问答题Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus. You should write 160-200 words, and base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below. 假设你是李明，请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信，内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评、建议，也可以兼而有之。

问答题Although credit cards are becoming a more acceptable part of the financial scene, they are still regarded with suspicion by many as being a major part of the "live now pay later" syndrome (综合征) . Along with hire-purchase, rental and leasing schemes, they provide encouragement to spend more money. Of course, it is only the foolhardy who yield (屈服) to the temptation to live, temporarily at least, beyond their means, and such people would no doubt manage to do so even without credit cards. Advertising campaigns have, however, promoted a growing realization of the advantages of these small pieces of plastic. They obviate need to carry large amounts of cash and are always useful in emergencies. All the credit card organizations charge interest on a monthly basis which may work out as high as 25 per cent a year, yet judicious purchasing using a card can mean that you obtain up to seven weeks, interest-free credit. Using the card abroad, where items frequently take a long time to be included on your account, can extend this period even further. It is worthwhile shopping around before deciding on a particular credit card. It is necessary to consider the amount of credit granted; interest rates, which may vary slightly; the number and range of outlets, though most cards cover major garages, hotels, restaurants and department stores; and, of course, what happens if your card is lost or stolen. A credit card thief may be sitting on a potential goldmine particularly if there is a delay in reporting the loss of the card. However, if used wisely, a credit card can cost nothing, or at least help to tide you over a period of financial difficulty.

问答题Write an essay on the topic“On University”according to the foflowing outline and present your argument with supporting details in no less than 250 words．You should wrire neatly on the ANSWER SHEET． 1．大学的功能 2．大学是否实现了目标 3．如何改进

问答题Every year, according to the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), millions of men and women suffer from depressive illness. 7 Worse, thousands of depressives, including an alarming number of teenagers, take their own lives—often, it is believed, before their condition is identified. A NIMH survey has found that only about one third of depressed people seek treatment. Yet when treated, 80 to 90 percent can be helped with new drugs and therapy, and may never have another episode—if those around them spot their troubles early and treatment begins promptly. Clinical depression should not be confused with the blues. 8 Everyone has brief "down" periods, and sometimes depression strikes tor perfectly understandable reasons: the death of a loved one, the loss of a job or the breakup of a marriage. But most people gradually adjust to their losses. Clinical depression differs from the blues in duration and severity. For some it may be associated with disturbances in the brain"s neurochemistry (神经化学系统). Says Dr. Frederick K. Goodwin, director of the Center on Neuroscience, Behavior and Society at George Washington University Medical Center, "In depression-prone people, what starts as a normal response takes on a biochemical life of its own. The regulatory, systems keep running, and you get a kind of burnout." 9 Untreated, the condition frequently recurs, and with each recurrence the chances of yet another episode increase. Half of those who have an untreated first episode will have a second, and after three episode, there is a 90 percent chance of a fourth. So early treatment is critical. Depression is a crippling illness. But with a little help from observant friends or family, and with proper medical treatment, most people recover and return to healthy, productive lives.

问答题1. The positive effect of science. 2. The side effects of science. 3. Make the best use of the positive effects of science and avoid its side effects.

问答题Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below:Topic: What is the most urgent issue facing the world people in the 21st century? State your reasons.

问答题 St. Petersburg. The very name brings to mind some of Russia's greatest poets, writers and composers: Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tchaikovsky. 56. {{U}}The 19th century was a golden age for St. Petersburg's (圣彼得堡) wealthy classes. It was a world of ballets and balls, of art and literature, of tea and caviar (鱼子酱).{{/U}} 57. {{U}}The golden age ended with the advent of World War I. Working people were growing more and more discontented. In i917, Communism came, promising peace and prosperity.{{/U}} St. Petersburg had become Petrograd in 1914. People wanted a Russian name for their city. Ten years later, the city's name changed again, this time to Leningrad. Then in 1991, Leningraders voted to restore the city's original name. Some people opposed the name change altogether. 58. {{U}}Others thought it was just too soon. Old, run-down Soviet Leningrad, they said, was not the St. Petersburg of 19th-century literature.{{/U}} What, then, is St. Petersburg? In the confusing post-Communist world, no one really knows. The quiet, if Soviet-style, dignity is gone. The Communist sayings are down, and gaudy advertising up. Candy bars and cigarettes are sold from boxy, tasteless kiosks. And clothing? 59. {{U}}Well, anything goes. Everyone wants to be a little different. But many people do not know the true meaning of freedom. Personal crime has gone up, up, up in the past few years{{/U}}. Yet in spite of this, you can still find some of the city's grand past. Stand at the western tip of Vasilievsky Island. To the right is the elegant Winter Palace, former home of the Czars. Its light blue sides and white classical columns make it perhaps St. Petersburg's most graceful building. It houses one of the world's most famous art museums: the Hermitage. Inside, 20km of galleries house thousands of works of art. 60. {{U}}Look over your right shoulder. The massive golden dome of St. Isaac's Cathedral (圣以撒大教堂) rises above the sky- line. You'll see, too, why St. Petersburg is called a "float city." Standing there, nearly surrounded by water, you can see four of the city's 42 islands.{{/U}}

问答题1. Energy is one of the biggest problems most concerned by people. 2. One of the solution to the problem is severe conservation of natural resources. 3. The best way to solve the problem is to develop new sources of energy.

