问答题1．博士研究生入学面试是否必要?2．在博士研究生入学面试中，你认为最重要的是展示哪几个方面?3．你将如何展示这个方面?

问答题You are to write a composition of no less than 250 words and do your composition neatly on the Answer Sheet. Your composition should be based on the following topic. My view on the Internet

问答题Read the following passage carefully and then write a summary of it in English in about 150 words. A simple idea underpins science; "trust, but verify". Results should always be subject to challenge from experiment. That simple but powerful idea has generated a vast body of knowledge. Since its birth in the 17th century, modern science has changed the world beyond recognition, and overwhelmingly for the better. But success can breed complacency. Modern scientists are doing too much trusting and not enough verifying—to the detriment of the whole of science, and of humanity. Too many of the findings that fill the academic ether are the result of shoddy experiments or poor analysis(see article). A rule of thumb among biotechnology venture-capitalists is that half of published research cannot be replicated. Even that may be optimistic. Last year researchers at one biotech firm, Amgen, found they could reproduce just six of 53 "landmark" studies in cancer research. Earlier, a group at Bayer, a drug company, managed to repeat just a quarter of 67 similarly important papers. A leading computer scientist frets that three-quarters of papers in his subfield are bunk. In 2000—2010 roughly 80, 000 patients took part in clinical trials based on research that was later retracted because of mistakes or improprieties. Even when flawed research does not put people's lives at risk—and much of it is too far from the market to do so—it squanders money and the efforts of some of the world's best minds. The opportunity costs of stymied progress are hard to quantify, but they are likely to be vast. And they could be rising. One reason is the competitiveness of science. In the 1950s, when modern academic research took shape after its successes in the Second World War, it was still a rarefied pastime. The entire club of scientists numbered a few hundred thousand. As their ranks have swelled, to 6m—7m active researchers on the latest reckoning, scientists have lost their taste for self-policing and quality control. The obligation to "publish or perish" has come to rule over academic life. Competition for jobs is cutthroat. Full professors in America earned on average $ 135, 000 in 2012—more than judges did. Every year six freshly minted PhDs vie for every academic post. Nowadays verification(the replication of other people's results)does little to advance a researcher's career. And without verification, dubious findings live on to mislead. Careerism also encourages exaggeration and the cherry-picking of results. In order to safeguard their exclusivity, the leading journals impose high rejection rates: in excess of 90% of submitted manuscripts. The most striking findings have the greatest chance of making it onto the page. Little wonder that one in three researchers knows of a colleague who has pepped up a paper by, say, excluding inconvenient data from results "based on a gut feeling". And as more research teams around the world work on a problem, the odds shorten that at least one will fall prey to an honest confusion between the sweet signal of a genuine discovery and a freak of the statistical noise. Such spurious correlations are often recorded in journals eager for startling papers. If they touch on drinking wine, going senile or letting children play video games, they may well command the front pages of newspapers, too. Conversely, failures to prove a hypothesis are rarely even offered for publication, let alone accepted. "Negative results" now account for only 14% of published papers, down from 30% in 1990. Yet knowing what is false is as important to science as knowing what is true. The failure to report failures means that researchers waste money and effort exploring blind alleys already investigated by other scientists. The hallowed process of peer review is not all it is cracked up to be, either. When a prominent medical journal ran research past other experts in the field, it found that most of the reviewers failed to spot mistakes it had deliberately inserted into papers, even after being told they were being tested. All this makes a shaky foundation for an enterprise dedicated to discovering the truth about the world. What might be done to shore it up? One priority should be for all disciplines to follow the example of those that have done most to tighten standards. A start would be getting to grips with statistics, especially in the growing number of fields that sift through untold oodles of data looking for patterns. Geneticists have done this, and turned an early torrent of specious results from genome sequencing into a trickle of truly significant ones. Ideally, research protocols should be registered in advance and monitored in virtual notebooks. This would curb the temptation to fiddle with the experiment's design midstream so as to make the results look more substantial than they are.(It is already meant to happen in clinical trials of drugs, but compliance is patchy.)Where possible, trial data also should be open for other researchers to inspect and test. The most enlightened journals are already becoming less averse to humdrum papers. Some government funding agencies, including America's National Institutes of Health, which dish out $30 billion on research each year, are working out how best to encourage replication. And growing numbers of scientists, especially young ones, understand statistics. But these trends need to go much further. Journals should allocate space for "uninteresting" work, and grant-givers should set aside money to pay for it. Peer review should be tightened—or perhaps dispensed with altogether, in favour of post-publication evaluation in the form of appended comments. That system has worked well in recent years in physics and mathematics. Lastly, policymakers should ensure that institutions using public money also respect the rules. Science still commands enormous—if sometimes bemused—respect. But its privileged status is founded on the capacity to be right most of the time and to correct its mistakes when it gets things wrong. And it is not as if the universe is short of genuine mysteries to keep generations of scientists hard at work. The false trails laid down by shoddy research are an unforgivable barrier to understanding.

