问答题Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of "My Aim for Doctoral Study" with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET. 1．你攻读博士学位的目标是______． 2．你确定这一目标的原因是______． 3．你将如何努力实现?

问答题71. It was not until modern scholarship uncovered the secret of reading Middle English that we could understand that Chaucer, far from being a rude versifier, was a perfectly accomplished technician, and that his verse is rich in music and elegant to the highest degree. 72. Chaucer's own urbane personality is a delight to encounter in his books. He is avowedly a bookworm, yet few poets observe nature with more freshness and delight. He is a master of genial satire but can sympathize with true piety and goodness with as much pleasure as he attacks the hypocritical. 73. It is not an uncommon estimate of Chaucer that he must be counted among the few greatest of English poets. In range of interest he is surpassed only by Shakespeare. He was recognized already in the Renaissance, when it came to England, as the Father of English Poetry. He was a man of wide learning and wrote with ease on religion, philosophy, ethics, science, rhetoric. No man has more completely summed up an age than Chaucer has his, yet the people of his great poems are revealed as men and women are in all times. Master of verse, as Chaucer was, he introduced into English poetry many verse forms; the heroic couplet (in which form most of The Canterbury Tales is written), verse written in iambic pentameter, rhyming aa, bb, cc, etc.——a form that was to be very important in the eighteenth century. The rime royal, a seven-line stanza in iambic pentameters, rhyming ababbcc (Troilus and Criseyde). The terza rima, three-line stanzas, rhyming aba, bcb, cdc, etc. (which he imitated from Dante, in some of his minor poems). And the eight line iambic pentameter stanza, rhyming ababbcbc( The Monk's Tale).

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. 61.{{U}}Next to Sir Andrew in the clubroom sits Captain Sentry, a gentleman of great courage, good understanding, but invincible modesty. He is one of those that deserve very well, but are very, awkward at putting their talents within the observation of such as should take notice of them.{{/U}} He was some years a captain, and behaved himself with great gallantry in several engagements and at several sieges; but having a small estate of his own, and being next heir to Sir Roger, he has quitted a way of life in which no man can rise suitably to his merit, who is not something of a courtier as well as a soldier. 62. {{U}}I have heard him often lament that in a profession where merit is placed in so conspicuous a view, impudence should get the better of modesty. When he had talked to this purpose, I never heard him make a sour expression, but frankly confess that he left the world because he was not fit for it.{{/U}} 63. {{U}}A strict honesty, and an even regular behavior, are in themselves obstacles to him that must press through crowds, who endeavor at the same end with himself, the favor of a commander.{{/U}} 64.{{U}} He will, however, in his way of talk excuse generals for not disposing according to men's deserts, or inquiring into it; for, says he, that the great man who has a mind to help me, has as many to break through to come at me, as I have to come at him: therefore he will conclude that the man who would make a figure, especially in a military way, must get over all false modesty, and assist his patron against the importunity of other pretenders, by a proper assurance in his own vindication.{{/U}} He says it is a civil cowardice to be backward in asserting what you ought to expect, as it is a military fear to be slow in attacking when it is your duty. With this candor does the gentleman speak of himself and others. The same frankness runs through all his conversation. The military part of his life has furnished him with many adventures, in the relation of which he is very agreeable to the company; for he is never overbearing, though accustomed to command men in the utmost degree below him; nor ever too obsequious, from a habit of obeying men highly above him.

