问答题1. Some achievements China has made. 2. The reasons for such achievements. 3. Some of its problems to be solved.

问答题Marketing should begin with potential customer needs not with the production process. Marketing should try to anticipate needs. Then marketing , rather than production, should determine what goods and services are to be developed, including decisions about product design and packaging; prices or fees; credit and collection policies; use of middlemen; transporting and storing policies; and after the sale, installation, warranty, and perhaps even disposal policies. This does not mean that marketing should try to take over production, accounting, and financial activities. Rather, it means that marketing, by interpreting customers' needs, should provide direction for these activities and try to coordinate them.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. 21. {{U}}We might be inclined to attribute to the act of thinking complete from language if the individual formed or were able to form his concepts without the verbal guidance of his environment. Yet most likely the mental shape of an individual, growing up under such conditions, would be very poor. Thus we may conclude that the mental development of the individual and his way of forming concepts depend to a high degree upon language. This makes us realize to what extent the same language means the same mentality. In this sense thinking and language are linked together{{/U}}. What distinguishes the language of science from languages, as we ordinarily understand the word? How is it that scientific language is international? What science strives for is an utmost acuteness and clarity of concepts as regards their mutual relation and their correspondence to sensory data. As an illustration, let us take the language of Euclidean geometry and algebra. They manipulate with a small number of independently introduced concepts, respectively symbols, such as the integral number, the straight line, the point, as well as with signs which designate the fundamental concepts. This is the basis for the construction, respectively definition of all other statements and concepts. The connection between concepts and statements on the one hand and the sensory data on the other hand is established through acts of counting and measuring whose performance is sufficiently well determined. 22. {{U}}The super-national character of scientific concepts and scientific language is due to the fact that they have been set up by the best brains of all countries and all times. In solitude and yet in cooperative effort as regards the final effect they created the spiritual tools for the technical revolutions which have transformed the life of mankind in the last centuries. Their system of concepts has served as a guide in the bewildering chaos of perceptions so that we learned to grasp general truths from particular observations{{/U}}. 23. {{U}}What hopes and fears does the scientific method imply for mankind? I do not think that this is the right way to put the question. Whatever this tool in the hand of man will produce depends entirely on the nature of the goals alive in this mankind. Once these goals exist, the scientific method furnishes means to realize them. Yet it cannot furnish the very goals. The scientific method itself would not have led anywhere. It would not even have been born without a passionate striving for clear understanding{{/U}}. 24. {{U}}Perfection of means and confusion of goals seem--in my opinion--to characterize our age. If we desire sincerely and passionately the safety, the welfare and the free development of the talents of all men, we shall not be in want of the means to approach such a state. Even if only a small part of mankind strives for such gods, their superiority will prove itself in the long run{{/U}}.

问答题Directions: Write an essay of about 200 words on the topic: "China is not ready for E-education" (E-education: a type of education conducted in the environment of the Internet with the guidance of modern educational theories). Write your essay on your Answer Sheet II.

问答题As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of human race. Professional literatures have been regarded as "intangible assets" of the whole world because they are, on one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievement obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies, and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literatures are records of previous research findings and academic achievements, and crystallization of human civilization.

问答题科学与文化的其他方面关系长期紧张。想一想，17世纪的伽利略因其信念离经叛道，遭到天主教会的审判；诗人威廉·布莱克尖锐地批评了艾萨克·牛顿的机械论世界观。在本世纪如果说有区别的话，那就是科学与人文科学间的裂痕更深了。 前些年，科学界势力强大，对批评者可以置之不理——但现在不同了。由于科研经费减少，科学家推出几本书来抨击“反科学”的倾向。其中，值得注意的有弗吉尼亚大学生物学家保罗R.格罗斯与拉特格斯大学教学家诺曼·莱维特合著的《高级迷信》及康奈尔大学的卡尔·萨根著的《鬼怪世界》。科学捍卫者还在集会上表达他们的忧虑，比如，1995年在纽约城举行的“飞越科学与理性”大会和去年6月在布法罗附近召开的“信息(迷信)时代的科学”大会。 很明显，反科学对不同的人有着不同的含义。格罗斯和莱维特针对那些质疑科学客观性的社会学家、哲学家及其他学者，主要挑他们的毛病。萨根更关注那些相信鬼怪、上帝造物及信奉其他与科学世界观相左的人。 1996年对新闻报道的调查披露反科学的标签也已贴在许多其他群体身上，从提倡消灭现在保存的全部天花病毒的官员到鼓吹削减基础研究的共和党人。 把该词用到反原子弹组织身上也不会引起多大争议。它在1995年公开发表声明藐视科学，渴望回到前技术时代的理想社会。但这当然不是说，对不加控制的工业发展表示担忧的环保主义者也是反科学的，而去年五月份刊载在《美国新闻与世界报道》的一篇文章似乎有此种暗示。 环保主义者毫无疑问要对这种批评作出反应。处于环境研究前沿的斯坦福大学的保罗·埃利希认为，科学的真正敌人是那些对工业增长使全球变暖、臭氧层日渐稀薄及其他后果的证据提出质疑的人。 的确，这些观察家担心反科学这个词语会变得毫无意义。哈佛大学的哲学家杰拉尔德·霍尔顿在他1993年发表的《科学与反科学》的著作中写道：“‘反科学’一词可以涵盖太多的截然不同的东西，它们只有一个共同点就是会激怒或威胁那些自以为比别人更高明的人。”