问答题从法律上讲，合同是一种对签约双方都具有约束力的协议。合同的要点如下：1．双方同意：2．一种合法的补偿，在大多数情况下不一定是金钱；3．签约双方均具有合法的签约能力；4．不具有欺诈和威胁性；5．签约主题不得不具有非法性或违反公共准则。一般来说，合同既可以是口头的，也可以是书面的。不过，为了便于执行起见，有些合同必须采用书面形式，并需签字。

问答题Despite the web, we watch more television than ever. In the chaos of today's media and technology brawl--iPod vs. Zune, Google vs. Yahoo, Windows vs. Linux, Intel vs. AMD--we can declare one unlikely winner. Standing tall in a field of new tech wonders, it's a geezer technology that are invented in the 1920s and commercialized in the 1940s, and it's still more powerful than any thing created since. 45. As you try to figure out where consumer infotech is going, and what it means for society, remember this big, central reality. People just want more television. If you doubt it, look at today's biggest news in tech. It continually centers on new ways to bring consumers the thing they crave above all else. 46. Sony flooded the recent Consumer Electronics Show with products that put Internet video on your TV set, as did almost every other consumer electronics company. At the simultaneous Macworld Expo, Apple chief Steve Jobs introduced Apple TV, which does the same thing. Verizon said it will soon offer live TV on cellphone screens. It will also sell full-length programs for viewing whenever you want. Put it all together, and we have achieved a nirvana that didn't exist even a year ago. unlimited television available 24/7 on every screen you own. It's no surprise, of course. 47. Ever since the basic facts of steadily multiplying processor power and bandwidth became apparent, seers have confidently predicted this day. They just as confidently predicted what it would mean. traditional television's demise. Once the World Wide Web appeared in the mid-1990s, the future looked very clear. Boring old TV, the scheduled programs that come to you through a coaxial cable or satellite dish or antenna, would fade away. 48. Which is exactly the opposite of what has happened. Despite many Net Age alternatives, we Americans today watch more boring old TV than ever, which is saying something. How can that be? My theory is the Two-Liter Coke Principle. The Coca-Cola company discovered long ago that if it could get people to bring home bigger bottles of Coke, those people would drink more than they used to. Just getting more Coke in front of them increased their consumption. It seems to be the same with TV. Put more of it in front of people--over 100 channels in many homes--and people will watch more. Seen from this perspective, the latest announcements of new TV-related technology look simply like additional ways to put more TV in front of American consumers. The supposed threat from the Internet was that we'd cut back on TV as we spent more time on MySpaee or in Second Life. We may well spend more time on such new Net attractions, but we're unlikely to take that time away from video viewing. We're more likely to cut back on things we consider less important, like sleep. 49. No one has evaluated TV better than the great New Yorker essayist E. B. White, who in 1938 wrote, "We shall stand or fall by television, of that I am sure. " We still don't know which it will be, but his assessment looks truer than ever.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. 71.{{U}}As a romantic teenager, I believed that my future life as a scientist would be justified if I could discover a single new fact and add a brick to the bright temple of human knowledge. The conviction was noble enough; the metaphor was simply silly. Yet that metaphor still governs the attitude of many scientists toward their subject.{{/U}} 72.{{U}}In the conventional model of scientific "progress ", we begin in superstitious ignorance and move toward final truth by the successive accumulation of facts. In this smug perspective, the history of science contains little more than anecdotal interest--for it can only chronicle past errors and credit the bricklayers for discerning glimpses of final truth. It is as transparent a.s an old-fashioned melodrama: truth (as we perceive it today) is the only arbiter and the world of past scientists is divided into good guys who were right and bad guys who were wrong.{{/U}} 73. {{U}}Historians of science have utterly discredited this model during the past decade. Science is not a heartless pursuit of objective information. It is a creative activity, its geniuses acting more as artists than as information processors. Changes in theory are not simply the derivative results of new discoveries but the work of creative imagination influenced by contemporary social and political forces. We should not judge the past through anachronistic spectacles of our own convictions--designating as heroes the scientists whom we judge to be right by criteria that had nothing to do with their own concerns.{{/U}} We are simply foolish if we call Anaximander (sixth century B. C.) an evolutionist because, in advocating a primary role for water among the four elements, he held that life first inhabited the sea; yet most textbooks so credit him.

