问答题我国的技术曾经改变了世界的面貌。早在公元一世纪我国就发明了造纸术，1000年后又发明了火药。在公元1500年前的整整1000年间，我国无疑是世界上技术最先进的国家。 但是此后的中国闭关锁国，错过了工业革命，数百年停滞不前，并受到西方列强的欺凌达 100年之久。今天，改革开放的中国站在一场技术复兴运动的前列。外国资本开始以前所未有速度涌入我国，技术产业因此而受益。中外投资者都认为，软件、电信、材料技术、生物工艺和保健技术是中国的强有力的核心技术。 然而，我国新兴的技术产业面临着巨大的挑战，只有战胜这些挑战，才能恢复历史的辉煌。我们必须正视这些挑战，学习和利用西方先进的技术和管理经验，创造新发明，开发新产品。 中国科学院附属沈阳自动化研究所证明，中国有能力把理论软件技术同工程技术结合起来。这家研究所曾经引进了美国一家公司的技术、自动控制装置样品、零部件和培训项目。通过技术引进和技术转让，现在该所的技术和软件同美国的不相上下。但是要使技术不断更新，开发更先进的产品，沈阳自动化研究所需要大量的资金投入。研究所需要新的外国合作伙伴。

问答题筷子是中餐桌上最有特色的用餐工具。几千年来我们中国人一直视筷子为一种可以将饭从碗中送入口中的最简单同时也是最有效的工具。全国各地的筷子大小基本一样，而用材的种类则各有不同。选材包括竹子、木材、象牙、塑 料、铝、银、金等。特长的竹筷通常为厨房用筷。过去人们用嵌有银器的木筷来测试是否有人在餐中下毒，因为银器碰到许多有毒品都会起变色反应。

问答题 Without doubt, the international relations appear at times bewildering. Students may at times feel that their efforts to understand the complexities of the international system today are futile. The task is a difficult one, but it is not futile. It requires patience and persistence as well as logical inquiry and flexible perspectives. 71. {{U}}As the examples just given often illustrate, contemporary international events are regularly interrelated; our task of achieving understanding is therefore further complicated because seemingly unrelated events in different areas of the world may over a period of time combine to affect still other regions of the globe.{{/U}} Events are demonstrably interdependent, and as we improve our ability to understand the causes of and reasons behind this interdependence, we will improve our ability to understand contemporary international relations. How can our task best be approached? Throughout history, analysts of international relations have differed in their approaches to improving understanding in their field. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, for example, the study, of international relations centered around diplomatic history. Who did what to whom at a particular time and place were the main features of the method of diplomatic history. This methodology concentrated on nation-states as the main actors in international relations and included the study of the major diplomats and ministers of the period. Detailed accuracy, was required and obtained, but seldom were causal connections or comprehensive analyses sought. 72. {{U}}As a means for understanding a particular series of events, diplomatic history was (and is) excellent; as a means for understanding a particular sweep of international relations or for developing a theoretical basis for the study of international relations, diplomatic history was (and is) of limited utility.{{/U}} Whereas diplomatic history sought to explain a particular series of events, other methodologies were developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries that viewed international relations on a global scale. 73. {{U}}Strategic and geopolitical analyses, methodologies in wide use even today, trace their roots to concepts developed by the U. S. Admiral Alfred Mahan during the late 19th century, and British geographer Sir Halford Mackinder during the early 20th century.{{/U}} To Mahan the world's oceans were its highways, and whoever controlled its highways could control the course of international relations. Mahan bases most of his analysis on Great Britain and its Royal Navy. Partly because of the urgings of Mahan, the United States on Great Britain and its fleet during the late 19th century and actively sought and acquired territorial possessions in the Pacific Ocean, including Hawaii, Samoa Guam and the Philippines.

问答题BTOPIC/B As a young scientist, which life would you prefer to live: common or uncommon? Why?

