问答题1．试给“美国文化”下一定义。 2．说说你通过哪些途径学习美国文化。 3．谈谈你从研究美国文化中获得了哪些收获。

问答题尽管美国的制造业就业岗位长期流失，但由于在飞机和高科技设备等高价值的研发和生产等方面能力卓越，美国的制造业方面仍处于世界领先地位。与此同时，中国的主要产品还是低成本的服装和消费类电子产品。在产品价值方面美国的产品占世界制造业总产值的20％以上，大约是中国的两倍。中国的人口众多，国民人均产值仅为美国的1／7；在居民生活水平方面，中美两国的差距就更大了，中国家庭商品的平均消费只有美国的1／14。

问答题In the long period from 1500 to 1800, western European nation-states were all influenced by a set of ideas. known as mercantilism. (111) Mercantilist doctrine and institutions were important because they were held by practical businesspeople and heads of stare who strongly influenced public policy and institutional change. The primary aim of mercantilists was to achieve power and wealth for the state. To generate an inflow of gold or silver through trade, the value of exports should exceed the value of imports. And the state could attain great power only if political and economic unity became a fact. (112) If all the materials necessary to foster domestic industry were not available they could best be obtained by establishing colonies or friendly foreign trading posts from which such goods could be imported. And a strong merchant marine could carry foreign goods, thereby helping to secure favorable trade balances. (113) Mercantilists believed that these means of achieving national power could be made effective by the passage and strict enforcement of legislation regulating economic life. (114) Almost as soon as Virginia tobacco began to be shipped in commercial quantities to England, King James I levied a tax on it while agreeing to prohibit the growth of competing tobacco in England. Taxes, regulation, and subsidies were all used as mercantile policies, but the primary ones that affected the colonies were the Navigation Acts. In 1640s, Americans had slipped into the habit of shipping their goods directly to continental ports, and the Dutch made great inroads into the carrying trade of the colonies. After the Restoration, England was in a position to enforce a strict commercial policy, beginning with the Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663. Despite the continued modifications to these acts by policy changes, it is sufficient to note three primary categories of trade restriction: (115) All trade of the colonies was to be carried in vessels that were English built and owned, commanded by an English captain, and manned by a crew of whom three-quarters were English. All foreign merchants were excluded from dealing directly in the commerce of the English colonies. They could engage in colonial trade only through England and merchants resident there. Certain commodities produced in the colonies could be exported only to England (essentially any destination within the Empire). These "enumerated" goods included sugar, tobacco, cotton, indigo, ginger and so on.

问答题Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below: Topic: China's Auto Industry

问答题一位负责扶贫工作的官员说，到2(X)4年底，尽管大多数贫困人口将解决温饱问题，还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要政府资助。此外，对于那些刚刚脱贫的人们，他们目前的生活状况必须改善，因为他们的生产和生活状况没有从根本上被改变。如果遭受自然灾害的袭击，就可能回到原来的贫困状况。另外，现在的贫困线标准非常低，要使全体中国人过更好的生活，长期的艰苦斗争将必不可少。 2．中国的饮食方式正在发生许多变化。众所周知，中国的饮食文化具有悠久的历史。人们采用肉、蔬菜、豆制品等能做出各种美味食品，但往往耗时多。这一点与快节奏的现代社会极不相符。如今我们有了许多不同的选择：除传统家常菜外，还有营养保健配餐和方便可口的快餐食品。由于午休时间短，人们不愿在吃上花时间，因而各种快捷、便宜的快餐成了人们，特别是年轻人的首选。

问答题{{B}} The Basis for Social Order{{/B}} Man, said Aristotle, is a social animal. This sociability requires peaceful congregation, and the history of mankind is mainly a movement through time of human collectivities that range from migrant tribal bands to large and complex civilizations. Survival has been due to the ability to create the means by which men in groups retain their unity and allegiance to one another. Order was caused by the need and desire to survive the challenge of the environment. This orderly condition called the "state", and the roles that maintained it, file "law". With time the partner to this tranquility, man marched across the centuries of his evolution to the brink of exploring the boundaries of his own galaxy. Of all living organisms, only man has the capacity to interpret his own evolution as progress. As social life changed, the worth and rights of each member in the larger group, of which he was a part, increased. As the groups grew from clans to civilizations, the value of the individual did not diminish, but became instead a guide to the rules that govern all men.

问答题一本好书就是一位益友。它始终如一，过去如此，现在依然如此，将来也绝不会改变。它是最有耐心、最令人愉悦的朋友。在我们身处逆境、痛苦不堪的时候，它也不会背弃我们。它总是善意地接待我们，在我们年轻时给我们以快乐和教益，在我们年迈时给我们以安抚和慰藉。书籍的灵魂是不朽的，它们是人类迄今最为持久的结晶。

问答题许多有胆识的外国投资者决心在中国西部同当地企业一起建立合资企业。

问答题Everyone has something they are ashamed of, afraid of or that they feel guilty about. Each of us, in our own way, has devised a neat little method of handling our dark side. We may know how to hide it. Few of us know how to heal it. When we refuse to admit what we have done in the past, we block out path to the future. No matter how terrible we think we are, how bad we belive we have been, how law we think we have fallen, we can clean our minds and begin again.