问答题The potential of computers for increasing the control of organizations or society over their members and for invading the privacy of those members has caused considerable concern. The privacy issue has been raised most insistently with respect to the creation and maintenance of data files that assemble information about persons from a multitude of sources. Files of this kind would be highly valuable for many kinds of economic and social research, but they are bought at too high a price if they endanger human freedom or seriously enhance the opportunities of blackmailers. (2) While such dangers should not be ignored, it should be noted that the lack of comprehensive data files has never before been the limiting barrier to the suppression of human freedom. Making the computer the villain in the invasion of privacy or encroachment on civil liberties simply diverts attention from the real dangers. Computer data banks can and must be given the highest degree of protection from abuse. (3) But we must be careful, also, that we do not employ such crude methods of protection as to deprive our society of important data it needs to understand its own social processes and to analyze its problems. Perhaps the most important question of all about the computer is what it has done and will do to man's view of himself and his place in the universe. (4) The most heated attacks on the computer are not focused on its possible economic effects, its presumed destruction of job satisfaction, or its threat to privacy and liberty, but upon the claim that it causes people to be viewed, and to view themselves, as 'machines'. What the computer and the progress in artificial intelligence challenge is an ethic that rests on man's apartness from the rest of nature. An alternative ethic, of course, views man as a part of nature, governed by natural law, subject to the forces of gravity and the demands of his body. (5) The debate about artificial intelligence and the simulation of man's thinking is, in considerable part, a confrontation of these two views of man's place in the universe.

问答题 {{B}} America Loses a Great Public Thinker{{/B}} Arthur Miller's death last week meant more than the loss of an outstanding playwright. It was the loss of a great public thinker who believed strongly that the essence of America--its greatness was in its promises. 71. {{U}}Miller knew what ignorance and fear and the madness of crowds, especially when exploited by sinister leadership, could do to those promises.{{/U}} 72. {{U}}His greatest concerns, "were with the moral corruption brought on by bending one's ideals to society's dictates, buying into the values of a group when they conflict with the voice of personal conscience.{{/U}} "73. {{U}}The individual in Miller's view, had an abiding moral responsibility for his or her own behavior, and for the behavior of society as a whole.{{/U}} He said that "I felt that as improbable as it might seem, there were moments when an individual conscience was all that could keep a world from falling." Miller saw some of the differences in two sharply, defined eras: the depression--wracked 1930s and the prosperous postwar 1950s. It was perhaps around 1936, people who used to mind no polities began thinking for the first time of common action as a way out of their impossible conditions. 74. {{U}}By the early 50s the agony of the Depression was gone. McCarthyism was in flower.{{/U}} After the 50's, however, Americans became more practical and pragmatic. The dean of the University of Michigan was complaining that his students' highest goal was to fit in with corporate America rather than to separate truth from falsehood. 75. {{U}}"They become experts at grade-getting, but there's less speculating about the wrongs of the world and ideal solutions something no employer was interested in.{{/U}}" Now Miller is gone, and if we are not wise enough to pay attention, his uncomfortable truths will die with him.

问答题作为教师或研究人员，我们一旦选定了自己的研究课题，接下来就是要对所需研究的对象进行调查或观测。在这个过程中，我们会获得一些数据，这些未加整理的数据均为原始数据(raw data)。它们是我们深入了解事物和揭示事物内在联系的第一手宝贵资料。从表面上看这些数据是不规则的，杂乱无章的，但如果对这些数据加以整理，我们就会从中看出一些规律性的东西来。

问答题 The agreement was conceived as part of a continuing process with the long-term objec tive of securing substantial progressive reductions in support and protection in agriculture. It calls for further negotiations to be initiated before the end of the fifth year of implementation.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. 21. {{U}}Next to Sir Andrew in the clubroom sits Captain Sentry, a gentleman of great courage, good understanding, but invincible modesty. He is one of those that deserve very well, but are very awkward at putting their talents within the observation of such as should take notice of them.{{/U}} He was some years a captain, and behaved himself with great gallantry in several engagements and at several sieges, but having a small estate of his own, and being next heir to Sir Roger, he has quitted a way of life in which no man can rise suitably to his merit, who is not something of a courtier as well as a soldier. 22. {{U}}I have heard him often lament that in a profession where merit is placed in so conspicuous a view, impudence should get the better of modesty. When he had talked to this purpose, I never heard him make a sour expression, but frankly confess that he left the world because he was not fit for it.{{/U}} 23. {{U}}A strict honesty, and an even regular behavior, are in themselves obstacles to him that must press through crowds, who endeavor at the same end with himself, the favor of a commander.{{/U}} 24. {{U}}He will, however, in his way of talk excuse generals for not disposing according to men's deserts, or inquiring into it. For, says he, that the great man who has a mind to help me, has as many to break through to come at me, as I have to come at him: therefore he will conclude that the man who would make a figure, especially in a military way, must get over all false modesty, and assist his patron against the importunity of other pretenders, by a proper assurance in his own vindication.{{/U}} He says it is a civil cowardice to be backward in asserting what you ought to expect, as it is a military fear to be slow in attacking when it is your duty. With this candor does the gentleman speak of himself and others. The same frankness runs through all his conversation. The military part of his life has furnished him with many adventures, in the relation of which he is very agreeable to the company, for he is never overbearing, though accustomed to command men in the utmost degree below him, nor ever too obsequious, from a habit of obeying men highly above him.

