单选题First there was a Washington Post article published shortly after the elections on the presumptive new House speaker, "Muted Tones of Quiet Authority: A Look Suited to the Speaker." It offered the information that "Pelosi"s suit was by Giorgio Armani -- the Italian master of neutral tones and modem power dressing- and she wore it well."The article at least appeared in the newspaper"s Style section, but was chock--full of psychoanalytic forays into Pelosi"s wardrobe choices, asserting that an Armani suit, for a woman, is a tool for playing with the boys without pretending to be one. I would wager that Pelosi is one woman who doesn"t play around with anyone. Then there was a New York Times article in January in its Thursday Styles section titled "Speaking Chic to Power."While noting that Pelosi, barely in her new job a month, had brought the House to votes on a minimum wage increase, stem cell research and Medicare drug prices, the article said "she did it looking preternaturally fresh, with a wardrobe that, while still subdued and over-reliant on suits, has seldom spruced the halls of Congress." Similar articles appeared in the Baltimore Sun and Chicago Tribune. Mentioned were other women politicians and their fashion choices, such as Sen. Hillary Clinton"s hair style and preference for black pantsuits or Florida Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz"s haircut. The question is whether focusing on the clothing choices of serious female political players risks rendering them less than serious. Another question is whether such reports warrant precious space. After all, with rare exceptions, male politicians are seldom scrutinized for their choice of suits. Some reporters and editors haven"t figured out a way to cover female politicians that doesn"t rely on the old stereotypes, says Gail Dines, sociology and women"s studies professor at Wheelock College in Boston. "To be a woman politician, you have to strategize and work hard, and yet what matters is what designer you"re wearing. It"s a way to make women in power less scary," Dines notes. "It"s putting women into a comfort zone for those who are still baffled by how to treat strong women." The articles seem a throwback to a time when women were only spouses, not players, says Ruth Mandel, director of the Eagleton Institute of Politics at Rutgers University. "To focus on their attire, the cut of their clothes...is to be in danger of trivializing who they are, the important role they play and the meaning behind women"s advancement to positions of power: That is, we"re moving to a true democracy of shared leadership." The problem is the media haven"t quite caught up. "A woman who rises to a leadership position at any level is going to dress appropriately," says Kathleen Hail Jamieson, professor at the Annenberg School of Communications at the University of Pennsylvania. "It underscores her competence and is not a distraction. You take for granted that it would not be worthy of comment any more." Jamieson thinks the underlying motivation for reporting on femaIe politicians" style is "the naturaI news interest in talking about what changes, and men don" t look different. There is a uniform for men in power and we all know that it looks like.The only thing to change is the color of the shirt or tie." Because women have greater fashion options, changes they make are more obvious and invite analysis. Now that Pelosi"s "uniform" has been established, that should be the end of it. Ditto for Clinton. "Clinton now has a range of what she wears." Jamieson says. "She hasn"t been changing hairstyles or her pantsuits. That is our definition of what she wears, and that should end it." Tom Rosenstiel, director of the Project for Excellence in Journalism, thinks reporting that describes women politicians" appearance is justified in profiles of them. Female politicians will certainly survive such silly coverage, and some argue the stories are harmless. But these women are role models for young women and offer an alternative to the fashion model and celebrity in setting the standard for female beauty and worth. Dines worries that when the media emphasize the appearance of women, it perpetuates attitudes in the larger world that devalue and limit women. "These are fortunate, privileged women," Dines notes of politicians, "but for yong women trying to make it in the world, how they look can affect their opportunities."

单选题Some researchers have undertaken some psychological studies which prove that many children develop fears of ______ dangers.

单选题Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office but, our work ______, we declined the offer.

单选题The potential of computers for increasing the control of organizations or society over their members and for invading the privacy of those members has caused considerable concern. The privacy issue has been raised most insistently with respect to the creation and maintenance of data files that assemble information about persons from a multitude of sources. Files of this kind would be highly valuable for many kinds of economic and social research, but they are bought at too high a price if they endanger human freedom or seriously enhance their opportunities of blackmailers. While such dangers should not be ignored, it should be noted that the lack of comprehensive data files has never before been the limiting barrier to the suppression of human freedom. Making the computer the villain in the invasion of privacy or encroachment on civil liberties simply divers attention from the real dangers. Computer data bank files can and must be given the highest degree of protection from abuse. But we must be careful also, that we do not employ such crude methods of protection as to deprive our society of important data it needs to understand its down social processes and to analyze its problems. Perhaps the most important question of all about the computer is what it has come and will do to man's view of himself and his place in the universe. The most heated attacks on the computer are not focused on its possible economic effects, its presumed destruction of job satisfaction, or its threat to privacy and liberty, but upon the claim that it causes people to be viewed, and to view themselves, as machines. What the computer and progress in artificial intelligence challenge are an ethic that rests on man's apartness from the rest of nature. An alternative ethic, of course, views man as a part of nature, governed by nature law, subject to the forces of gravity and the demands of his body. The debate about artificial intelligence and the simulation of man's thinking is, in considerable part, a confrontation of these two views of man's place in the universe.