问答题每个人一生中都该有个志向，否则他的精力便会浪费掉。每个青年人都力求成为一个有成就的人物。一个青年人只期望富有是不明智的，或只专心于求得权利与名望也是不对的。一个：青年人希望做个有成就者，结果常常会实现。狄斯拉里(Disraeli)的故事是个例证。狄斯拉里开始过公众生活时渴望能成为一个学者及演说家。他在文学方面的成就比演说方面更为成功。起初他作为—个演说家时是完全失败的。不过，他认为有把握克服障碍，遂以不屈不挠的精神致力于这个目标的实现。他的一些朋友认为他这个念头是蠢的，甚至是古怪的，但他坚持目标不舍，最后终于成功，成为英国曾经产生的最有丰富知识的学者与最雄辩的演说家之一。这个故事并不是引来说明：只是大学者或演说家，或二者兼而有之者才是有成就的人物。除了做学者或演说家之外，还有许多同样高尚与可敬的事业。它只是用来说明一个青年人须志向高远，因为“宁可志高而达不到目标，也不要志低而达到”。

问答题Why did many important actors join some minor players in 1840's?

问答题Directions: Write a composition of no less than 200 words with the title Why People Visit Museums? Your essay should be written on the ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题怎样提高劳动者的工作效率，这是近几年来世界上许多国家面临的问题。有些专家主张用工作多样化的办法来解决这一问题。另外一些专家认为钱能刺激工人。用钱来促进生产效率可能达到何种程度呢?劳动者本人肯定认为这是重要的问题。但也许他们之所以追求更多的报酬只是因为他们所从事的工作太乏味，而金钱正好使他们更好地享受业余时间。类似这样的理由也可以用来说明工人为什么要求缩短工作时间。要是我们能使他们的工作更有趣，也许他们就既不会要求提高报酬，也不会认为缩短工作时间是如此重要了。

问答题去年12月份的海啸掀开了印度一个古代港口城市的面纱，目前印度潜水员发现了更多实证。 1．{{U}}考古学家(archaeologists)表示，印度南部海岸附近海底发现的石头建筑明显是人工制造的。{{/U}} 它们可能是传说中的马哈巴利普兰古城的一部分。2．{{U}}神话中说这座城市太美丽以至于诸神唤来洪水，淹没了城内七座寺庙里的六座。{{/U}} 当强大的海浪袭击了米尔纳德邦省的海岸，冲走了沙滩上的石子后，神庙遗迹露出厂海面。 3．{{U}}就在海啸(tsunami)发生前：有居民报告退潮时看到一座寺庙和其他建筑物，印度的考古学家调查组随后派出了潜水探察队。{{/U}} 这些新发现位于马哈巴利普兰寺庙附近，马哈巴利普兰寺庙建于公元7世纪，有人说这些建筑侥幸逃过了诸神的惩罚。 “我们发现了一些显然是人工修建的石头结构的建筑物。”探察队领队阿洛克·特里帕蒂对记者说。 “它们是用完美的长方形石块按一定样式搭建而成的。” 4．{{U}}海啸带来的这件古代“礼物”将于下个月在印度德里举行的海上考古学国际研讨会上露面。{{/U}} 二月份早些时候，在马哈巴利普兰还有其他一些发现，包括和这座寺庙年代相仿的一只花岗岩石狮，专家认为在海啸冲走浮沙之前，它已经在海底埋藏了数个世纪了。 5．{{U}}过去的3年中，考古学家们一直在这片遗址工作。在另一次潜水探测中，他们发现一座沉没水中的城市，里面至少有一座寺庙。{{/U}} 有关马哈巴利普兰的种种传说最早是由英国旅行家戈丁汉姆记载的。1798年他访问印度时，听到了”七座宝塔”的神话传说。