问答题Write a composition of at least 250 words based on the topic "Trust". Your writing should include the following information.1．当今社会出现了信任危机。2．分析这种现象的危害。3．有哪些解决方法。

问答题 21 When you are in the business of sending spacecraft to other planets, it is probably wise to do everything you can to keep your space-probes sterile (无菌的). NASA, America"s space agency, certainly does so. After all, you would not want bugs from one planet to contaminate another where they might possibly thrive. But according to Curt Mileikowsky, of the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, this may already have happened naturally billions of years ago when the solar system was young. For Dr Mileikowsky has taken a century-old idea called panspermia (有生源说), and shown that it is plausible. 22 Panspermia is the theory that life does not start independently on each planet that has it (assuming that other planets do). Rather, it hops from place to place, "infecting" new worlds as it goes. Supported by experts in biology, geology and celestial mechanics, Dr Mileikowsky argued to the American Astronomical Society meeting in Atlanta that this is not as outlandish as it sounds. 23 Bungling (笨手笨脚的) space organizations apart, the only mode of travel open to microbes seems to be meteorites (流星). Most of these are small bits of junk from the asteroid (小行星) belt that have gone off course. But some are rocks that have been flung into space from the surfaces of planets as a result of those planets having been struck by even larger bits of rock-decent-sized asteroids or comets. 24 If there is life on such a planet, microscopic forms of it will probably live deep inside rocks, as they do on earth. The acceleration of lift-off would not kill something that size. 25 If a rock is large enough, the heat generated as it is thrown clear will be negligible except at its surface—where, if anything, melting may even produce an airtight skin to protect any microbes deeper down from the unpleasant vacuum of space.

问答题It is commonly acknowledged that honesty is the best policy but just what is meant by honesty and why is it the best policy? And what is meant by best? The implications of being honest would seem to be obvious, but if we look more deeply, (1) there are advantages to adopting honesty as a way of living that do not at first present themselves clearly. (2) There are hidden benefits in being honest that are beyond the traditional perceptions about what being honest affords us. Honesty is least of all about what we say and most of all about how we are. (3) It is most important to understand that honesty cannot even be restricted to the definition of our actions, for there is a whole network of behavior that is affected by our degree of honesty and the degree to which we allow honesty to saturate our lives. The absolute nature of honesty sees to it that we cannot apply it selectively. It is quite impossible to be truly honest with one person while all the other lying to ourselves about someone else. It is not realistic to assume that we can maintain a dishonest relationship with one friend and maintain an honest relationship with another. Friendship could not exist if we were able to perform such a feat. (4) It is true then, that honesty applies not only to the words we say and the things we do, but also in the feelings we feel and how we allow those feelings to impact on our lives and on our perception of our lives. (5) It is not commonly recognized that honesty applies as much to our relationship with our feelings as it does to any other aspect of our lives and yet perhaps this is the most important in terms of how it affects us. It must be remembered that usually our feelings are the most significant representatives of our relationship with ourselves. In a sense, our feelings and what we do about those feelings essentially define our outlook on life. It is easily demonstrated in the media that individuals are often defined by how they feel about issues. For example, if an individual is opposed to abortion, they will be described as an "anti-abortionist". If an unruly dog attacks someone's child, then a likely description could be "outraged parent". Perhaps a group of local people objects to something happening in their street, a possible description might read "angry residents".