问答题Desertification in the arid United States is flagrant. Groundwater supplies beneath vast stretches of land are dropping precipitously. Whole river systems have dried up; others are chocked with sediment washed from denuded land. 71. Hundreds of thousands of acres of previously irrigated cropland have been abandoned to wind or weeds. Several million acres of natural grassland are eroding at unnaturally high rates as a result of cultivation or overgrazing. All told, about 225 million acres of land are undergoing severe desertification. 72. Federal subsidies encourage the exploitation of arid land resources. Low-interest loans for irrigation and other water delivery systems encourage farmers, industry, and municipalities to mine groundwater. Federal disaster relief and commodity programs encourage arid-land farmers to plow up natural grassland to plant crops such as wheat and, especially cotton. Federal grazing fees that are well below the free market price encourage overgrazing of the commons. The market, too, provides powerful incentives to exploit arid land resources beyond their carrying capacity. 73. When commodity prices are high relative to the farmer's or rancher's operating costs, the return on a production-enhancing investment is invaribly greater than the return on a conservation investment. And when commodity prices are relatively low? arid land ranchers and farmers often have to use all their available financial resources to stay solvent. 74. If the United States is, as it appears, well on its way toward overdrawing the arid land resources? then the policy choice is simply to pay now for the appropriate remedies or pay far more later, when productive benefits from arid - land resources have been both realized and largely terminated.

问答题1．他是个极其自负的怪人。除非事情与自己有关，否则他从来不屑对世界或世人瞧上一眼。对他来说，他不仅是世界上最重要的人物，而且在他眼里，他是唯一活在世界上的人。他认为自己是世界上最伟大戏剧家之一、最伟大的思想家之一、最伟大的作曲家之一。听听他的谈话，仿佛他就是莎士比亚、贝多芬、柏拉图，集三人于一身。想要听到他的高论十分容易，他是世上最能使人精疲力竭的健谈者之一。同他度过一个夜晚，就是听他一个人滔滔不绝地讲一个晚上。有时，他才华横溢；有时，他又令人极其厌烦。但无论是妙趣横生还是枯燥无味，他的谈话只有一个主题：他自己，他的所思所为。 2．他狂妄地认为自己总是正确的。任何人在最无足轻重的问题上露出丝毫的异议，都会激起他的谴责。他可能会一连好几个小时滔滔不绝，千方百计地证明自己如何如何正确。有了这种使人耗尽心力的雄辩本事，听者最后都被他弄得头昏脑胀，耳朵发聋，为了图个清净，只好同意他的说法。

问答题Moreover, the Coleman report found that the gap between black and white children's achievement scores appeared as early as the first grade and--even more surprising in roughly equal settings--this gap became even larger the longer the children were in school. Later researchers found more and more evidence that school tend to increase rather than reduce inequalities of class and race.

问答题Part A Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. To be really happy and really safe, one ought to have at least two or three hobbies, and they must all be real. It is no use starting late in life to say: "I will take an interest in this or that. " Such an attempt only aggravates the strain of mental effort. A man may acquire great knowledge of topics unconnected with his daily work, and yet hardly get any benefit or relief. It is no use doing what you like; you have got to like what you do. Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or businessman, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry trifling things at the weekend.

