问答题(1) For most people, shopping is still a matter of wandering down the high street or loading a cart in a shopping mall. Soon, that will change. Electronic commerce is growing fast and will soon bring people more choice. There will however, be a cost: protecting the consumer from fraud will be harder. Many governments therefore want to extend high-street regulations to the electronic world. But politicians would be wiser to see cyberspace as a basis for a new era of corporate self-regulation. (2) Consumers in rich countries have grown used to the idea that the government takes responsibility for everything from the stability of the banks to the safety of the drugs, or their rights to refund when goods are faulty. But governments cannot enforce national laws on businesses whose only presence in their country is on a screen. Other countries have regulators, but the rules of consumer protection differ. As does enforcement. Even where a clear right to compensation exists, the on-line catalogue customer in Tokyo, say, can hardly to New York to extract a refund for a dud purchase. (3) One answer is for governments to cooperate more: to recognize each other's rules. But that requires years of work and volumes of detailed rules. And plen~ of countries have rules too fanciful for sober states to accept. Then let the electronic businesses do the "regulation" themselves. They do, after all, have a self-interest in doing so. (4) In electronic commerce a reputation for honest dealing will be a valuable competitive asset. Governments, too may compete to be trusted. For instance, customers ordering medicines on-line may prefer to buy from the United States because they trust the rigorous screening of the Food and Drug Administration: or they may decide that the FDA'S rules are too strict, and buy from Switzerland instead. Consumers will still need to use their judgment. But precisely because the technology is new, electronic shoppers are likely for a while to be a lot more cautious than consumers of the normal sort--and the new technology will also make it easier for them to complain noisily when a company lets them down. In this way, at least, the advent of cyberspace may argue for fewer consumer protection laws, not more.

问答题他在支票上伪造他哥哥的签名，以不正当手段得到了这笔钱，但是却被媒体曝了光。

问答题"Does Virtue Justify Corruption?"

问答题 46. {{U}}The onrush of cheap communications, powerful computers and the Internet all explain why many people feel that, nowadays, change is happening ever more rapidly as technological progress accelerates.{{/U}} Moore's law, that the power of microchips doubles every 18 months, has been tested and found correct. This is what gives people the sense of a world shifting beneath their feet. 47. {{U}}Yet the implication that rapid change is a new phenomenon is again misleading. If you measure the time it takes for a technology to become widely diffused, today's experience does not seem unusual.{{/U}} Take the car. The basic patent for an internal combustion engine capable of powering a car was filed in 1877. By the late 1920s-50 years later-over half of all American households owned a car. 48. {{U}}The comparable dates for the computer are harder to tie down, but the first big computer, based on vacuum valves, was built in1946.{{/U}} The transistor-the first semiconductor device-was invented at Bell Laboratories in 1948. The first patent for an integrated circuit was filed in 1959. Now, in 1999-50 years after the first one was built-around half of American households own a computer. The pace of introduction has been similar to that of the car. 49. {{U}}You have to cheat, choosing only the date for the personal computer, say (mid1970s), or the Internet (ditto) to make it seem much more rapid.{{/U}} Comparing its diffusion among private users is, you might say, unfair to the computer, for that machine's main use is in businesses. On that measure, the best historical analogy is with electrification, and the spread of the electric dynamo into factories. 50. {{U}}According to Paul David, a historian at Stanford University in California, the first electricity-generating stations had been installed in New York and London in 1881, but it was well into the 1920s before the dynamo became widely used and started to raise productivity.{{/U}} The adoption of the computer in business has also been slow, and failed to have any measurable impact on productivity until very recently.

问答题Some people prefer to stay in the same job for the same company, but others prefer to change jobs frequently. Please write a composition to discuss both sides and give your own opinion. Your composition should be about 150 English words. Write your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.