单选题 Resistance to the 1954 United States Supreme Court decision terminating segregation placed the schools in the middle of a hitter and sometimes violent dispute. By 1965, when a measure of genuine integration had become a reality in many school districts, the schools again found themselves in the eye of a stormy controversy. This time the question was not which children were going to what schools but what kind of education society should provide for the students. The goal of high academic performance, which had been revived by criticisms and reforms of the 1950s and early 1960s, began to be challenged by demands for more liberal and free schooling. Many university and some high-school students from all ethnic groups and classes had been growing more and more frustrated—some of them desperately so—over what they felt was a cruel and senseless war in Vietnam and a cruel, discriminatory, competitive, loveless society at home. They demanded curriculum reform, improved teaching methods, and greater stress and action on such problems as overpopulation, pollution, international strife, deadly weaponry., and discrimination. Pressure for reform came not only from students but also from many educators. While students and educators alike spoke of the greater need for what was taught, opinions as to what was relevant varied greatly. The blacks wanted new textbooks in which their people were recognized and fairly represented, and some of them wanted courses in black studies. They, and many white educators, also objected to culturally biased intelligence and aptitude tests and to academic college entrance standards and examinations. Such tests, they said, did not take into account the diverse backgrounds of students who belonged to ethnic minorities and whose culture was therefore different from that of the white middle-class student. Whites and blacks alike also wanted a curriculum that touched more closely on contemporary social problems and teaching methods that recognized their existence as individual human beings rather than as faceless robots competing for grades. Alarmed by the helplessness and hopelessness of the urban ghetto schools, educators began to insist on curricula and teaching methods flexible enough to provide for differences in students' social and ethnic backgrounds. Moreover, for educational reformers the urban ghetto school became a symbol of a general failure of American education to accomplish the goal of individual development. Also reminiscent of those decades were the child-centered schools that sprang up in the later 1960s as alternatives to and examples for the traditional schools. The clash between the academically and the humanistically oriented schools of thought, therefore, was in many ways one more encounter in the continuing battle between conservatives and liberals.

单选题Things were never easy within the family. But at a time when the family was oriented toward the production of goods, which alone made the survival of its members possible, there was an obvious necessity and a rational basis for their living and working together. Dire necessity did not permit putting into question the very existence of the family, despite the great emotional demands living together made on each of its members. Today the main economic activities of the family are in the nature of consumption—however productive may be what some of its members do in society. And from an early age on, each member of the family could survive without its support—since society at large is ready to provide support. It is quite easy to put the existence of the family into question. This happens very frequently, not just as families separate, or fail to be formed, but also within families which to all outer appearance are still intact. But once the family needs seriously to justify its existence, it is no longer intact as a family in the old sense. The modern family, deprived of its ancient and firm basis in economic necessity, now tries to justify its existence through the emotional ties within it. These always were present, but they were a superstructure good or bad, over the solid foundation of necessity. With the foundation of necessity removed, the emotions either tend to run rampant or to wither away. The more a family tries to justify itself by means af the feelings existing within it, the stronger these are aroused, and the more easily and severely do they get hurt. There is more reason to wish to exculpate oneself, to wish that the blame for what goes wrong should rest with someone else. The young generation easily blames their parents for all the difficulties they encounter within themselves, society, and the family. Parents prefer to see all that is wrong ascribed either to the indifferent or otherwise nasty behavior of the new generation, to the destructive impact of the peer group, or of society at large. Which is preferred as the target to be blamed depends on the structure of the personality of the individual, the mood of the day, or the most recent headlines. In Civilization and Its Discontent Freud showed why civilization must exact a high price in psychological discomfort for the very great and real advantages it provides us: creating and maintaining a civilized life requires considerable and difficult repression and sublimation of many aspects of our selfish drives, although we would prefer them to find immediate gratification. How understandable, then, that as civilization imposes a considerable price in personal psychological frustration, the same is true for the family, out of which civilization grew. If this is so, why have we such a hard time accepting the frustrations and disappointments which are the unavoidable price we have to pay for living in families?. Why do we wish to blame the hardships of family living on something or somebody, even on ourselves, although blaming these difficulties on each other increases them beyond endurance?