问答题You should spend no more than 20 minutes on this task. You live in a room in college which you share with another student. You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting. He/she has parties in the room and sometimes borrows your things without asking you. Write a letter to the Residence Assistant at the college and ask for a new room next term. You would prefer a single room. Explain your masons. You should write at least 150 words. You do NOT need to write your own address. Begin your letter as follows: Dear ______,

问答题在天地之间活相同的时间，走的路却可能完全不同，有人走得很远，看见很多美妙的景象，有的人却只是幽囚于斗室，至死也不明白世界有多么辽远阔大。

问答题 6 In the past even as our power grew, much of the world saw us, rightly or wrongly, as a moral beacon, as a country somehow largely outside the bloody, gory, oft-tyrannical history that carved its swath across so much of the world during the American Century. Indeed, in many ways, even as cultural elites in once-glorious Old World nations sneered at upstart, crass, consumerist America, the masses in those nations idealized America as some sort of Promised Land. In many ways, the American Dream of the last 100-some years has been more something dreamed by foreigners from afar, especially those who experienced fascism or Stalinism, than lived as a universal reality on the ground in the United States. 7 Things look simpler from a distance than they do on the ground. Today, I fear, foreigners slumber (酣睡) with dreamy American smiles on their sleeping faces no more; that intangible faith in the pastel-colored hue and soft contours of the Dream risks being shattered, replaced instead by an equally simplistic dislike of all things and peoples American. The Pew survey, for example, found that sizable majorities in countries such as Jordan, Morocco, Turkey, Germany, and France believed the war on terror to be largely about the United States wanting to control Middle Eastern oil supplies. 8 In other words, the perception—never universally held, but held by enough people to help shape our global image—is changing. Once our image abroad was of an exceptional country accruing all the power of empire without the psychology of empire; now it is being replaced by something more historically normal—that of a great power determined to preserve and expand its might, for its own selfish interests and not much else. 9 Maybe the American Dream always was little more than marketing hype. But as the savagery_ of the images coming out of Iraq demonstrate all too well, we live in a world where image is if not everything, at least crucial. Perhaps I"m wrong and the American Dream will continue to sweeten the sleep of those living overseas for another century. I certainly hope, very much, that I"m wrong—for a world denuded of the Dream, however far from complex reality that Dream might have been, would be impoverished indeed. 10 But I worry that that encore I mentioned earlier won"t be nearly as breathtaking or as splendid as the original performance that shaped the first American century.

问答题我们始终注重处理好保持经济平稳较快发展、调整经济结构和管理通胀预期的关系，增强宏观政策的前瞻性、科学性、有效性，注意把握好政策的取向、力度和重点。 在国际金融危机冲击最严重时，果断实施积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策，综合运用多种财政政策工具，增加政府支出，实行结构性减税；有效运用存款准备金率、利率等货币政策工具，保持货币信贷合理增长。根据宏观经济走势的变化，我们及时调整政策力度，适时退出刺激政策，实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策。 在财政政策运用上，坚持统筹兼顾，注重综合平衡。财政赤字占国内生产总值的比重从2009年的2．8％降到去年的1．5％左右，赤字率和债务负担率保持在安全水平。加强地方政府性债务全面审计和地方政府融资平台管理，有效控制经济运行中的风险隐患。在货币政策运用上，始终注意把握稳增长、控物价和防风险之间的平衡。 2012年，在世界各大经济体增长全面减速、各种风险不断暴露的情况下，我们合理把握政策力度，保持财政预算支出规模不变，优化支出结构，扭转经济下滑趋势，全面实现年初确定的主要目标，国内生产总值增长7．8％，城镇新增就业1266万人，居民消费价格涨幅回落到2．6％，为今年经济发展打下好的基础。