问答题Resignation has its part to play in the conquest of happiness, and it is a part no less essential than that played by effort. The wise man, though he will not sit down under preventable misfortunes, will not waste time and emotion upon such as are unavoidable, and even such as are in themselves avoidable he will submit to if the time and labour required to avoid them would interfere with the pursuit of some more important objects. Many people get into a fret or a fury over every little thing that goes wrong, and in this way waste a great deal of energy that might be more usefully employed. Even in the pursuit of really important objects it is unwise to become so deeply involved emotionally that the thought of possible failure becomes a constant menace to peace of mind. Efficiency in a practical task is not proportional to the emotion that we put into it; indeed, emotion is sometimes an obstacle to efficiency. The attitude required is that of doing one's best while leaving the issue to fate. Resignation is of two sorts, one rooted in despair, the other in unconquerable hope. The first is bad; the second is good.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} In this part, you are required to write a composition entitled Is It Advisable to Buy a House by Loan in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outline: 1. Tile reasons why more and more people buy houses of their own by using bank loans. 2. Opponents' reasons for refusing to buy their houses by loan. 3. Why I bolster the purchase of a house by loan.

问答题Surveys have shown that most football and basketball injuries involve the knee, either through twisting or through application of lateral force. Surgery for such injuries has become much simpler with the invention of a thin device containing a fiber optics light that can be inserted into a thin slit in the knee. Repair can be accomplished through this narrow opening. Long-distance runners also suffer knee injuries, but a more common problem for runners is stress fracture, which is a weakening of the front of the shinbone caused by overuse, with pain and possible bone cracking as the result. Ligament tears are more common in gymnastics. Almost all these conditions heal with rest. Prevention of injuries depends primarily on good conditioning. Athletes are also protected by the use of better padding materials and of face masks and eye protectors in rough sports. The improper or illegal use of drugs and substances for the temporary improvement of athletic performance in competitions has been a frequent subject of inquiry since the 1960s, when drug misuse by athletes to gain an unfair advantage began to rise dramatically. Anabolic steroids supposedly improve strength and endurance, but they can also have harmful side effects as liver damage. Tests for drugs such as heroin and other stimulants were introduced at the Olympic Games in 1968. Anabolic steroids were not banned until 1974, when a suitable test was developed. The illegality of some drugs has not been accepted by a number of other international and national amateur athletic federations, for reasons including testing uncertainties, doubts about banning certain medicinal substances or common drugs such as caffeine, and simple lack of concern. Controversy has also arisen over the legality of the practice of "blood doping," in which an athlete receives a blood transfusion just before an event. The resulting increase in red blood cells apparently increases the athlete's aerobic power.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate each underlined part into Chinese. 21. {{U}}Every time you try to answer a question that asks why, you engage in the process of causal analysis--you attempt to determine a cause or series of causes for a particular effect. When you try to answer a question that what if, you attempt to determine what effect will result from a particular cause. You will have frequent opportunity to use cause- and-effect analysis in the writing that you will do in college{{/U}}. For example, in history you might be asked to determine the causes of the Seven Day War between Egypt and Israel. In political science you might be asked to determine the reasons why Ronald Reagan won the 1984 Presidential election. And in sociology you might be asked to predict the effect that changes in Social Security legislation would have on senior citizens. 22. {{U}}Determining causes and effects is usually thought provoking and quite complex. One reason for this is that there are two types of causes: immediate causes, which are readily apparent because they are closest to the effect, and ultimate cause, which, being somewhat removed, are not so apparent and perhaps even hidden. Furthermore, ultimate causes may bring about effects which themselves become immediate causes, this creating a causal chain{{/U}}. For example, consider the following causal chain; Sally, a computer salesperson, prepared extensively for a meeting with an important client (ultimate cause), impressed the client (immediate cause), and made a very large sale (effect). The chain did not stop there: The large sale cause her to be promoted by her employer (effect). A second reason why causal analysis can be so complex is that an effect may have any number of possible or actual causes, and a cause may have any number of possible or actual effects. 23. {{U}}An upset stomach may be caused by eating spoiled food, but it may also be caused by overeating, flu, allergy, nervousness, pregnancy, or any combination of factors. Similarly, the high cost of electricity may have multiple effects: higher profits for utility companies, fewer sales of electrical appliances, higher prices for other products, and the development of alternative sources of energy. Sound reasoning and logic are central to any causal analysis{{/U}}. Writers of believable causal analysis examine their material objectively and develop their essays carefully. They are convinced by their own examination of the material, but are not afraid to admit other possible causes and effects. Because people are accustomed to thinking of causes with their effects, they sometimes commit an error in logic known as the "after this, therefore because of this" fallacy. 24. {{U}}This fallacy leads people to believe that because one event occurred after another event, the first event somehow caused the second. That is, they sometimes make causal connection that are not proved. For example, if students began to perform better after a free breakfast program was instituted at their school, one could not assume that the improvement was caused by the breakfast program. There could of course be any number of other causes for this effect, and a responsible writer on the subject would analyze and consider them all before suggesting the cause{{/U}}.

