问答题There is one last question I must deal with in this chapter. Why should human beings be moral? Another way of putting the problem is as follows: Is there any clear foundation or basis for morality—can any reasons be found for human beings to be good and do right acts rather than be bad and do wrong acts? … All of the arguments put forth are compelling and valid to some extent, provided that free questioning of the moral prescriptions that they have established or that they support is allowed and encouraged. I have already pointed out some of the difficulties associated with establishing a religious basis for morality, but problems exist with the other two arguments as well. (1) The self-interest argument can be a problem when other interests conflict with it: often it is difficult to convince someone who sees obvious benefits in acting immorally in a particular situation that it is in his or her self-interest to do otherwise. Morality established by tradition and law is problematic because it is difficult both to change and to question successfully. This lack of questioning sometimes encourages blind obedience the immoral practices. It encourages the belief that because something has been done a certain way for hundreds of years, it must be right. (2) Are there any other reasons we can give as to why human beings should be moral? If we examine human nature as empirically and rationally as we can, we discover that all human beings have many needs, desires, goals, and objectives in common. For example, people generally seem to need friendship, love, happiness, freedom, peace, creativity, and stability in their lives, not only for themselves but for others, too. (3) It doesn't take much further examination to discover that in order to satisfy these needs, people must establish and follow moral principles that encourage them to cooperate with one another and that free them from fear that they will lose their lives, be mutilated, or be stolen from, lied to, cheated, severely restricted, or imprisoned. It is my contention, then, that morality has come about because of human needs and through a recognition of the importance of living together in a co-operative and significant way. I am not trying to suggest that all human beings can be convinced that they should be moral, or even that it will always be in each individual's self-interest to be moral. I do believe, however, that the question "Why should human beings be moral" generally can best be answered by the statement that adhering to moral principles enables human beings to live their lives as peacefully, happily, creatively, and meaningfully as is possible. Also, as I mentioned when discussing law and morality, there has been a marked increase in the teaching of ethics in law schools. The same types of courses have been established at medical schools, and there has been an increase in bioethics and other ethics committees in hospitals and various businesses. For example, James O'Toole has been conducting values-based leadership seminars for CEOs and other managers in business. One might ask. "Does this mean that we are becoming more ethical, or that we will be, as these ethics begin to filter down to the general populace?" Certainly it is admirable that so many—even politicians—are interested in values and in improving the ethical level in America. My major concern is with how superficial all of this is, especially as it comes from politicians trying to get elected. I don't doubt that some of these politicians are sincere, but sometimes I wonder whose values they wish to impose, and also I wonder how much training any of these people have had in ethics. (4) Yet regardless of how popular, superficially or not, ethics may become, it certainly should be the most important aspect of your life. After all, what could be more important than learning how to live more ethically and improving the quality of your life and the lives of others around you? As Albert Einstein said, "The most important human endeavor is the striving for morality in our actions. Our inner balance and even our very existence depend on it. Only morality in our actions can give beauty and dignity to life. " (5) Morality deals basically with humans and how they relate to other beings, both human and nonhuman. It deals with how humans treat other beings so as to promote mutual welfare, growth, creativity, and meaning and to strive for what is good over what is bad and what is right over what is wrong.

问答题His thesis works relatively well when applied to discrimination against Blacks in the United States, but his definition of racial prejudice as "racially-based negative prejudgments against a group generally accepted as a race in any given region of ethnic competition", can be interpreted as also including hostility toward such ethnic groups as the Chinese in California and the Jews in medieval Europe.

问答题Real property is generally acquired by purchase, by descent and devise, or by gift. When acquired by purchase, a deed is given by the seller, or grantor, to the purchas er, or grantee. The deed contains a legal description of the property conveyed; it must be drawn, ex ecuted, and acknowledged in proper form to be entitled to record.

问答题Charm is the ultimate weapon, the supreme seduction, against which there are few defenses. If you've got it, you need almost nothing else, neither money, looks, nor pedigree. (51) It is a gift ——only given to give away, and the more used the more there is. It is also a climate of behavior set for perpetual summer and controlled by taste and tact. Real charm is dynamic, an enveloping spell which mysteriously enslaves the senses. It is an inner light, fed on reservoirs of benevolence which well up like a thermal spring. It is unconscious, often nothing but the wish to please, and cannot be turned on and off at will. (52) You recognize charm by the feeling you get in its presence. You know who has it. But can you get it, too? Probably, you can't, because it's a quickness of spirit, an originality of touch you have to be born with. Or it's something that grows naturally out of another quality, like the simple desire to make people happy. Certainly, charm is not a question of learning tricks, like wrinkling your nose, or having a laugh in your voice, or gaily tossing your hair out of your dancing eyes. (53) Such signs, to the nervous, are ominous warnings which may well send him streaking for cover. On the other hand, there is an antenna, a built-in awareness of others, which most people have, and which care can nourish. But in a study of charm, what else does one look for? Apart from the ability to listen rarest of all human virtues and most difficult to sustain without vagueness apart from warmth, sensitivity, and the power to please, what else is there visible? (54) A generosity, I suppose, which makes no demands, a transaction which strikes no bargains, which doesn't hold itself back till you've filled up a test-card making it dear that you're worth the trouble. Charm can't withhold, but spends itself willingly on young and old alike, on the poor, the ugly, the dim, the boring, on the last fat man in the corner. (55) It reveals itself also in a sense of ease, in casual but perfect manners, and often in a physical grace which springs less from an accident of youth than from a confident serenity of mind. Any person with this is more than just a popular fellow, he is also a social haler.