单选题{{B}}Passage 3{{/B}} The range in frequencies of musical sounds is approximately 20- 20,000 cycles per second (cy/sec), Some people can hear higher frequencies than others. Longitudinal waves whose frequencies are higher than those within the audible range are called ultrasonic frequencies. Ultrasonic frequencies are used in sonar for such purposes as submarine detection and depth finding. Ultrasonic frequencies are also being tried for sterilizing food since these frequencies kill some bacteria. Sound waves of all frequencies in the audible range travel at the same speed in the same medium. In the audible range, the higher the frequency of the sound the higher is the pitch. The term supersonic refers to speed greater than sound. An airplane traveling at supersonic speed is moving at a speed greater than the speed of sound in air at that temperature. Mach 1 means a speed equal to that of sound. Mach 2 means a speed equal to twice that of sound, etc. Musical sounds have three basic characteristics; pitch, loudness, and quality or timbre. As was indicated above, pitch is determined largely by the frequency of the wave reaching the ear. The higher the frequency the higher is the pitch. Loudness depends on the amplitude of the wave reaching the ear. For a given frequency, the greater the amplitude of the wave the louder the sound. To discuss quality of sound we need to clarify the concept of overtones. Sounds are produced by vibrating objects. If these objects are given a gentle push, they usually vibrate at one definite frequency producing a pure tone. This is the way a tuning fork is usually used. When objects vibrate freely after a force is momentarily applied, they are said to produce their natural frequency. Some objects, like strings and air columns, can vibrate naturally at more than one frequency at a time. The lowest frequency which an object can produce when vibrating freely is known as the object's fundamental frequency. Other frequencies that the object can produce are known as its overtones. The quality of a sound depends on the number and relative amplitude of the overtones present in the wave reaching the ear.

单选题The second distinguishing characteristic of jazz is a rhythmic drive that was ______ called "hot" and later "swing".(2007年3月中国科学院考博试题)

单选题

单选题You did tell me what to do. If only I ______ your advice.

单选题A completely new situation is bound to______when the examination system is introduced. A. rise B. arise C. raise D. arouse

单选题Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.

单选题The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at ______.

单选题Many states plan to modify their prepaid college tuition programs ______.

单选题{{B}}Passage 3{{/B}} Kevin Rogers used to be my boss. At that time he was a hard-working, up-and-coming businessman and a real slave-driver, always telling us we had 'to sell more and more. As soon as I could, I got a job with another company. The last time I saw Rogers was more than ten years ago. At least that's what I thought until last Thursday. But now I'm not so sure. I was on my way back to my office in the center of town. There is a small park nearby which I sometimes walk through after lunch. It is empty, except for an unshaven, shabby-looking man on one of the benches. He looked about fifty years old and was wearing an old, gray overcoat. It was a cold, wintry day, and he was shivering. "It's been a long time since I had a meal. Can you help me?" he said. There was something about his voice that sounded familiar. I gave him a few coins and he mumbled something about being grateful. As he stumbled past me, I looked at his face closely. I wondered where I had seen him before. Then it hit me. Could it possibly be...? No! Impossible, I thought. I watched him walking away. He was the same height as Rogers but looked a lot thinner than I remembered. Then, as he left the park and turned down the street, I caught sight of his face again, this time in profile. The nose was the same as Rogers', too. I almost followed him but something made me stop. I just couldn't be sure. But the resemblance was very close. Yesterday I ran into someone who had worked for Rogers at the same time I did, and had stayed on longer. I started telling him about the man I had seen in the park. For a moment I thought it was our old boss. The voice, the nose, and even the face were just like Rogers, but it couldn't have been, "Rogers must be the director of a big company by now" I said. My ex-colleague shook his head. "I thought you knew." "Knew? Knew what? What are you talking about?" "Rogers was sent to prison six years ago. He's probably out by now. For all I know he's sleeping on park benches and begging money from passers-by."

单选题The playwright was known not for his original ideas but for his ______ of ideas that had been propounded by others.

单选题{{B}}Passage 4{{/B}} Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a "virtual" or simulated environment for surgeons and others medical Practitioners (从业者). "With virtual reality we'll be able to put a surgeon in every trench," said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers. The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U. S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (头盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier. Although Satava's vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound. These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the tumor (肿瘤). Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient's brain taken before surgery. During these procedures—operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered—surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can. Satava says, "We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine. "

单选题We couldn't cut the string because the ______ of the knife was not sharp enough.

单选题A loan refers to anything given on condition of its return or repayment of its ______.

单选题They are looking for a ______ experienced secretary who is capable of organizing a busy sales office. A. chartered B. mature C. graduated D. polished