问答题爱情被认为是文学作品的永恒主题，中西方文化都产生了许多以爱情为主题的伟大作品。我国伟大的古典小说家曹雪芹所著的《红楼梦》和“英国文学之父”威廉·莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》，都是以爱情为主题的文学作品。 曹雪芹于18世纪末期完成《红楼梦》，而莎士比亚的作品于20世纪初期才传人中国。因此，曹雪芹的《红楼梦》并未受到《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的影响。莎士比亚生活在16～17世纪的英格兰，他自然无缘见识《红楼梦》。可是，这两位生活于不同世纪、不同文化背景下的文坛巨人的作品中，却存在着许多共同之处。

问答题21. Next to Sir Andrew in the clubroom sits Captain Sentry, a gentleman of great courage, good understanding, but invincible modesty. He is one of those that deserve very well, but are very awkward at putting their talents within the observation of such as should take notice of them. He was some years a captain, and behaved himself with great gallantry in several engagements and at several sieges, but having a small estate of his own, and being next heir to Sir Roger, he has quitted a way of life in which no man can rise suitably to his merit, who is not something of a courtier as well as a soldier. 22. I have heard him often lament that in a profession where merit is placed in so conspicuous a view, impudence should get the better of modesty. When he had talked to this purpose, I never heard him make a sour expression, but frankly confess that he left the world because he was not fit for it. 23. A strict honesty, and an even regular behavior, are in themselves obstacles to him that must press through crowds, who endeavor at the same end with himself, the favor of a commander. 24. He will, however, in his way of talk excuse generals for not disposing according to men's deserts, or inquiring into it. For, says he, that the great man who has a mind to help me, has as many to break through to come at me, as I have to come at him: therefore he will conclude that the man who would make a figure, especially in a military way, must get over all false modesty, and assist his patron against the importunity of other pretenders, by a proper assurance in his own vindication. He says it is a civil cowardice to be backward in asserting what you ought to expect, as it is a military fear to be slow in attacking when it is your duty. With this candor does the gentleman speak of himself and others. The same frankness runs through all his conversation. The military part of his life has furnished him with many adventures, in the relation of which he is very agreeable to the company, for he is never overbearing, though accustomed to command men in the utmost degree below him, nor ever too obsequious, from a habit of obeying men highly above him.

问答题3. 我(不)要当一名公务员。

问答题今天，阿拉木图(Alma-Ata)宣言的目标比起25年前反而离实现更为遥远了。深刻的经济不平等和社会不公正继续拒绝给许多人提供良好的健康，继续扮演全球持续性健康受益的障碍。全世界的国家间及国家内部在健康成就的步伐上和等级上仍有巨大的差异。一个可能的解释是开始于20世纪80年代作为世界银行结构性调整计划一部分的健康部门的改革还没有显示出改进不平等的结果；在某些情况下，它们反而让这些不平等更为严重了。 现在我们面临健康研究中的四大挑战：道德价值、公平和美德、可持续的健康研究体系、良好的研究环境及知识的产生和应用。为了应对挑战，保健体系和健康研究体系两者应向一个学习的和解决问题的模式推进，把创新包括进运作之中，更好地掌握未来发展的机遇。没有效果明显的锦囊妙计，没有简单的解决方法，只是有许多事情要去学习。

问答题英国研究者说，家务劳动既费时又累人，虽然也算是体力运动，却既无益于健康也无助于减除赘肉。 与拖地、除尘和清洁窗户相比，快步走更有利于健康及保持体型，对60～79岁之间的老年妇女来说尤其如此。 在对英国2300多名老年妇女的调查当中，10%的人说自己喜欢快步走，1%每周做两个半小时的园艺，而报称负担着繁重家务的人则超过50%。 但研究者们说，尽管家务劳动会使身体得到运动，但它似乎不能带来任何健康上的好处。 在接受调查的妇女中，那些每周快走两个半小时或做等量园艺劳动的人更不容易发福，静态心率也较低，这正是身体状况良好的标志。 虽然家务劳动也耗费体力，但它在长期内的好处还有待进一步的研究证明，因此还不能说它是一种有益健康的活动。布里斯托尔大学的流行病学家及老年问题专家汤姆博士说：“有关这一课题的科学研究少之又少，我想这是因为大多数男人都不做家务，而大多数研究工作又都是由男人完成的缘故。