问答题71. The international software market represents a significant business opportunity for U.S. microcomputer software companies, but illegal copying of programs is limiting the growth of sales abroad. If not dealt with quickly, international piracy of software could become one of the most serious trade problems faced by the United States. 72. Software piracy is already the biggest barrier to U.S. software companies entering foreign markets. One reason is that software is extremely easy and inexpensive to duplicate compared to the cost of developing and marketing the software. The actual cost of duplicating a software program, which may have a retail value of $ 400 or more, can be as little as a dollar or two--the main component being the cost of the diskette. 73. The cost of counterfeiting software is substantially less than the cost of duplicating watches, books, or blue jeans. Given that the difference between the true value of the original and the cost of the counterfeit is so great for software, international piracy has become big business. Unfortunately, many foreign governments view software piracy as an industry in and of itself and look the other way. U.S. firms stand to lose million of dollars in new business, and diminished U. S. sales not only harm individual firms but also adversely affect the entire U.S. economy.

问答题Directions: Read the following paragraph and then write a response paper of about 250 to 300 words. The total number of national holidays in China is stipulated by law. Yet people still argue about whether there should be "long holidays" or "short holidays" i.e. greater number of holidays concentrated around a great festival, or holidays scattered over a number of festivals. Which do you subscribe to, and why?

问答题You are to write a composition of no less than 250 words and do your composition neatly Off the Answer Sheet．Your composition should be based on the following topic： My view on the Internet

问答题Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below.Topic: Write in 250-300 words about your own academic ambition (s).

问答题Love is of three varieties: unselfish, mutual and ordinary or selfish. Unselfish love is of the highest kind. Here, the one who loves seeks only the welfare of the beloved and does not care whether he suffers pains and hardships thereby. The second kind of love is mutual love in which the one who loves desires not only the happiness of his beloved, but has an eye to his own happiness also. Selfish love is the lowest. It makes a man care only for his own happiness without having any regard for the feeling of the beloved.

问答题My View of Lunar New Year

问答题清华大学2005年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

问答题The course of history is never smooth. It is sometimes beset with difficulties and obstacles and nothing short of a heroic spirit can help surmount them. A mighty long river sometimes flows through a broad section with plains lying boundless on either side, its waters rolling on non-stop for thousands upon thousands of miles. Sometimes it comes up against a narrow section flanked by high mountains and steep cliffs, winding through a course with many a perilous twist and turn. A nation, in the course of its development, fares likewise. The historical course of mans life is just like a journey. A traveler on a long journey passes through now a broad, level plain, now a rugged, hazardous road.

问答题根据“十五”期间的形势和任务，“十五”计划《纲要》提出今后五年经济和社会发展的主要目标是：国民经济保持较快发展速度，经济结构战略性调整取得明显成效，经济增长质量和效益显著提高，为到2010年国内生产总值比2000年翻一翻奠定坚实基础：国有企业建立现代企业制度取得重大发展，社会保障制度比较健全，社会主义市场经济体制逐步完善，对外开放和国际合作进一步发展；就业渠道拓宽，城乡居民收入持续增加，物质文化生活有较大改善，生态建设和环境保护得到加强，科技、教育加快发展，国民素质进一步提高，法制建设取得明显进展。

问答题In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they"re looking for. Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by con-ducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company"s private internet. Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers" computer monitors. Sub scribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company"s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That"s a prospect that horrifies Net purists. But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.

问答题1．博士研究生入学面试是否必要? 2．在博士研究生入学面试中，你认为最重要的是展示哪几个方面? 3．你将如何展示这些方面?

问答题根据“十五”期间的形势和任务，“十五”计划《纲要》提出今后五年经济和社会发展的主要目标是：国民经济保持较快发展速度，经济结构战略性调整取得明显成效，经济增长质量和效益显著提高，为到2010年国内生产总值比2000年翻一番奠定坚实基础：国有企业建立现代企业制度取得重大进展，社会保障制度比较健全，社会主义市场经济体制逐步完善，对外开放和国际合作进一步开展；就业渠道拓宽，城乡居民收入持续增加，物质文化生活有较大改善，生态建设和环境保护得到加强，科技、教育加快发展，国民素质进一步提高，法制建设取得明显进展。

问答题Read the following sentences carefully and write a composition of 250-300 words according to the requirement. Write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Face-to-face communication is better than other types of communication, such as letters, e-mail, or telephone calls. Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.