问答题 Scholars and students have always been great travelers. The official case for "academic mobility" is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world, and debated in the corridors of Europe, but it is certainly nothing new. Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies; in search of the purest philosophy, the most effective medicine, the likeliest road to gold. Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas, their transference across frontiers, their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people. The point of learning is to share it, whether with students or with colleagues; one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery, or a new technique. (1) {{U}}It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines, and that one was not quite alone, confronted by inquisition, ridicule or neglect.{{/U}} In the twentieth century, and particularly in the last 20 years, the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways. (2) {{U}}The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aero plane, making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible, and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.{{/U}} Apart from the vehicle itself, it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement. Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention: there are far more centers of learning, and a far greater number of scholars and students. (3) {{U}}In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines, particularly in the sciences, which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined{{/U}}. These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries. (4) {{U}}Frequently these specializations lie in areas where very rapid developments are taking place, and also where the research needed for developments is extremely costly and takes a long time{{/U}}. It is precisely in these areas that the advantages of collaboration and sharing of expertise appear most evident. Associated with this is the growth of specialist periodicals, which enable scholars to become aware of what is happening in different centers of research and to meet each other in conferences and symposia. From these meetings come the personal relationships which are at the bottom of almost all formalized schemes of co-operation, and provide them with their most satisfactory stimulus. But as the specializations have increased in number and narrowed in range, there has been an opposite movement towards interdisciplinary studies. (5) {{U}}These owe much to the belief that one cannot properly investigate the incredibly complex problems thrown up by the modern world, and by recent advances in our knowledge along the narrow front of a single discipline{{/U}}. This trend has led to a great deal of academic contact between disciplines, and a far greater emphasis on the pooling of specialist knowledge, reflected in the broad subjects chosen in many international conferences.

问答题In Germany, in contrast with France, friendship is much more clearly a matter of feeling. Adolescents, boys and girls, from deeply sentimental attachments, walk and talk together not so much to polish their wits as to share their hopes and fears and dreams to form a common front against the world of school and family and to join in a kind of mutual discovery of each other's and their own inner life. Within the family, the closest relationship over a lifetime is between brothers and sisters. Outside the family, men and women find in their closest friends of the same sex the devotion of a sister, the loyalty of a brother. Appropriately, in Germany friends usually are brought into the family. Children call their father's and their mother's friends "uncle" and "aunt". Between French friends, who have chosen each other for the similarity of their point of view, lively disagreement and sharpness of argument are the breath of life. But for Germans, whose friendships are based on common feelings, deep disagreement on any subject that matters to both is regar- ded as a tragedy. Like ties of kinship, ties of friendship are meant to be absolutely binding. Young Germans who come to the United States have great difficulty in establishing such friendships with Americans. We view friendship more tentatively, subject to changes in intensity as people move, change their jobs, marry, or discover new interests.

问答题Youareaskedtowriteacompositioninnolessthan150wordsaccordingtothechartgivenbelow.RemembertowriteclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(1)以上图为依据描述发展中国家的预期寿命(lifeexpectancy)和婴儿死亡率(inrantmortality)的变化情况。(2)说明引起变化的原因。

问答题Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair. Discuss both views and give your own opinion. You should write at least 250 words. You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.

问答题 56. Real estate, in broad definition, is land and everything made permanently a part thereof, and the nature and extent of one's interest therein. In law, the word real, as it relates to property, means land as distinguished from personal property; and estate is defined as the interest one has in property. Real estate may be acquired, owned, and conveyed (or transferred)by individuals; business corporations; charitable, religious, educational, fraternal, and various other nonprofit corporations; fiduciaries, such as trustees and. executors; partnerships; and generally by any legal entity as determined and defined by the laws of the various states of the U.S. Limitations are established in connection with sales of real estate by minors, incompetents, and certain types of corporations, and generally in eases involving some form of legal disability or lack of capacity. 57. In such instances, it is necessary in some jurisdictions to make application to the courts for permission to sell; in other jurisdictions such transfers are governed by statute. 58. Real property is generally acquired by purchase, by descent and devise, or by gift. When acquired by purchase, a deed is given by the seller, or grantor, to the purchaser, or grantee. The deed contains a legal description of the property conveyed; it must be drawn, executed, and acknowledged in proper form to be entitled to record. 59. It is customary for the seller and the purchaser to enter into a contract, at which time the purchaser makes a deposit on account of the purchase price. 60. The purchaser engages an attorney or a title company to search the title to the property. The title company ensures that the seller can convey clear title, the transaction is then closed.

问答题这可能听起来显得离奇，然而现已完成了一些试验，它们显示，这仍应是正确的解释。在一家医院的婴儿室里，几组新生婴儿被安排听很长时间的每分钟72次的标准速率的心跳录音。每组有9名婴儿，结果发现，当心跳录音停放时，其中一个或更多的婴儿60%的时间在啼哭，但是当心跳录音卜卜响起时，啼哭的时间降到了38%。听心跳声的那几组婴儿的体重的增长也高于另几组婴儿，虽然两者食物的摄取量是相等的。显然，未听心跳声的几组婴儿由于使劲啼哭的行为而消耗了多得多的能量。