问答题Directions: Some people prefer to plan activities for their free time very carefully. Others choose not to make any plans at all for their free time. Compare the benefits of planning free time activities with the benefits of not making plans. Which do you prefer planning or not planning for your leisure time? Use specific reasons and examples to support your choice. You should write about 180 words and put your composition on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题My View of Lunar New Year To Chinese people, the Lunar New Year is undoubtedly the most important festival of the year. Dating back 3000 years, it celebrated the passing of a peaceful year and to welcome a new one. The reunion dinner, eaten on New Year's Eve, was de rigueur, with members of the extended family gathering for the most significant meal of the year. Even the absentee members would endeavor to return home in time for it. It underscored the supreme importance of the family in Chinese culture, and aimed at strengthening the sense of togetherness and cohesion. However, with rapid economic expansion and growing westernization, over time, there has been a noticeable erosion, if not abandonment, of the New Year traditions and customs, which are perceived to be out of step with modem lifestyle. Increasingly, more Chinese would hold their reunion dinner in posh restaurants, despite the exorbitant costs. They find it more enjoyable and physically less demanding. Going away during the New Year is now commonplace, sometimes involving whole families or extended families. In extreme cases, some would even seek temporary refuge in a local hotel so as to avoid being visited by relatives and friends, or having to visit them. What's more, most of the cities celebrate it quietly without fireworks and firecrackers, which used to be part of the celebration.Will the Lunar New Year survive modern living? I do not doubt that it would gradually lose its significance. In a few or more years the Chinese New Year will be taken as a common holiday and fewer people celebrate it. Modern Chinese do not need it any more.

问答题Industrial-era thinking forces companies into characterizing their business models as being either product-or service-focused. This is a false choice. Making a product doesn"t define the market a company is creating or competing in. Describing a business as a manufacturer immediately constrains business model innovation opportunities. If we want to bring back manufacturing we have to start by changing our thinking about manufacturing.

问答题Directions: Nowadays, advertisements can be found everywhere in a big city such as Shanghai. They shout at us from the television screen and radio loudspeakers, wave to us from every page of the newspaper, signal to us from the roadside billboards all day and flash messages to us in colored lights all night. What do you think of the flood of advertising make any contribution to our society? For this part you are to write a composition on the topic If There Were No Advertisements. You should illustrate your viewpoints on advertisement in no less than 200 words.