问答题Without doubt, the international relations appear at times bewildering. Students may at time feel that their efforts to understand the complexities of the international system today are futile. The task is a difficult one, but it is not futile. It requires patience and persistence as well as logical inquiry and flexible perspectives. (1) {{U}}As the examples just given often illustrate, contemporary international events are regularly interrelated; our task of achieving understanding is therefore further complicated because seemingly unrelated events in different areas of the world may over a period of time combine to affect still other regions of the globe.{{/U}} Events are demonstrably interdependent, and as we improve our ability to understand the causes of and reasons behind this interdependence, we will improve our ability to understand contemporary international relations. How can our task best be approached? Throughout history, analysts of international relations have differed in their approaches to improving understanding in their field. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, for example, the study of international relations centered around diplomatic history. Who did what to whom at a particular time and place were the main features of the method of diplomatic history. This methodology concentrated on nation-states as the main actors in international relations and included the study of the major diplomats and ministers of the period. Detailed accuracy was required and obtained, but seldom were causal connections or comprehensive analyses sought. (2) {{U}}As a means for understanding a particular series of events, diplomatic history was (and is) excellent; as a means for understanding broader sweeps of international relations or for developing a theoretical basis for the study of international relations, diplomatic history was (and is) of limited utility.{{/U}} Whereas diplomatic history sought to explain a particular series of events, other methodologies were developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries that viewed international relations on a global scale. (3) {{U}}Strategic and geopolitical analyses, methodologies in wide use even today, trace their roots to concepts developed by the U. S. Admiral Alfred Mahan during the late 19th century and British geographer Sir Halford Mackinder during the early 20th century.{{/U}} To Mahan the world's ocean were its highways, and whoever controlled its highways could control the course of international relations. Mahan bases most of his analysis on Great Britain and its Royal Navy. Partly because of the urgings of Mahan, the United States strengthened its fleet during the late 19th century and actively sought and acquired territorial possessions in the Pacific Ocean, including Hawaii, Samoa, Guam, and the Philippines.

问答题 The sound of the snakehead is soft and tempting and perfectly pitched to the ears of young Chinese who dream of a better life. 46.{{U}} "One need never go wanting for anything in America," the snakehead says. "Color televisions. Shiny cars, Dollars by the millions. All is there, just waiting to be claimed."{{/U}} {{U}}If the countless numbers of young Chinese who this moment are plotting their escape to America knew that the Land of Milk and Honey has proved sour for thousands of their people, they would not be so eager to make the risky journey{{/U}}. Since the first boatload of illegal Chinese aliens was seized by U. S. officials in 1991, some 50 Chinese crime groups have smuggled tens of thousands of Chinese into the U.S. each year. The routes vary, some by sea, others by air or by steady. In the southern coastal province of Fnjian, home goes up to about 80% of these immigrants. 47. {{U}}Families band together to raise the funds, thinking they are making a down payment not only on a loved one's future but their own as well.{{/U}} For their effort they often bankrupt their savings only to sell the loved one into slavery. Those who wish to try their tuck abroad are encouraged by the snakeheads who then link them with underground networks. 48. {{U}}Most of the arrangements are done by international crime Syndicates, which cut deals with desperate families, then draw up the escape plan, obtain the forged documents and furnish the transportation.{{/U}} Some observers say as many as 20 human smuggling Syndicates may operatein Fujian. These organized rings influence officials unfairly, change stolen passports, forge visas, keep safe houses and charter boats to pull off their daring operations. But falling into the hands of the gangs is a terrifying thing. Immigrants may face severe punishment if they fail to satisfy the demands of their contracts. 49. {{U}}That, perhaps, explains the desperation of the Chinese illegals who sweat it out in restaurants, garment factories and dry-cleaning establishments for as little as $ 2 an hour{{/U}}. One garment clothes making district employee, for ex- ample, who worked 36 hours straight, was deprived of pay for taking a one hour nap. Non-payment of wages is widespread. "They are slaves, pure and simple," says a U. S. immigration official. "Many end up in bondage like slaves, forced to become gang enforcers or drug carriers."

问答题What is feared as failure in American society is, above all, aloneness. And aloneness is terrifying because it means that there is no one, no group, no approved cause to submit to. Even success often becomes impossible to bear when not socially approved or even known. This is perhaps why successful criminals often feel the need to confess, that is, to submit to the community' s judgment, represented in the person to whom the confession is made. They will confess even under circumstances where this will probably, if not certainly, endanger their previous success: proof I think, that aloneness is more intolerable than mere failure. For mere failure, provide it is found in company, can rather easily be borne; many ideologies have the function of making it possible for people to digest, the worst miseries and even death. Under the sway of the ideology, they do not feel the impact of their failure; they are in the grip of an authority, even if it lets them down. On the other hand, one who is alone lacks this solace which can make even failure comfortable.