问答题21. Every time you try to answer a question that asks why, you engage in the process of causal analysis--you attempt to determine a cause or series of causes for a particular effect. When you try to answer a question that what if, you attempt to determine what effect will result from a particular cause. You will have frequent opportunity to use cause- and-effect analysis in the writing that you will do in college. For example, in history you might be asked to determine the causes of the Seven Day War between Egypt and Israel. In political science you might be asked to determine the reasons why Ronald Reagan won the 1984 Presidential election. And in sociology you might be asked to predict the effect that changes in Social Security legislation would have on senior citizens. 22. Determining causes and effects is usually thought provoking and quite complex. One reason for this is that there are two types of causes: immediate causes, which are readily apparent because they are closest to the effect, and ultimate cause, which, being somewhat removed, are not so apparent and perhaps even hidden. Furthermore, ultimate causes may bring about effects which themselves become immediate causes, this creating a causal chain. For example, consider the following causal chain; Sally, a computer salesperson, prepared extensively for a meeting with an important client (ultimate cause), impressed the client (immediate cause), and made a very large sale (effect). The chain did not stop there: The large sale cause her to be promoted by her employer (effect). A second reason why causal analysis can be so complex is that an effect may have any number of possible or actual causes, and a cause may have any number of possible or actual effects. 23. An upset stomach may be caused by eating spoiled food, but it may also be caused by overeating, flu, allergy, nervousness, pregnancy, or any combination of factors. Similarly, the high cost of electricity may have multiple effects: higher profits for utility companies, fewer sales of electrical appliances, higher prices for other products, and the development of alternative sources of energy. Sound reasoning and logic are central to any causal analysis. Writers of believable causal analysis examine their material objectively and develop their essays carefully. They are convinced by their own examination of the material, but are not afraid to admit other possible causes and effects. Because people are accustomed to thinking of causes with their effects, they sometimes commit an error in logic known as the "after this, therefore because of this" fallacy. 24. This fallacy leads people to believe that because one event occurred after another event, the first event somehow caused the second. That is, they sometimes make causal connection that are not proved. For example, if students began to perform better after a free breakfast program was instituted at their school, one could not assume that the improvement was caused by the breakfast program. There could of course be any number of other causes for this effect, and a responsible writer on the subject would analyze and consider them all before suggesting the cause.

问答题Without doubt, the international relations appear at times bewildering. Students may at times feel that their efforts to understand the complexities of the international system today are futile. The task is a difficult one, but it is not futile. It requires patience and persistence as well as logical inquiry and flexible perspectives. 71. As the examples just given often illustrate, contemporary international events are regularly interrelated; our task of achieving understanding is therefore further complicated because seemingly unrelated events in different areas of the world may over a period of time combine to affect still other regions of the globe. Events are demonstrably interdependent, and as we improve our ability to understand the causes of and reasons behind this interdependence, we will improve our ability to understand contemporary international relations. How can our task best be approached? Throughout history, analysts of international relations have differed in their approaches to improving understanding in their field. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, for example, the study, of international relations centered around diplomatic history. Who did what to whom at a particular time and place were the main features of the method of diplomatic history. This methodology concentrated on nation-states as the main actors in international relations and included the study of the major diplomats and ministers of the period. Detailed accuracy, was required and obtained, but seldom were causal connections or comprehensive analyses sought. 72. As a means for understanding a particular series of events, diplomatic history was (and is) excellent; as a means for understanding a particular sweep of international relations or for developing a theoretical basis for the study of international relations, diplomatic history was (and is) of limited utility. Whereas diplomatic history sought to explain a particular series of events, other methodologies were developed during the 19th and early 20th centuries that viewed international relations on a global scale. 73. Strategic and geopolitical analyses, methodologies in wide use even today, trace their roots to concepts developed by the U. S. Admiral Alfred Mahan during the late 19th century, and British geographer Sir Halford Mackinder during the early 20th century. To Mahan the world's oceans were its highways, and whoever controlled its highways could control the course of international relations. Mahan bases most of his analysis on Great Britain and its Royal Navy. Partly because of the urgings of Mahan, the United States on Great Britain and its fleet during the late 19th century and actively sought and acquired territorial possessions in the Pacific Ocean, including Hawaii, Samoa Guam and the Philippines.

问答题1．在世界各地，今天比任何时候都更加感觉到中国的存在，它在世界政治形势中占有历史性的重要地位。2．我们的社会主义实践，与其说是出于社会主义理论的理解和运用，还不如说是为了适应现实的需要。3．我们现在面临的所有重大世界性问题中最重要的问题就是人口对土地和土地资源的压力正在迅速增长。4．在科学技术迅猛发展的今天，振兴经济的希望在教育，教师队伍的数量和质量对教育发展只有决定性的影响。5．必须引导人们正确处理竞争和协作、自主和监督、效率和公平、先富和共富、经济效率和社会效益等关系。