问答题【T1】 When you are in the business of sending spacecraft to other planets, it is probably wise to do everything you can to keep your space-probes sterile(无菌的). NASA, America's space agency, certainly does so. After all, you would not want bugs from one planet to contaminate another where they might possibly thrive. But according to Curt Mileikowsky, of the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, this may already have happened naturally billions of years ago when the solar system was young. For Dr. Mileikowsky has taken a century-old idea called panspermia(有生源说), and shown that it is plausible. 【T2】 Panspermia is the theory that life does not start independently on each planet that has it(assuming that other planets do). Rather, it hops from place to place, "infecting" new worlds as it goes. Supported by experts in biology, geology and celestial mechanics, Dr. Mileikowsky argued to the American Astronomical Society meeting in Atlanta that this is not as outlandish as it sounds. 【T3】 Bungling(笨手笨脚的)space organizations apart, the only mode of travel open to microbes seems to be meteorites(流星). Most of these are small bits of junk from the asteroid(小行星)belt that have gone off course. But some are rocks that have been flung into space from the surfaces of planets as a result of those planets having been struck by even larger bits of rock—decent-sized asteroids or comets. 【T4】 If there is life on such a planet, microscopic forms of it will probably live deep inside rocks, as they do on earth. The acceleration of lift-off would not kill something that size. 【T5】 If a rock is large enough, the heat generated as it is thrown clear will be negligible except at its surface—where, if anything, melting may even produce an airtight skin to protect any microbes deeper down from the unpleasant vacuum of space.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. 71. {{U}}Science is often hard to read. Most people assume that its difficulties are born out of necessity, out of the extreme complexity of scientific concepts, data and analysis. We argue here that complexity of thought need not lead to impenetrability of expression.{{/U}} We demonstrate a number of rhetorical principles that can produce clarity in communication without oversimplifying scientific issues. The results are substantive, not merely cosmetic. Improving the quality of writing actually improves the quality of thought. 72. {{U}}The fundamental purpose of scientific discourse is not the mere presentation of information and thought, but rather its actual communication. It does not matter how pleased an author might be to have converted all the right data into sentences and paragraphs, it matters only whether a large majority of the reading audience accurately perceives what the author had in mind.{{/U}} Therefore, in order to understand how best to improve writing, we would do well to understand better how readers go about reading. Such an understanding has recently become available through work done in the fields of rhetoric, linguistics and cognitive psychology. It has helped to produce a methodology based on the concept of reader expectations. 73. {{U}}Readers do not simply read, they interprent. Any piece of article, no matter how short, may "mean" in 10 ( or more) different ways to 10 different readers. This methodology of reader expectations is founded on the recognition that readers make many of their most important interpretive decisions about the substance of an article based on clues they receive from its structure.{{/U}} This interplay between substance and structure can be demonstrated by something as basic as a simple table. Let us say that in tracking the temperature of a liquid over a period of time, an investigator takes measurements every three minutes and records a list of temperatures. Those data could be presented by a number of written structures.

问答题 To the extent that membership in virtual communities proves less stable than that obtaining in other forms of democratic community, or that social relations prove less thick (i. e. less embedded in a context filled with shared meaning and history), there could be adverse consequences for individual psychological and moral development.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. 71. {{U}}The international software market represents a significant business opportunity for U.S. microcomputer software companies, but illegal copying of programs is limiting the growth of sales abroad. If not dealt with quickly, international piracy of software could become one of the most serious trade problems faced by the United States.{{/U}} 72. {{U}}Software piracy is already the biggest barrier to U.S. software companies entering foreign markets. One reason is that software is extremely easy and inexpensive to duplicate compared to the cost of developing and marketing the software. The actual cost of duplicating a software program, which may have a retail value of $ 400 or more, can be as little as a dollar or two--the main component being the cost of the diskette.{{/U}} 73. {{U}}The cost of counterfeiting software is substantially less than the cost of duplicating watches, books, or blue jeans. Given that the difference between the true value of the original and the cost of the counterfeit is so great for software, international piracy has become big business. Unfortunately, many foreign governments view software piracy as an industry in and of itself and look the other way.{{/U}} U.S. firms stand to lose million of dollars in new business, and diminished U. S. sales not only harm individual firms but also adversely affect the entire U.S. economy.

