填空题When travelers lack an awareness of (51) time is regulated in a foreign country, they can expect to feel somewhat disoriented. Since most people (52) time for granted, the effects of values, customs, and social etiquette on the use of time are seldom examined. A culture that values achievement and progress will discourage people (53) "wasting" time. Highly efficient business people from these cultures may feel frustrated in a country (54) work proceeds at a slow pace. In religious societies, customs specify times of the day, week, or year for prayer and religious celebrations. If an individual tries to (55) an appointment during a sacred holiday, he or she could unknowingly offend a religious person. Social etiquette determines appropriate times for visits, meetings, and even phone calls. Arriving two hours late for an (56) may be acceptable in one culture, whereas in (57) , keeping someone (58) fifteen minutes may be considered rude. Promptness is important in American business, academic, and social settings. The (59) of punctuality is taught to young children in school. Tardy slips and the use of bells signal to the child that punctuality and time itself are to be respected. An amusing report of a school child's experience with time (60) in a recent newspaper article: " (61) a child, my mother used to tell me (62) crucial it was to be at school (63) the first bell rang. Preparation for my 'on-time' appearance began the night before. I was directed to go to bed early so I could wake (64) wide-eyed at 7 a.m. with enough time to get ready. Although I usually managed to watch my share of TV cortoons, I knew that in one hour I had to get dressed, eat breakfast, (65) my teeth, (66) my hair, and be on my way to school or I would be violating an important rule of Mom's, the school's or of the world's. It was hard to tell which." People who keep appointments are (67) dependable. If people are late to job interviews, appointments, or classes, they are often viewed (68) unreliable and irresponsible. In the business world, "time is money" and companies may fine their executives for tardiness to business meetings. Of course, it is not always possible to be punctual. Social and business etiquette also provides rules for late arrivals. Calling on the telephone if one is going lo be more than a few minutes late for scheduled appointments is considered polite and is often expected. Keeping a date or a friend wailing beyond ten to twenty minutes is considered rude. On the other (69) ,arriving thirty minutes (70) to some parties is acceptable.

填空题A considerable amount of medical research is aimed at identifying risk factors for disease. The rationale behind this work is that when people are informed of their risk, they will happily change their behavior to lower that risk. (51) this is certainly a reasonable assumption, it turns out that things are not quite that simple and straightforward. First of all, health is not necessarily a top priority in everyone's life and, for these people, changing behavior in the interests of health may interfere (52) other, more important matters. Second, the benefits to be derived (53) such changes rarely are immediate or obvious. Usually, improvements in health take place over long periods of time and are quite subtle. (54) , we are all so bombarded with information about the thousands of health hazards to which we are exposed (55) most of us "time out" much of this information. This latter issue is compounded by the fact that much of new information to which we are exposed through the media is exaggerated and, as often as not, is contradicted later by even "newer" information. For these and other reasons, simply knowing about a risk does not necessarily ensure that people will take appropriate steps to (56) it. (57) when people want to change their behavior, this is not easy to do. For example, the overwhelming majority of smokers in this country want to quit, (58) great effort, very few are able to do so. Most smokers acknowledge, at some level, that health hazards are associated with smoking and most wish that there were a simple and painless way to stop. (59) , the number of people who want to lose weight is very large, but few of these people are able to do it and even (60) are able to maintain such weight losses.

