问答题 American and Japanese researchers are developing a smart car that will help drivers avoid accidents by predicting when they are about to make a dangerous move. The smart car of the future will be able to tell if drivers are going to mm, change lanes, speed up, slow down or pass another car. If the driver's intended action could lead to an accident, the car will activate a warning system or override the move. (111) {{U}}"By shifting the emphasis of car safety away from design of the vehicle itself and looking more toward the driver's behavior, the developers believe that they can start to build cars that adapt to suit people's needs,"{{/U}} New Scientist magazine said. Alex Pentland of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology collaborated on the project with Andrew Lin who works for the Japanese carmaker Nissan. (112) {{U}}Tests of their smart car using a driving simulator have shown that it is 95 percent accurate in predicting a driver's move 12 seconds in advance.{{/U}} (113) {{U}}The system is based on driving behavior which the researchers say can be divided into chains of sub-actions which include preparatory moves.{{/U}} It monitors the driver's behavior patterns to predict the next move. "To make its predictions, Nissan's smart car uses a computer and sensors on the steering wheel, accelerator and brake to monitor a person's driving patterns. (114) {{U}}A brief training session, in which the driver is asked to perform certain maneuvers, allows the system to calculate the probability of particular actions occurring in two-second time segments,"{{/U}} the magazine said. Lin has also done work on tracking eye movement to predict driving behavior. (115) {{U}}He said the smart car could be adapted to monitor eye movement which could give even earlier predictions of when a driver is about to make a wrong move.{{/U}}

问答题One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers, ff the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action could not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the price goes up, less of the commodity is purchased; a rib in price encourages users to economize. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.

问答题在美国历史上人们最津津乐道的政治问题恐怕就是法律与秩序。但令人感到痛心的是，显然有好几百万美国人从来没有想到过自己会是违法者，更不用说是犯罪分子了，他们越来越不把那些旨在保护他们社会的法律条文放在心上。如今，人们随手乱扔垃圾、进税漏税、发出违禁噪音，以及开车时表现出来的无政府状态，可谓是司空见惯。有时不由使人觉得，藐视法令者竟可代表未来的潮流了。哈佛大学的社会学家戴维·里斯曼认为：大多数美国人漫不经心地把犯点所谓的小错误当作是理所当然的。他还认为：今天美国社会道德准则已出现“只有傻瓜才守法的”危险倾向了。

问答题大学的功能 2. 大学是否实现了目标 3. 如何改进

问答题【T1】Because analysis ultimately rests with the thinking and choices of the researcher, qualitative studies in general are limited by researcher subjectivity. Therefore, an overriding concern is that of researcher bias, framing as it does assumptions, interests, perceptions, and needs. 【T2】One of the key limitations of this study is the issue of subjectivity and potential bias regarding the researcher's own participation in a doctoral program first as a student and currently as a faculty member. 【T3】A related limitation was that interviewees may have had difficulty adjusting to the researcher taking on the role of interviewer, a phenomenon referred to by Maxwell as participant reactivity. Because a few of the participants knew the researcher, their responses may have been influenced or affected. 【T4】They may have tried overly hard to cooperate with the researcher by offering her the responses they perceived she was seeking or which they perceived might be helpful to her. Alternatively, because of familiarity with the researcher, these few participants might have been guarded and therefore less candid in their responses. Recognizing these limitations, the researcher took the following measures. 【T5】To reduce the limitation of potential bias during data analysis, the researcher removed all participant names and coded all interview transcripts blindly so as not to associate any material or data with any particular individual. Furthermore, she made a conscious attempt to create an environment that was conducive to honest and open dialogue, Experience as an interviewer, as well as prior research experience, was helpful in this regard.

问答题A nation's history must be both the guide and the domain not so much of its historians as its citizens.

问答题I have always disliked being a man. 1. The whole idea of manhood in America is pitiful, in my opinion. Even the expression "Be a man!" strikes me as insulting and abusive. It means: Be stupid, be unfeeling, obedient, soldierly and stop thinking. Man means "manly" -- how can one think about men without considering the terrible ambition of manliness? And yet it is part of every man"s life. It is a hideous and crippling lie; it not only insists on difference and connives at superiority, it is also by its very nature destructive -- emotionally damaging and socially harmful. In is very hard to imagine any concept of manliness that does not belittle women, and it begins very early. At an age when I wanted to meet girls -- let"s say the treacherous years of thirteen to sixteen -- I was told to take up a sport, get more fresh air, and I was urged not to read so much, If you asked too many questions about sex you were sent to camp -- a boy"s camp, of course: the nightmare. Nothing is more unnatural or prison-like than a boy"s camp. 2. It ought to be clear by now that I have something of an obiection to the way we turn boys into men. It does not surprise me that when the President of the United States has his customary weekend off he dresses like a cowboy-it is both a measure of his insecurity and his willingness to please. In many ways, American culture does little more for a man than prepare him for modeling clothes in the L.L. Bean catalogue. There was a fear that writing was not a manly profession -- indeed, not a profession at all. The paradox in American letters is that it has always been easier for a woman to write and for a man to be published. 3. Writing is only manly when it produces wealth -- money is masculinity. So is drinking, particularly the ability to drink another man under the table. A man in America has to kill lions, hunt ducks, and carry_ enough knives and ~uns on his shoulders, to prove that he is just as much monster as the next man. Everything in stereotyped manliness goes against the life of the mind. 4. There would be no point in saying any of this if it were not generally accepted that to be a man is somehow -- even now in feminist-influenced America -- a privilege. It is on the contrary an unmerciful and punishing burden. Being a man is bad enough; being manly is appalling. It is the sinister silliness of man"s fashions, and a clubby attitude in the arts. It is the subversion of good students. It is the so-called "Dress Code" of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Boston, and it is the institutionalized cheating in college sports. In is the most primitive insecurity.