问答题三名警官冒着大火的高温和浓烟救出了孩子们。

问答题Title: How to Meet the International Challenge after China's Entering into WTO? 1. China will enter into WTO in a few days. 2. The great challenge faced by our government as well as ordinary people. 3. I believe the following suggestions will be helpful in coping up with the future international challenges.

问答题Exactly where we will stand in the long war against disease by the year 2050 is impossible to say. (111) But if developments in research maintain their current pace, it seems likely that a combination of improved attention to dietary and environmental factors, along with advances in gene therapy and protein-targeted drags, will have virtually eliminated most major classes of disease. From an economic standpoint, the best news may be that these accomplishments could be accompanied by a drop in health-care costs. (112) Costs may even fall as diseases are brought under control using pinpointed, short term therapies now being developed. By 2050 there will be fewer hospitals, and surgical procedures will be largely restricted to the treatment of accidents and other forms of trauma (外伤). Spending on nonacute (慢性病的) care, both in nursing facilities and in homes, will also fall sharply as more elderly people lead healthy lives until close to death. One result of medicine's success in controlling disease will be a dramatic increase in life expectancy. (113) The extent of that increase is a highly, speculative matter, but it is worth noting that medical science has already helped to make the very old (currently defined as those over 85 years of age) the fastest growing segment of the population. Between 1960 and 1995, the U. S. population as a whole increased by about 45%, while the segment over 85 years of age grew by almost 300%. (114) There has been a similar explosion in the population of centenarians, with the result that survival to the age of 100 is no longer the newsworthy feat that it was only a few decades ago. U. S. Census Bureau projections already forecast dramatic increase in the number of centenarians in the next 50 years: 4 million in 2050, compared with 37, 000 in 1990. (115) Although Census Bureau calculations project an increase in average life span of only eight years by the year 2050, some experts believe that the human life span should not begin to encounter any theoretical natural limits before 120 years. With continuing advances in molecular medicine and a growing understanding of the aging process, that limit could rise to 130 years or more.

问答题支持在车上使用气袋的人声称，设计这些装置，让它们自动充气，以防撞车，它们能缓和撞车给乘客带来的冲击力，因而能挽救生命。他们说，就像每辆车上有安全带一样，车上也应该有气袋。反对者们争辩说，气袋会让每辆新车增加几百美元的费用，使国内的生产商处于不利的竞争地位，因为外国政府不要求生产商把气袋的安全特色包括在内。 2．如果地球上的人口以现有的速度继续增长下去，那么，最终将不会有足够的资源来维持生命。例如，如果现有的这种趋势继续下去到本世纪中叶，我们将会用完所有的汽车用油。即使科学家研究出维持人类生命的新途径，地球上的拥挤状况也将迫使我们去寻找另一个广阔的天地。但是，现在太阳系没有一个能维持人类生命的星球。不过，最近一位美国科学家卡尔·萨根(Carl Sasan)教授提出了有关可能解决这个问题的新方案。萨根认为，在地球上的资源完全耗尽以前，人类有可能改变金星(Venus)上的大气，从而开辟一个几乎像地球本身一样大的新世界。

问答题Much of the excitement among investigators in the field of intelligence derives from their trying to determine exactly what intelligence is. Different investigators have emphasized different aspects of intelligence in their definitions. For example, in a 1921 symposium on the definition of intelligence, the American psychologist Lewis M. Terman emphasized the ability to think abstractly, while another American psychologist, Edward L. Thorndike, emphasized learning and the ability to give good responses to questions. In a similar 1986 symposium, however, psychologists generally agreed on the importance of adaptation to the environment as the key to understanding both what intelligence is and what it does. Such adaptation may occur in a variety of environmental situations. For example, a student in school learns the material that is required to pass or do well in a course; a physician treating a patient with an unfamiliar disease adapts by learning about the diseases; an artist reworks a painting in order to make it convey a more harmonious impression. For the most part, adapting involves making a chancre in oneself in order to cope more effectively, but sometimes effective adaptation involves either changing the environment or finding a new environment altogether. Effective adaptation draws upon a number of cognitive processes, such as perception, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. The main trend in defining intelligence, then, is that it is not itself a cognitive or mental process, but rather a selective combination of these processes purposively directed toward effective adaptation to the environment. For examples, the physician noted above learning about a new disease adapts by perceiving material on the disease in medical literature, learning what the material contains, remembering crucial aspects of it that are needed to treat the patient, and then reasoning to solve the problem of how to app]y the information to the needs of the patient. Intelligence, in sum, has come to be regarded as not a single ability, but an effective drawing together of many abilities. This has not always been obvious to investigators of the subject, however, and, indeed, much of the history of the field revolves around arguments, regarding the nature and abilities that constitute intelligence.1.What does the passage mainly discuss?

问答题1. Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information. 2. Access to so much information creates problems. 3. Which view do you agree with? Use specific reasons and examples.