问答题长城，东起山海关，西至嘉峪关，全长六千多公里，号称“万里长城”。

问答题1．现代人会遇到各种各样的压力 2．压力的来源 3．如何减轻自己的压力

问答题美国人的饮食习惯正在发生诸多变化。美国人多年来那种丰盛的、一成不变的肉制品加土豆的传统餐，早已为世人所熟知。 1．而今，我们美国人可以有多种不同的选择，除了传统的家常菜外，我们可享受各种帮派的民族风味餐，营养合理的保健餐，以及方便可口的快餐。全国各地到处可见快餐店。速度是美国人生活中的一个非常重要的因素，通常人们的午餐时间很短，即使午餐时间充裕，美国人也不愿意在用餐上花费过多的时间。2．由于快餐饮食店可以在很短的时间里向数以万计的客人供餐，所以人们通常无需排队。快餐食品的价格总是低廉的。烹制汉堡、比萨饼和炸鸡的餐馆均属这类快餐食品店。 3．虽然许多美国人仍然会站在汉堡包摊前打发自己的午餐，但是晚餐时，美国人同其他国家的许多人一样会静下心来，从容不迫地品尝菜肴的美味。

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. 1. {{U}}American hopes that pressure from the U S will force Japan to suddenly dismantle its trade harriers are almost certain to evaporate in disappointment. The fact is that Washington faces an obstacle far more formidable than a few power brokers in Tokyo's government offices. It must buck centuries-old, deeply ingrained Japanese customs. To move the Japanese government, Washington must move an entire nation.{{/U}} So far, the U S has had only limited success despite congressional threats to retaliate. In an April 9 nationwide broadcast, Prime Minster Yasuhiro Nakasone urged the Japanese to buy more imported goods and unveiled a long-awaited three-year plan to ease import restrictions. But his program was far short of what Washington hoped to see. White House Chief of Staff Donald Regan said the Japanese offered "few new or immediate measures." While the plan did promise fewer curbs on imports of telecommunications gear, medicine and medical equipment, it offered no relief for American forest products--which are among the most contentious trade issues. Nakasone gives every sign of being Sincere in his desire to reduce a Japanese surplus in trade with the U S that hit 36.8 billion dollars in 1984 and could soon top 50 billion. 2. {{U}}Yet to rely on any one Japanese political leader, no matter how popular he is at home, to reverse trade policies is to underestimate the culture and traditions that weigh heavily against a breakthrough.{{/U}} {{U}}Big business and dozens of anonymous bureaucrats have as much power as Japan's top selected leaders.{{/U}} {{U}}"The whole concept that we can turn this around right now is patently ridiculous, "says an American trader who has lived and worked here since 1952. "The vested interests are being shaken and slowly moved, but at a pace too slow for the eye to follow."{{/U}} That view is echoed by a U S diplomat closely involved in the efforts to open Japanese markets to American goods, Washington's stock solution to the ballooning trade imbalance. 3. {{U}}"Japan is a relationship society rather than a transactional society", he says. "You cannot alter that kind of a system with a television speech or a batch of general proposals, no matter how well-intentioned they are."{{/U}} Beyond specific tariffs of other official barriers to imports, experts here say that the U S faces these obstacles: Nearly total domination of the Japanese market by a few dozen giant conglomerates that strongly oppose even token competition--be it from abroad or emerging domestic firms. {{U}}An elite, thickly layered bureaucracy that historically has drafted laws and regulations as well as enforced them, and both of these powers would be threatened by trade reforms.{{/U}} A longtime relationship between business and government that critics say fosters collusion and hinders foreign entry into domestic markets. Adamant support for import restrictions among Japanese farmers, one of the most powerful political forces. 4. {{U}}A highly developed sense of loyalty to established practices and relationships that often outweighs any "duty" to society as a whole or, in some cases, even personal best interest. Esteem for caution and consensus in decision-making at all societal levels and conversely, resentment of governmental fiats or one-man decrees--even if that man is the head of government.{{/U}} Compounding Washington's problem is Nakasone's weak position within his own party, the Liberal Democrats, who have ruled Japan for 30 years. His standing is so complex and fragile that he has been forced to yield all but three of 2l cabinet positions to rival political factions. His cabinet colleagues are far less committed than he is to trade reforms, making it difficult for the Prime Minister to muscle proposals through either the bureaucracy or the Diet, Japan's parliament. The existence of "Japan, Inc." --the concept of an entire nation conspiring to advance economically at any cost--is a topic of debate among both Japanese and outsiders. But there is no dispute over how the system actually works.