问答题清晨3:45进行了最后表决。经过半年的争辩和最后16小时的国会激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部地区(即澳北州)成了世界上第一个允许医生根据病人意愿结束绝症患者生命的合法当局。这一法案是以15票通过对10票反对的无可争议的结果通过的。这一消息几乎同时出现在互联网上。身处地球另一端的加拿大死亡权利执行主席约翰·霍夫塞斯收到这条消息后便通过协会的网上服务站“死亡之网”发了公告。他说：“我们一整天都在发布公告，这么做当然不是因为澳大利亚出了什么事情，而是因为这是要载入世界历史的。” 这一立法的深刻意义可能要过一段时间才能为人们所理解。澳北州所通过的晚期病人权益法使得无论是内科医生还是普通市民都同样地力图从道义和实际意义两方面来对待这一问题。有些人如释重负，另一些人，包括教会人士、生之权利组织成员及澳大利亚医学会成员则进行了猛烈抨击，并谴责其草率通过。而安乐死潮流将不可逆转。在澳大利亚，人口老龄化、延长寿命技术及公众态度的变化都在发挥着各自的作用。其他州也准备考虑制定类似的法规来处理安乐死问题。在美国和加拿大，死亡权利运动正在积蓄力量，观察家正等待着多米诺骨牌开始倒下。 依据澳北州所通过的这个新法案，成年病人可要求安乐死——大概是注射致死针剂或服用致死药物——以结束痛苦的煎熬。但此前须经两名医生诊断其确实已病入膏肓。病人经过七天“冷静思考”时间，方可签署一份申请证明。48小时后，其安乐死愿望才能得到满足。对于居住在达尔文的现年54岁的肺癌患者尼克逊来说，这个法案意味着他可以平静地生活下去而无须终日惧怕将要来临的折磨：因呼吸困难而在煎熬中死去。“从思想上说，我并不怕死，而怕的是怎样死。”他说，“我曾看见医院里的病人，死前抓挠氧气罩，为一口氧气苦苦挣扎”。

问答题Significance of Education on TV (1)电视教育为许多了提供了受教育的机会。 (2)电视教育起的作用。 (3)政府应采取的措施。

问答题Two teams of astronomers using the Hubble Space Telescope have overturned several decades of conjecture and theory by ruling out the possibility that small, dim stars make up most of the mass in the universe. Until now, small stars known as faint red dwarfs were considered ideal candidates for the so-called "dark matter" that is believed to account for more than 90 percent of the mass of the universe. All visible celestial objects, such as planets, stars and galaxies, are believed to account for only 10 percent of the mass of the universe. The rest of the "missing mass" is presumably invisible because it does not emit or reflect light, or the light is too feeble to be detected. But dark matter can be indirectly detected due to its gravitational influence on other visible objects. According to Bacall, professor of natural science at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey and leader of one of the teams, the nature of dark matter, and its abundance, are among the most important questions in modem cosmology today. The ultimate fate of the universe will be determined by the amount of dark matter present. If there is not enough dark matter to bind the universe together gravitationally, it could continue expanding forever. If there is enough mass to hold the universe together gravitationally, the universe may slow down its expansion, come to a halt and begin to contract and eventually collapse.

问答题在现今竞争激烈的社会中，每个人都免不了承受很多压力。这些心理的和社会的压力诱因包括亲密关系的破裂、家庭成员或朋友的去世、经济困境、角色冲突、超负荷工作、失业、歧视、健康不佳、照料年迈的父母、意外伤害和对人身安全的故意攻击。长期的压力会引起身体、情感和行为问题，而这些问题又会影响你的健康、精力、情绪以及人际关系，最终有损生活质量。最主要的是要学会释放压力。否则就会失去生理平衡，产生严重的心理问题，例如，抑郁症和精神错乱等。有些失意者因为无法处理压力，选择了自杀或者其他方式伤害自己。这是不值得的。保持健康向上的心态，勇于面对现实才是克服压力的好办法。