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} For each numbered blank in the following passage, fill in a suitable word in each blank on the ANSWER SHEET. When Donald arrived for his first group-therapy session he was in a wheelchair, suffering from malignant melanoma and severely depressed. But after he spent six months sharing stories and good times with other cancer{{U}} (51) {{/U}}and learning relaxation techniques, his mood had improves considerably and{{U}} (52) {{/U}}had his condition.{{U}} (53) {{/U}}his attitude brightened, an important change took{{U}} (54) {{/U}}inside his body: an increase in the activity of his "natural killer cells," a crucial link in the immune{{U}} (55) {{/U}}. By year's end, though he still had cancer, Donald was able to dance for his group. {{U}} (56) {{/U}}role, if any, does emotions play in{{U}} (57) {{/U}}or curing illness? The question is older{{U}} (58) {{/U}}western medicine, but it has been given new importance by modern science's discovery of innovative{{U}} (59) {{/U}}to measure the mind's impact{{U}} (60) {{/U}}the body's health. Scientists are studying whether, and to what{{U}} (61) {{/U}}, disease can be affected by the use of{{U}} (62) {{/U}}mind-body techniques as meditation, yoga, group therapy, guided imagery (visualizing the desired effect){{U}} (63) {{/U}}relaxation. There is little question that we can alter the course of disease{{U}} (64) {{/U}}manipulating psychological factors.{{U}} (65) {{/U}}to make this knowledge useful to physicians, we need to understand the mechanisms. When researchers can pin{{U}} (66) {{/U}}the appropriate clinical uses for mind-body therapies, the result will be a revolution in medical{{U}} (67) {{/U}}. For many patients, the{{U}} (68) {{/U}}has already begun. Increasingly, people are using mind-body therapies on their own, even{{U}} (69) {{/U}}seeking conventional medical treatment. Stories of seemingly miraculous recoveries may grab the public's attention but the real work is being{{U}} (70) {{/U}}quietly and out of sight. In laboratories around the world, medical researchers are exploring the mind-body connection, separating myth from reality, intuition from fact, belief from science.

填空题temporary fear extend passive require substantial count instinctive increase lie permanent hardly stiff stick adopt hard current strength off standard "Use it or lose it" is the new approach to back pain. In the last few years, there has been a 1 change in the way doctors treat this most common disease. Weeks or months of rest in bed—the 2 method of treatment for so long—are now thought to be surely harmful. Muscles become soft, joints become 3 and what started out as a 4 acute condition quickly turns into a continuing disability. Far better, according to current thinking, is to put up with a little pain and get moving. The change has not happened overnight. For years, some specialists have had an 5 feeling that bed rest was not the answer. But what finally put an end to 6 bed rest was a study of more than 200 patients who were treated for back pain in a clinic in Taxes. Not only did patients who had two days" bed rest do totally as well as those given seven days, they 7 only half as much time altogether 8 work. As a result of the study, experts now recommend that 9 anyone with acute back pain should spend more than a few days 10 down. After that should come a program of gradually 11 exercise, probably accompanied by some 12 treatments such as massage, heat or ultrasound. Because of hospital waiting lists, most people have to wait several weeks before receiving the treatment they need. Unfortunately this wait is often spent in bed or inactive for 13 of doing further damage to the back. It has been estimated that for every day an injured muscle is rested it loses at least one per cent of its 14 . Stay in bed for two or three weeks and it will be far 15 to rebuild a damaged muscle.

填空题He failed to get here on time because he had a flat tire on his way here. (account) ______.

填空题The supervisor (was advised) to give the assignment to (whomever) (he believed) had a strong sense of responsibility, and the courage (of) his conviction. A. was advised B. whomever C. he believed D. of

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} For each numbered bracket in the following passage, fill in a suitable word in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET. The development of writing was one of the great human inventions. It is difficult {{U}}(36) {{/U}} many people to imagine language without writing; the spoken word seems intricately tied to the written {{U}}(37) {{/U}}. But children speak {{U}}(38) {{/U}} they learn to write. And millions of people in the world speak languages with {{U}}(39) {{/U}} written form. Among these people oral literature abounds, and crucial knowledge {{U}}(40) {{/U}} memorized and passed {{U}}(41) {{/U}} generations. But human memory is short-lived, and the brain's storage capacity is finite. {{U}}(42) {{/U}} overcame such problems and allowed communication across the miles {{U}}(43) {{/U}} through the years and centuries. Writing permits a society {{U}}(44) {{/U}} permanently record its poetry, its history and its technology. It might be argued {{U}}(45) {{/U}} today we have electronic means of recording sound and {{U}}(46) {{/U}} to produce films and television, and thus writing is becoming obsolete. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} writing became extinct, there would be no knowledge of electronics {{U}}(48) {{/U}} TV technicians to study; there would be, in fact, little technology in years to {{U}}(49) {{/U}} There would be no film or TV scripts, no literature, no books, no mail, no newspapers, no science. There would be {{U}}(50) {{/U}} advantages: no bad novels, junk mail, poison-pen letters, or "unreadable" income-tax forms, but the losses would outweigh the {{U}}(51) {{/U}}. There are almost as {{U}}(52) {{/U}} legends and stories on the invention of writing as there are {{U}}(53) {{/U}} the origin of language. Legend has it that Cadmus, Prince of Phoenicia and founder of the city of Thebes, {{U}}(54) {{/U}} the alphabet and brought it with him to Greece. In one Chinese fable the four-eyed dragon-god T'sang Chien invented writing. In {{U}}(55) {{/U}} myths, the Babylonian god Nebo and the Egyptian god Thoth gave humans writing as well as speech.