问答题Two modes of argumentation have been used on behalf of women's emancipation in Western societies. Arguments in what could be called the "relational" feminist tradition maintain the doctrine of "equality in difference", or equity as distinct from equality. They contend that biological distinctions between the sexes result in a necessary sexual division of labor in the family and throughout society and that women's procreative labor is currently undervalued by society, to the disadvantage of women. By contrast, the individualist feminist tradition emphasizes individual human rights and cerebrates (崇尚) women's quest for personal autonomy, while downplaying the importance of gender roles and minimizing discussion of childbearing and its attendant responsibilities. Before the late nineteenth century, these views coexisted within the feminist movement, often within the writings of the same individual. Between 1890 and 1920, however, relational feminism, which had been the dominant strain in feminist thought and which, still predominates among European and non-Western feminists, lost ground in England and the United States. Because the concept of individual rights was already well-established in the Anglo-Saxon legal and political tradition, individualist feminism came to predominate in English-speaking countries. At the same time, the goals of the two approaches began to seem increasingly irreconcilable. Individualist feminists began to advocate a totally gender- blind system with equal rights for all. Relational feminists, while agreeing that equal educational and economic opportunities outside the home should be available for all women, continued to emphasize women's special contributions to society as homemakers and mothers. They demanded special treatment for women, including protective legislation for women workers, state-sponsored maternity benefits, and paid compensation for housework. Relational arguments have a major pitfall: because they underline women's physiological and psychological distinctiveness, they are often appropriated by political adversaries and used to endorse male privilege. But the individualist approach, by attacking gender roles, denying the significance of physiological difference, and condemning existing familial institutions as hopelessly patriarchal, has often simply treated as irrelevant the family roles important to many women. If the individualist framework, with its claim for women's autonomy, could be harmonized with the family-oriented concerns of relational feminists, a more fruitful model for contemporary feminist politics could emerge.

问答题The newborn can see the difference between various shapes and patterns from birth. He prefers patterns to dull or bright solid colors and looks longer at stripes and angles than at circular patterns. Within three weeks, however, his preference shifts dramatically to the human face. Why should a baby with so little visual experience attend more to a human face than to any other kind of pattern"? Some scientists think this preference represents a built in advantage for the human species. The object of prime importance to the physically helpless infant is a human being. Babies seem to have a natural tendency to the human face as potentially rewarding. Researchers also point out that the newborn wisely relies more on pattern than on outline, size, or color. Pattern remains stable, while outline changes with point of view; size, with distance from an object; and brightness and color, with lighting. Mothers have always claimed that they could see their newborns looking at them as they held them, despite what they have been told. The experts who thought that perception (知觉) had to await physical development and the consequence of action were wrong for several reasons. Earlier research techniques were less sophisticated than they are today. Physical skills were once used to indicate perception of objects-skills like visual tracking and reaching for an object, both of which the newborn does poorly. Then, too, assumptions that the newborn"s eye and brain were too immature for anything as sophisticated as pattern recognition caused opposing data to be thrown away. Since perception of form was widely believed to follow perception of more "basic" qualities such as color and brightness, the possibility of its presence from birth was rejected.

问答题野生大熊猫的数目已不足1000只，大熊猫临绝迹。拯救国宝大熊猫已成为中国人民的共同心愿自20世纪90年代初以来，我们用人工授精(artificial insemination)的方法增加大熊猫数量。但是就整个大熊猫家族的命运来说，人工授精的方法远未令人满意。此外，通常大熊猫产生的卵子和精子数量很少，所以当雌性大熊猫无法交配时，这种方法也就起不了作用。1997年，开始实施一个更为雄心勃勃的计划——克隆大熊猫。1998年中国科学院在这个项目上投入了专款，并在1999年得到了科学技术部的资助。这项实验旨在将大熊猫体细胞的细胞核植入去核卵子以造就一个全新的生命。 我们注意到，真正的问题是克隆大熊猫的第二步，即在另一种动物的子宫里(denucleated ovum)培育新的大熊猫。目前我们还无法肯定哪一种动物是理想的“代母体(surrogate mother)”。另一个问题是，即使大熊猫克隆出来，它只有亲本的DNA。因此，在某种程度上，克隆方法是无法保护大熊猫的。