问答题20世纪，人类创造的物质文明和精神财富，超过了以往任何一个时代。令人遗憾的是，人类在这100年中也经历了前所未有的苦难，特别是遭受了两次世界大战的浩劫。但是世界的历史从来是由世界人民创造和书写的，因而正义总会战胜邪恶，光明总会战胜黑暗，进步总会战胜落后，人类必然会不断地克服艰难险阻，向着美好的未来开拓前进。在21世纪，世界人民虽然仍面临着许多严峻的挑战，可人类也面临着巨大的发展机遇。只要世界人民同心协力，形成战胜一切挑战的巨大力量，人类文明进步的航船就必将乘风破浪地前进。 世界是丰富多彩的。各国人民走过了不同的历史发展道路，有着不同的文化背景、社会制度和价值观念，延续着不同的生活方式。这种多样性正是世界充满竞赛、活力和创新的根本原因。各国之间应该加强交流和了解，在相互尊重和平相待的基础上共同前进，而不应让这种多样性成为阻碍各国人民携手共进的隔阂，更不应人为地从中挑起对立和冲突。尊重和发展世界文明的多样性，并在这种多样性中找到共同利益之所在，是人类社会向前发展的伟大动力。

问答题筷子是中餐桌上最有特色的用餐工具。几千年来我们中国人一直视筷子为一种可以将饭从碗中送入口中的最简单同时也是最有效的工具。全国各地的筷子大小基本一样，而用材的种类则各有不同。选材包括竹子、木材、象牙、塑料、铝、银、金等。特长的竹筷通常为厨房用筷。过去人们用嵌有银器的木筷来测试是否有人在餐中下毒，因为银器碰到许多有毒品都会起变色反应。

问答题(3)Your views on this topic

问答题In the next few weeks, thousands of teenagers will set off cheerfully for university. Unfortunately for some, the shine soon wears off. Every year, thousands of students fail to complete their first year. On some courses at some institutions, up to 20 per cent will withdraw before June and there are very few university departments that will not lose anyone. Nigel Martin, principal of Durham's Trevelyan College, said, "Rea-sons will vary but some youngsters decide very quickly, sometimes within 24 hours of arriving at the university, that they have made a false move. Some students go home for Christmas and decide not to return for their second term." Others simply fail to thrive. Pride, inertia or an unwillingness to disappoint their parents may keep them from talking about any difficulty, but they stop handing in coursework or going to lectures.

问答题Write a short composition of 250~300 words on the topic given below. Topic: What Is the Most Urgent Issue Facing the World People in the 21st Century? State your reasons.

问答题My Idea of professional Ethics for a Scientist

问答题Instead of trying to reduce the discontent felt, try to raise the level or quality of the discontent. Perhaps the most that can be hoped for is to have high-order discontent in today's society, discontent about things that really matter. 81) URather than evaluating programs in terms of how happy they make people, how satisfied those people become, programs must be evaluated in terms of the quality of the discontent they engender./U For example, if a consultant wants to assess whether or not an organization is healthy, he doesn't ask, "Is there an absence of complaints?" but rather, "What kinds of complaints are there?" 82) UInstead of trying to make gradual changes in small increments, make big changes. After all big changes are relatively easier to make than are small ones./U Some people assume that the way to bring about improvement is to make the change small enough so that nobody will notice it. This approach has never worked, and one can't help but wonder why such thinking continues. Everyone knows how to resist small changes; they do it all the time. If, however, the change is big enough, resistance can't be mobilized against it, 83) UManagement can make a sweeping organizational change, but just let a manager try to change someone's desk from here to there, and see the great difficulty he encounters. All change is resisted, so the question is how can the changes be made big enough so that they have a chance of succeeding?/U Buckminster Fuller has said that instead of reforms society needs new forms, e. g. in order to reduce traffic accidents, improve automobiles and highways instead of trying to improve drivers. The same concept should be applied to human relations. There is a need to think in terms of social architecture, and to provide arrangements among people that evoke what they really want to see in themselves. 84) UMankind takes great pains with physical architecture, and is beginning to concern itself with the design of systems in which the human being is a component. But most of these designs are only for safety, efficiency, or productivity./U System designs are not made to affect those aspects of life people care most about such as family life, romance, and esthetic experiences. 85) USocial technology as well as physical technology need to be applied in making human arrangements that will transcend anything mankind has yet experienced. People need not be victimized by their environments; they can be fulfilled by them./U

问答题伟大艺术的美学鉴赏和伟大科学观念的理解都需要智慧。但是，随后的感受升华和情感又是分不开的。没有情感的因素，我们的智慧很难开创新的道路；没有智慧，情感也无法达到完美的成果。艺术和科学事实上是一个硬币的两面。它们源于人类活动的最高尚的部分，都追求着深刻性、普遍性、永恒性和富有意义。

问答题"Intelligence" at best is an assumptive construct — the meaning of the word has never been clear. There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child's capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity. Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison.