填空题Usually you will be (more likely) to find insects (if) you examine finer twigs (rather than) the (coarse) parts of trees. A. more likely B. if C. rather than D. coarse

填空题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} For each numbered blank in the following passage, fill in a suitable word in each blank on the ANSWER SHEET. Student life at American universities is chaotic during the first week of each quarter or semester. Registering for classes, becoming familiar {{U}}(51) {{/U}} the buildings {{U}}(52) {{/U}} campus, {{U}}(53) {{/U}} books, adding and dropping classes, and {{U}}(54) {{/U}} fees are confusing for everyone. During this busy period there is little time for students to anticipate {{U}}(55) {{/U}} they will later encounter in the classroom. International students, {{U}}(56) {{/U}} to their countries' educational expectations, must adapt {{U}}(57) {{/U}} new classroom norms in a foreign college or university. Whereas in one country prayer may be acceptable in a classroom, in another it may be {{U}}(58) {{/U}}. In some classrooms around the world students must humbly obey their teacher's commands and remain absolutely silent during a class period. In {{U}}(59) {{/U}}, students may talk, eat and smoke during lectures as {{U}}(60) {{/U}} as criticize a teacher's methods or contradict his or her statements. It is not always easy to understand a new educational system. There is considerable variety in university classrooms in the United States. Because of diverse teaching methods and non-standardized curricula, no two courses are {{U}}(61) {{/U}}. Undergraduate courses are considerably different from graduate courses. The classroom atmosphere in expensive, private universities may differ from {{U}}(62) {{/U}} in community college s {{U}}(63) {{/U}} are free and open to everyone. State-funded universities have different requirements and expectations than {{U}}(64) {{/U}} parochial colleges. {{U}}(65) {{/U}}, there are shared features in American college and university classrooms {{U}}(66) {{/U}} the diversity of educational institutions of higher learning. Participation {{U}}(67) {{/U}} the classroom is not only accepted but also expected of the student in many courses. Some professors base part of the final grade {{U}}(68) {{/U}} the student's oral participation. Although there are formal lectures during {{U}}(69) {{/U}} the student has a passive role(i, e. , listening and taking notes), many courses are organized around classroom discussions, student questions, and informal lectures. In graduate seminars the professor has a "managerial" role and the students {{U}}(70) {{/U}} presentations and lead discussions. The students do the actual teaching in these seminars.

填空题A teacher is someone who communicates information or skill so that someone else may learn. Parents are the (41) teachers. Just by living with their child and (42) their everyday activities with him, they teach him their language, their values and their manners. Information and skills difficult or teach (43) family living are taught in a school by a person (44) special occupation is teaching. Before 1900 it (45) widely assumed that a man was qualified to teach if he could read and write-and (46) qualified if he knew arithmetic. With modest (47) like these, it is no (48) that teachers had low salaries and little prestige. Literature and history frequently portray teacher (49) fools and ignoramuses. By the late 19th century, there were (50) that the starts of teachers was slowly (51) Great educators such as Mann and Henry Barnard, and innovative thinkers such as Dewey and Parker began to command a (52) that in a few decades had to some (53) permeated classrooms in the United States. Progress was more glacial than meteoric, however, (54) the last half of the century. In the 20th century the starts of teachers rose as the standards (55) their education rose. By 1950 the average teacher had an education that greatly exceeded that of the average citizen.