问答题BTOPIC/B What's your attitude towards pressure in life? Will it have positive or negative effect on people? Use examples to support your position.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully, then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewer possible English words and then put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. The years between 1870 and 1895 brought enormous changes to the theater in the United States as the resident company was undermined by touring groups, as New York became the only major center of production, and as the long run replaced the repertory (库存). system. By 1870, the resident stock company was at the peak of its development in the United States. The 50 permanent companies of 1870, however, had dwindled to 20 by 1878, to 8 by 1880, to 4 by 1887, and had almost disappeared by 1900. While the causes of this change are numerous, probably the most important was the rise of the "combination" company (that is, one that travels with stars and full company). Sending out a complete production was merely a logical 'extension of touting by stars. By the 1840's many major actors were already taking along a small group of lesser players, for they could not be sure that local companies could supply adequate support in secondary roles. There is much disagreement about the origin of the combination company Bouciault claimed to have initiated it around 1860 when he sent out a troupe with Colleen Bawn, but a book published in 1859 speaks of combination companies as already established. Joseph Jefferson III also declared that he was a pioneer in the movement. In actuality, the practice probably began tentatively during the 1850's, only to be interrupted by the Civil War. It mushroomed in the 1870's, as the rapid expansion of the railway system made it increasingly feasible to transport. full productions. In 1872, Lawrence Barrett took his company, but no scenery, on tour; in 1876, Rose Michel was sent out with full company, scenery, and properties. By the season of 1876 - 1877 there were nearly 100 combination companies on the road, and by 1886 there were 282.

问答题 Urbanization in China

问答题Now many people enjoy emails and other people prefer face-to-face conversations. The title of your composition is "Which Is Better, a Talk or an Email?". You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience to support your opinion. Write at least 200 words.

问答题Doing a PhD is certainly not for everybody, and I do not recommend it for most people. However, I am really glad I got my PhD rather than just getting a job after finishing my Bachelor"s. The number one reason is that I learned a hell of a lot doing the PhD, and most of the things I learned I would never get exposed to in a typical software engineering job. 1 The process of doing a PhD trains you to do research: to read research papers, to run experiments, to write papers, to give talks. It also teaches you how to figure out what problem needs to be solved. You gain a very sophisticated technical background doing the PhD, and having your work subject to the intense scrutiny of the academic peer-review process-not to mention your thesis committee. I think of the PhD a little like the Grand Tour, a tradition in the 16th and 17th centuries where youths would travel around Europe, getting a rich exposure to high society in France, Italy, and Germany, learning about art, architecture, language, literature, fencing, riding ～ all of the essential liberal arts that a gentleman was expected to have experience with to be an influential member of society. Doing a PhD is similar: You get an intense exposure to every subfield of Computer Science, and have to become the leading world"s expert in the area of your dissertation work. 2 The top PhD programs set an incredibly high bar: a lot of coursework, teaching experience, qualifying exams, a thesis defense, and of course making a groundbreaking research contribution in your area. Having to go through this process gives you a tremendous amount of technical breadth and depth. Some important stuff I learned doing a PhD: How to read and critique research papers. As a grad student you have to read thousands of research papers, extract their main ideas, critique the methods and presentation, and synthesize their contributions with your own research. As a result you are exposed to a wide range of CS topics, approaches for solving problems, sophisticated algorithms, and system designs. This is not just about gaining the knowledge in those papers (which is pretty important), but also about becoming conversant in the scientific literature. How to write papers and give talks. Being fluent in technical communications is a really important skill for engineers. I"ve noticed a big gap between the software engineers I"ve worked with who have PhDs and those who don"t in this regard. 3 PhD-trained folks tend to give clear, well-organized talks and know how to write up their work and visualize the result of experiments. As a result they can be much more influential. How to run experiments and interpret the results: I can"t overstate how important this is. A systems-oriented PhD requires that you run a zillion measurements and present the results in a way that is both bullet-proof to peer-review criticism (in order to publish) and visually compelling. Every aspect of your methodology will be critiqued (by your advisor, your co-authors, your paper reviewers) and you will quickly learn how to run the right experiments, and do it right. 4 How to figure out what problem to work on: This is probably the most important aspect of PhD training. Doing a PhD will force you to cast away from shore and explore the boundary of human knowledge. (Matt Might"s cartoon on this is a great visualization of this.) I think that at least 80% of making a scientific contribution is figuring out what problem to tackle: a problem that is at once interesting, open, and going to have impact if you solve it. There are lots of open problems that the research community is not interested in (c.f., writing an operating system kernel in Haskell). There are many interesting problems that have been solved over and over and over (c.f., file system block layout optimization; wireless multi hop routing). There"s a real trick to picking good problems, and developing a taste for it is a key skill if you want to become a technical leader. 5 So I think it"s worth having a PhD, especially if you want to work on the hardest and most interesting problems. This is true whether you want a career in academia, a research lab, or a more traditional engineering role. But as my PhD advisor was fond of saying, "doing a PhD costs you a house." (In terms of the lost salary during the PhD years-these days it"s probably more like several houses.