问答题21. Every time you try to answer a question that asks why, you engage in the process of causal analysis--you attempt to determine a cause or series of causes for a particular effect. When you try to answer a question that what if, you attempt to determine what effect will result from a particular cause. You will have frequent opportunity to use cause- and-effect analysis in the writing that you will do in college. For example, in history you might be asked to determine the causes of the Seven Day War between Egypt and Israel. In political science you might be asked to determine the reasons why Ronald Reagan won the 1984 Presidential election. And in sociology you might be asked to predict the effect that changes in Social Security legislation would have on senior citizens. 22. Determining causes and effects is usually thought-provoking and quite complex. One reason for this is that there are two types of causes: immediate causes, which are readily apparent because they are closest to the effect, and ultimate cause, which, being somewhat removed, are not so apparent and perhaps even hidden. Furthermore, ultimate causes may bring about effects which themselves become immediate causes, this creating a causal chain. For example, consider the following causal chain. Sally, a computer salesperson, prepared extensively for a meeting with an important client (ultimate cause), impressed the client (immediate cause), and made a very large sale (effect). The chain did not stop there: The large sale cause her to be promoted by her employer (effect). A second reason why causal analysis can be so complex is that an effect may have any number of possible or actual causes, and a cause may have any number of possible or actual effects. 23. An upset stomach may be caused by eating spoiled food, but it may also be caused by overeating, flu, allergy, nervousness, pregnancy, or any combination of factors. Similarly, the high cost of electricity may have multiple effects: higher profits for utility companies, fewer sales of electrical appliances, higher prices for other products, and the development of alternative sources of energy. Sound reasoning and logic are central to any causal analysis. Writers of believable causal analysis examine their material objectively and develop their essays carefully. They are convinced by their own examination of the material, but are not afraid to admit other possible causes and effects. Because people are accustomed to thinking of causes with their effects, they sometimes commit an error in logic known as the "after this, therefore because of this" fallacy. 24. This fallacy leads people to believe that because one event occurred after another event, the first event somehow caused the second. That is, they sometimes make causal connection that are not proved. For example, if students began to perform better after a free breakfast program was instituted at their school, one could not assume that the improvement was caused by the breakfast program. There could of course be any number of other causes for this effect, and a responsible writer on the subject would analyze and consider them all before suggesting the cause.

问答题Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.{{/I}} Cancer is used generically for more than 100 different diseases, including malignant tumors of different sites such as breast, stomach, colon, lung and mouth. (1) {{U}}The disease arises principally as a consequence of individual exposure to the substances that cause cancer in what individuals inhale, eat and drink, or are exposed to in their personal or work environment.{{/U}} Personal habits, such as tobacco use, dietary and physical activity patterns—well as occupational and environmental conditions—rather than genetic factors, play the major roles in the development of cancer. Many of the chronic diseases risk and the diseases themselves overlap. In developed countries, cancer is the second-biggest cause of death after cardiovascular disease (CVD), and epidemiological evidence points to this trend emerging in the less developed world. This is particularly true in countries of "transition" or middle income countries such as in South America and Asia. Already more than half of all cancer cases occur in developing countries. There are approximately 20 million people living with cancer at the moment; by 2020 there will an estimated 30 million. And the impact is far greater than the number of cases alone would suggest. (2) {{U}}Regardless of prognosis, the initial diagnosis is of- ten perceived by patients as life-threatening, with over one-third of sufferers experiencing clinical anxiety and depression.{{/U}} Cancer can also be profoundly distressing as well as economically disruptive to patients' families. The clinical care of cancer patients is a costly element in public health budgets. (3) {{U}}Dietary factors are estimated to account for approximately 30% of cancers in Western countries, making diet second only to tobacco as a preventable cause of cancer.{{/U}} This proportion is thought to be about 20% in developing countries and is projected to grow. As developing countries become urbanized, patterns of cancer, particularly those most strongly associated with diet and physical activity, tend to shift towards the patterns of economically developed countries. Cancer rates also change as populations move between countries and adopt different dietary patterns. The relative importance of cancers as a cause of death is increasing. The incidence of lung cancer and cancers of the colon and breast generally increases in parallel with economic development, as stomach cancer declines. Cancer is also strongly associated with social and economic status. Cancer risk factors are highest in groups with the least education. In addition, patients in the lower socioeconomic classes have consistently poorer survival rates than those in higher social class. In recent years, substantial evidence has pointed to the link from overweight and obesity, to many types of cancer such as breast and kidney. (4) {{U}}The composition of the diet is also important since fruit and vegetables may have a protective effect by decreasing the risk for some cancer types such as oral and gastric cancer.{{/U}} Regular physical activity has also been seen to have a protective effect in reducing the risk of breast cancer. High intake of preserved meat or red meat might be associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. Another aspect of diet clearly related to cancer risk is the high consumption of alcoholic beverages, which convincingly increase the risk of oral cavity, liver and breast cancers. The wealth of knowledge that already exists about cancer risk factors provides obvious and ample scope for action to reduce the cancer burden of all countries. After tobacco, overweight and obesity seems to be the most important avoidable cause of cancer. (5) {{U}}Given that poor nutrition, physical inactivity, obesity tobacco and alcohol are risk factors common to other chronic diseases such as CVD, type 2 diabetes, and respiratory diseases, conducting a cancer prevention program within the context of an integrated chronic disease prevention program would be an effective national strategy.{{/U}}