问答题{{U}}(1)Major breakthroughs were made in the reform aimed at establishing a socialist market economy; a framework for the new macro-control system was erected preliminarily and the fundamental role of the market in the allocation of resources was notably bolstered.{{/U}} During the past five years, in accordance with the reform objectives defined by the 14th National Congress of the CPC, the government took strides in promoting reform of the finance, taxation, banking, foreign exchange, planning, pricing and investment and fund-raising systems. New financial and taxation systems have been established and are functioning smoothly. The financial resources of both the central government and local governments have increased considerably. (2) {{U}}Non-commercial banking has been preliminarily separated from commercial banking, and the central bank is playing an increasingly important role in financial control, supervision and management.{{/U}} (3) {{U}}A single exchange rate for the RMB was successfully introduced; the exchange rate of the RMB remained stable; and the RMB was made convertible under current accounts.{{/U}} As. planning regulations which were carried out mainly in the form of guidance plans constantly improved, and as the control over prices further relaxed, prices of an overwhelming majority of consumer goods and means of production are now being set by the market. As a result, the market is playing an increasingly evident role in augmenting supply, regulating demand and enriching people's lives. (4) {{U}}In the reform of investment and fund-raising, we introduced a system whereby a legal person is held responsible for projects, a capital system and public bidding system.{{/U}} Safeguards against investment risks were gradually strengthened and enterprises had more channels through which to raise funds. The reform of state-owned enterprises has been intensified and is progressing steadily through conscientious experimentation. (5) {{U}}The direction objectives, guiding policies and priorities of the reform have been defined. We have explored many means and have accumulated valuable experience in tackling difficult points.{{/U}}

问答题One of the most difficult situations that a researcher can encounter is to see or suspect that a colleague has violated the ethical standards of the research community. It is easy to find excuses to do nothing, but someone who has witnessed misconduct has an unmistakable obligation to act. At the most immediate level, misconduct can seriously obstruct or damage one"s own research or the research of colleagues. 1) More broadly, even a single case of misconduct can malign scientists and their institutions, which in turn can result in the imposition of counterproductive regulations, and shake public confidence in the integrity of science. To be sure, raising a concern about unethical conduct is rarely an easy thing to do. In some cases, anonymity is possible--but not always. Reprisals by the accused person and by skeptical colleagues have occurred in the past and have had serious consequences. 2) Any allegation of misconduct is a very important charge that needs to be taken seriously. If mishandled, an allegation can gravely damage the person charged, the one who makes the charge, the institutions involved, and science in general. Someone who is confronting a problem involving research ethics usually has more options than are immediately apparent. In most cases the best thing to do is to discuss the situation with a trusted friend or advisor. 3) In universities, faculty advisors, department chairs, and other senior faculty call be invaluable sources of advice in deciding whether to go forward with a complaint. An important consideration is deciding when to put a complaint in writing. Once in writing, universities are obligated to deal with a complaint in a mole formal manner than if it is made verbally. 4) Putting a complaint in writing can have serious consequences for the career of a scientist and should be undertaken only after thorough consideration. The National Science Foundation and Public Health Service require all research institutions that receive public funds to have procedures in place to deal with allegations of unethical practice. 5) These procedures take into account fairness for the accused, protection for the accuser, coordination with funding agencies, and requirements for confidentiality_ and disclosure. In addition, many universities and other research institutions have designated an ombudsman, ethics Officer, or other official who is available to discuss situations involving research ethics. Such discussions are carried out in the strictest confidence whenever possible. Some institutions provide multiple entry points, so that complainants can go to a person with whom they feel comfortable.

问答题 At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least. 71. {{U}}Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigor and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us{{/U}}. This decline in vigor with the passing of time is called aging. It is one the most unpleasant discoveries which we make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and diseases we shall eventually "die of old age", and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favor of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are. Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it. 72. {{U}}We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigor with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get was something self-evident, like the cooling of a kettle of hot water or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes.{{/U}} They are also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things "wear out". Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do if given the chances to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch, or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics. But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages. A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. But a watch could never repair itself—it does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction. 73. {{U}}We could, at one time, repair ourselves—well enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses and accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we gradually lose the power; an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty years can knock us out, and into our grave. If we could stay as vigorous as we are at twelve, it would take about 700 years for half of us to die, and another 700 for the survivors to be reduced by half again.{{/U}}