填空题 Superstition is a difficult question. We cannot quite say that superstition in Britain is dead. Its history is both {{U}}(76) {{/U}} long and too recent for that, and indeed you will find many relics of it in modern Britain. But they are only relics connected chiefly with vague notions of good luck and {{U}}(77) {{/U}} luck. It is unlucky, for instance, to walk under a ladder, or to spill salt, or break a mirror, or to have {{U}}(78) {{/U}} to do with number 13; whereas a horseshoe brings good {{U}}(79) {{/U}}, and people jokingly "touch wood" {{U}}(80) {{/U}} prevent the return of a past misfortune. There are still many strange country remedies against sickness {{U}}(81) {{/U}} are obviously superstitious. But the real measure of superstition is fear. In this {{U}}(82) {{/U}} there is no superstition in Britain. British people as a whole do {{U}}(83) {{/U}} believe in evil influences or evil spirits. Sickness and misfortune are not the {{U}}(84) {{/U}} of witchcraft, but of dirt or chance or foolishness or inefficiency Witches belong {{U}}(85) {{/U}} to history books.

填空题As children we start (51) a natural curiosity about everything around us, and during the maturation process this curiosity can be stimulated, buffered or severely attenuated by our environment and experience. The future success of research in science and engineering depends (52) our society recognizing the crucial role played by stimulation of mental processes early in life. Pattern recognition, analytical thinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birth onward. To destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is the greatest disservice we do (53) to the developing person. For those who reach maturity with their natural curiosity intact and enhanced by education, the joy of discovery is a strong driver of success. But why are so (54) of our capable students pursuing the level of education required for a successful research career? Is it (55) we have dampened their curiosity? Have we failed to let them experience the joy of discovery? Is it because too many of us currently involved (56) the research enterprise has become disenchanted with our circumstances and therefore paint a bleak future for potential scientists and engineers? Perhaps entirely different factors are (57) play in the decision to not become scientists and engineers. We have too frequently portrayed science and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing. We have portrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in the laboratory to achieve success. We have (58) to promote the excitement and exhilaration of discovery. We have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common (59) (60) very reasonable to have a successful research career and an exciting and normal personal life.

填空题 GNP becomes an obsolete measure of progress in a society striving to meet people's needs as efficiently as possible and with the least damage to the environment. What counts is not growth in output, but the quality of services rendered. (1) {{U}}Bicycles and light rail, for instance, are less resources--intensive forms of transportation as automobiles are, and contribute less to GNR. (2) But shift to mass transit and cycling for most passenger trips would enhance urban life by eliminating traffic jams, reducing smog, and make cities safer for pedestrians. (3) GNP would go up, but overall wellbeing would increase{{/U}}--underscoring the need for new indicators of progress. Likewise, investing in water-efficient appliances and irrigation systems instead of building more dams and diversion canals would meet water needs with less harm to the environment. (4) {{U}}Since massive water projects consume resources them efficiency in vestments do,{{/U}} GNP would tend to decline. But quality of life would improve. (5) {{U}}It becomes clearly that striving to boost GNP is often inappropriate and counterproductive.{{/U}} As ecologist and philosopher Garrett Hardin puts it. (6) {{U}}"For a statesman to try to maximize the GNP is about as sensible as for a composer of music to try to maximize the number of note in a symphony."{{/U}} Abandoning growth as an overriding goal does not mean forsaking the poor. (7) {{U}}Rising incomes and material consumption are essential to improving well-being in many of the Third World. (8) But contrary to that political leaders imply, global economic growth as currently pursued is not the solution to poverty.{{/U}} Despite the fivefold rise in world economic output since 1951, 1.2 billion people more than ever--live in absolute poverty today. More growth of the sort engineered in recent decades will not save the poor, only a new set of priorities can. Formidable barriers stand in the way of shifting from growth to real progress as the central goal of economic policy. (9) {{U}}Vision that growth conjures up of an expanding pie of riches is a powerful and convenient political too!{{/U}} Because it allows the tough issues of income inequality and skewed wealth distribution to be avoid. (10) People assume that as far as there is growth, there is hope that the lives of the poor can be bettered without sacrifices from the rich.{{/U}} The reality, however, is that achieving an environmentally sustainable global economy is not possible without the rich limiting their consumption in order to leave room for the poor to increase theirs.