问答题Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparedness of the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discovered gravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries and thousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause of the orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn"t they fall out of the sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered the question he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and the planets. How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree? Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering his mind was ready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don"t have unpredictable things, you don"t have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writing their cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it. In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression that they find the "scientific method" a substitute for imaginative thought. I"ve attended research conferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing a certain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said "The data are still inconclusive." "We know that," the men from the budget office have said, "but what do you think? Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked at having even been asked to speculate. What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his own writings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes them himself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of his papers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the "odd balls" among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who "work well with the team".

问答题 It is commonly acknowledged that honesty is the best policy but just what is meant by honesty and why is it the best policy? And what is meant by best? The implications of being honest would seem to be obvious, but if we look more deeply, (1) {{U}}there are advantages to adopting honesty as a way of living that do not at first present themselves clearly.{{/U}} (2) {{U}}There are hidden benefits in being honest that are beyond the traditional perceptions about what being honest affords us.{{/U}} Honesty is least of all about what we say and most of all about how we are. (3) {{U}}It is most important to understand that honesty cannot even be restricted to the definition of our actions, for there is a whole network of behavior that is affected by our degree of honesty and the degree to which we allow honesty to saturate our lives.{{/U}} The absolute nature of honesty sees to it that we cannot apply it selectively. It is quite impossible to be truly honest with one person while all the other lying to ourselves about someone else. It is not realistic to assume that we can maintain a dishonest relationship with one friend and maintain an honest relationship with another. Friendship could not exist if we were able to perform such a feat. (4) {{U}}It is true then, that honesty applies not only to the words we say and the things we do, but also in the feelings we feel and how we allow those feelings to impact on our lives and on our perception of our lives.{{/U}} (5) {{U}}It is not commonly recognized that honesty applies as much to our relationship with our feelings as it does to any other aspect of our lives and yet perhaps this is the most important in terms of how it affects us{{/U}}. It must be remembered that usually our feelings are the most significant representatives of our relationship with ourselves. In a sense, our feelings and what we do about those feelings essentially define our outlook on life. It is easily demonstrated in the media that individuals are often defined by how they feel about issues. For example, if an individual is opposed to abortion, they will be described as an "anti-abortionist". If an unruly dog attacks someone's child, then a likely description could be "outraged parent". Perhaps a group of local people objects to something happening in their street, a possible description might read "angry residents".

问答题摩天大搂、高速公路、小轿车和市场上品种繁多的家用电器，这一切都说明中国自 1978年实行改革开放以来经历了深刻的变化。这是人们能够亲眼看见的变化。然而，在人们物质生活变化的背后，还有其他一些可能是具有更重要意义的变化。社会学家们发现，随着人们生活水平的提高，传统的生活方式和观念也慢慢地发生了变化。社会学家们一直在关注这些变化，从家庭结构的演变到妇女社会地位的变化，从人们对婚姻的态度到消费观念的转变，还有收入水平的两极分化等，这些都成为社会学家们研究的课题。