问答题Without doubt, the international relations appear at times bewildering. Students may at time feel that their efforts to understand the complexities of the international system today are futile. The task is a difficult one, but it is not futile. It requires patience and persistence as well as logical inquiry and flexible perspectives. 71. As the examples just given often illustrate, contemporary international events are regularly interrelated; our task of achieving understanding is therefore further Complicated because seemingly unrelated events in different areas of the world may over a period of time combine to affect still other regions of the globe. Events are demonstrably interdependent, and as we improve our ability to understand the causes of and reasons behind this interdependence, we will improve our ability to understand contemporary international relations. How can our task best be approached? Throughout history, analysts of international relations have differed in their approaches to improving understanding in their field. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, for example, the study of international relations centered around diplomatic history. Who did what to whom at a particular time and place were the main features of the method of diplomatic history. This methodology concentrated on nation-states as the main actors in international relations and included the study of the major diplomats and ministers of the period. Detailed accuracy was required and obtained, but seldom were causal connections or comprehensive analyses sought. 72. As a means for understanding a particular series of events, diplomatic history was(and is)excellent; as a means for understanding a particular sweeps of international relations or for developing a theoretical basis for the study of international relations, diplomatic history was(and is) of limited utility. Whereas diplomatic history sought to explain a particular series of events, other methodologies were developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries that viewed international relations on a global scale. 73. Strategic and geopolitical analyses, methodologies in wide use even today, trace their roots to concepts developed by the U. S. Admiral Alfred Mahan during the late 19th century and British geographer Sir Halford Mackinder during the early 20th century.To Mahan the world's ocean were its high-ways, and whoever controlled its highways could control the course of international relations. Mahan bases most of his analysis on Great Britain and its Royal Navy. Partly because of the urgings of Mahan, the United States on Great Britain and its fleet during the late 19th century and actively sought and acquired territorial possessions in the Pacific Ocean, including Hawaii, Samoa Guam and the Philippines.

问答题At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least. 71. Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigor and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us. This decline in vigor with the passing of time is called aging. It is one the most unpleasant discoveries which we make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and diseases we shall eventually "die of old age", and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favor of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are. Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it. 72. We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigor with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get was something self-evident, like the cooling of a kettle of hot water or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes. They are also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things "wear out". Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do if given the chances to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch, or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics. But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages. A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. But a watch could never repair itself—it does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction. 73. We could, at one time, repair ourselves—well enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses and accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we gradually lose the power; an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty years can knock us out, and into our grave. If we could stay as vigorous as we are at twelve, it would take about 700 years for half of us to die, and another 700 for the survivors to be reduced by half again.

问答题从全职工作过渡到完全休闲可能是我们一生中最大的转变之一。很多成功的退休者 都提到他们从退休以后的各种活动中感觉到更大程度的自我价值感。他们不用再忍受严酷或 有害健康的工作环境。他们不再需要把精力放在职位的升迁或财富的获取上。拥有毅力和幽 默感，退休生活就可能成为你一生中最幸福的阶段之一。

问答题这件事的发生不是由于我们的过错，而是由于你的疏忽大意。

问答题VariousEnergySourcesTransformedintoElectricityintheU.S.A1．分析图表所给信息；2．评述目前美国环境污染与该图表的关系；3．如何改善美国环境状况。

问答题我们将继续积极利用外资，优化外商投资结构，鼓励和引导外商投资现代农业、高新技术产业、基础设施建设、西部开发和参与国有企业改造、重组。

问答题A. Title: Scientific Discovey—Curse or BlessingB. Time limit: 40 minutesC. Word limit: 180～200 words (not including the given opening sentences)D. Your composition should be based on the given opening sentences of each paragraph.E. Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Outlines:1. New scientific discoveries nearly always bring to mankind a blessing;2. Yet sometimes scientific discoveries may prove a curse upon human race;3. The misuse of scientific discoveries must be prevented.

问答题Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected American. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not American, who have become antiintellectual. First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (1){{U}}I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems.{{/U}} He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (2){{U}}His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.{{/U}} This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals--the average scientist for one. (3) {{U}}I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.{{/U}} Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties--he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (4){{U}}But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of roles of conduct in business.{{/U}} During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics. The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living (5){{U}}They may teach very well, and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment.{{/U}} This description even fits the majority eminent scholars. "Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts", as Emersion would say," is something else."

问答题心理学家证实了作家们一直以来的信念：书籍的确是梦的素材。 一项调查表明，读爱丽丝或罗琳的作品的人比钻研十字军东征史的人更容易做怪梦，而小说爱好者的梦带有更强烈的感情色彩，其中包含的奇异事件也多。 调查还发现读恐怖小说的人并不一定会多做噩梦，而喜欢科幻小说的人却更容易带着一身冷汗惊醒。 按照威尔士大学的马克的说法，这项研究可能是考察梦与现实之间的关系的第一次实验。马克博士和他的同事发出了10万份关于睡眠形态与阅读趣味的调查问卷并收到了超过1万份回复。他们发现成人中有58%做过至少一次这样的梦：在梦中他们知道自己在做梦。他们还发现女性能比男性更记得梦境。老年人的梦似乎更少一些，也更少做噩梦。大约44%的孩子说他们正在阅读的书籍影响到了他们的梦境。 马克博士说：“报称正在读吓人书籍的孩子做噩梦的次数三倍于那些没读的孩子。”