. just before

单选题The survey does not Uallow for/U the fact that some students are attending part-time.

单选题In order for a child to have a healthy self-image, it's important that his thinking be in the track ______ failure.

单选题{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}} The average number of authors on scientific papers is sky-rocketing. That's partly because labs are bigger, problems are more complicated, and more different subspecialties are needed. But it's also because U.S. government agencies have started to promote "team science". As physics developed in the post-World War II era, federal funds built expensive national facilities, and these served as surfaces on which collaborations could crystallize naturally. Yet multiple authorship—however good it may be in other ways--presents problems for journals and for the institutions in which these authors work. For the journals, long lists of authors are hard to deal with in themselves. But those long lists give rise to more serious questions when something goes wrong with the paper. If there is research misconduct, how should the liability be allocated among the authors? If there is an honest mistake in one part of the work but not in others, how should an evaluator aim his or her review? Various practical or impractical suggestions have emerged during the long-standing debate on this issue. One is that each author should provide, and the journal should then publish, an account of that author's particular contribution to the work. But a different view of the problem, and perhaps of the solution, comes as we get to university committee on appointments and promotions, which is where the authorship rubber really meets the road. Half a lifetime of involvement with this process has taught me how much authorship matters. I have watched committees attempting to decode sequences of names, agonize over whether a much-cited paper was really the candidate's work or a coauthor's, and send back recommendations asking for more specificity about the division of responsibility. Problems of this kind change the argument, supporting the case for asking authors to define their own roles. After all, if quality judgments about individuals are to be made on the basis of their personal contributions, then the judges better know what they did. But if questions arise about the validity of the work as a whole, whether as challenges to its conduct or as evaluations of its influence in the field, a team is a team, and the members should share the credit or the blame.

单选题In his closing Uremarks/U, the chairman expressed his thanks to all those who had contributed to the success of the conference.

单选题Floods have {{U}}undermined{{/U}} the foundation of the ancient bridge.

单选题They believe that the merchants had conspired to undermine the nation's economic independence.

单选题For them, defeating this football team is a mere dream that is neither Usubstantial/U nor practical.

单选题Man: I have to phone my secretary before we leave. Woman: There is not much time. Maybe you'd better get Tom to phone for you. Question: What does the woman mean?

单选题There seems never to have been a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to find children something to do. In the ancient world, as is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world. What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same. The changes have been mostly in terms of craftsmanship, mechanics, and technology. It is the universality of toys with regard to their development in all part of the world and their persistence to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic (北极的) peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles. Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of ascent (进步). The progress from a rattle (拨浪鼓) used by a baby in 3000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of available materials.

单选题There was no light on the way and for a second she hesitated, unable to ______ the dim figure awaiting her.

单选题Pollutants introduced into a lake can rapidly {{U}}accelerate{{/U}} its natural aging process.

单选题Excerpt 1: Facebook is facing a backlash from users after replacing email addresses listed in members" contacts with those provided by its @facebook.com system. The company said it had acted to make details "consistent" across its site. If Facebook"s email system takes off it could drive more traffic (流量) to the firm"s pages helping boost advertising sales. But some users have branded the move "annoying" and "lame" (差劲的，蹩脚的) and publicized instructions on how to display original addresses instead of the Facebook ones. Excerpt 2: Facebook is trying to force its 900 million users to switch to its own email service. It is removing the personal email address displayed on an individual user"s profile pages and replacing it with a @facebook.com address even if the member never uses it. Excerpt 3: Facebook has promised to address complaints it was responsible for wiping email contacts in some users" mobile phone address books, replacing them with @facebook.com listings. The social network blamed the deletion of users contacts on a software bug. Excerpt 4: When Facebook first floated on the stock exchange earlier this year, it started out at an extreme high, valued at over $100bn (65bn). Since then, rockier times. From an initial share price of $38, Facebook"s stock dipped to below $29 in May. Excerpt 5: Facebook shares fell 11% in after-hours trade after it reported its first results since its flotation in May. The results were slightly ahead of analysts" expectations. The loss was due to having to make payments to early investors, including chief executive Mark Zuckerberg. Excerpt 6: Facebook is to allow app developers to advertise their products on its members" mobile-device news feeds. The network will charge a fee for every time users click on the ads to download the software from elsewhere. Facebook had previously warned its financial health would suffer if it could not find ways to make money out of its mobile users. Excerpt 7: Facebook has announced it is to buy Instagram—the popular photo-sharing smart-phone app. Facebook is paying $1bn (629m) in cash and stock for the takeover. The easy sharing of pictures made it stand out against early rivals. Today, the social network is the world"s largest photo-sharing website.

单选题{{B}}Passage Three{{/B}} Friction between America's military and its civilian overseers is nothing new. America's 220-year experiment in civilian control of the military is a recipe for friction. The nation's history has seen a series of shifts in decision-making power among the White House, the civilian secretaries and the uniformed elite (精英). However, what may seem on the outside an unstable and special system of power sharing has, without a doubt, been a key to two centuries of military success. In the infighting dates to the revolution, George Washington waged a continual struggle not just for money, but to control the actual battle plan. The framers of the Constitution sought to clarify things by making the president the "commander in chief." Not since Washington wore his uniform and led the troops across the Alleghenies to quell(镇压)the Whiskey Rebellion has a sitting president taken command in the field. Yet the absolute authority of the president ensures his direct command. The president was boss, and everyone in uniform knew it. In the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln dealt directly with his generals, and Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton handled administrative details. Lincoln, inexperienced in military matters, initially deferred (顺从)to his generals. But when their caution proved disastrous, he issued his General War Order No.1—explicitly commanding a general advance of all Union forces. Some generals, George B. McClellan in particular, bridled at his hands-on direction. But in constitutional terms, Lincoln was in the right. His most important decision was to put Ulysses S. Grant in charge of the Union Army in 1864. Left to its own timetable, the military establishment would never have touched Grant. The relationship between the president and his general provides a textbook lesson in civilian control and power sharing. Grant was a general who would take the fight to the enemy, and not second-guess the president's political decisions. Unlike McClellan, for example, Grant cooperated wholeheartedly in recruiting black soldiers. For his part, Lincoln did not meddle in operations and did not visit the headquarters in the field unless invited. The balance set up by Grant and Lincoln stayed more or less in place through World War Ⅰ Not until World War Ⅱ did the pendulum finally swing back toward the White House. Franklin Roosevelt, who had been assistant Navy secretary during World War I, was as well prepared to be commander in chief as any wartime president since George Washington.