单选题{{B}}Passage 2{{/B}} The law of private international tribunals with respect to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive, albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose during the selection process. Most national legal systems have statutory roles as to the types of interests, relationships, and experiences that disqualify an arbitrator. Not infrequently, the disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and international arbitration somewhat differently, and may indeed supplement the international roles with additional features. A closer look reveals that courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitrators move in the highly interconnected world of affairs, and do not stand aloof from commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their counsel does not suffice to disqualify, whereas actual business or legal connections will. Inasmuch as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators generally do, suspicions arise that an arbitrator's favor may incline to the party or counsel who has in the past and may again in the future provide employment. The uncertainty in the field is at its most troubling when arbitrators are party-appointed. Some argue that such arbitrators should fulfill the same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-party arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view has had considerable currency, particularly in the United States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as pawns of the appointers. Imposing standards of neutrality, and disinterestedness on them would be futile. It follows from this dichotomy between party-appointed and non-party-appointed arbitrators that opinion on the question of their nationality is also split. A party needs to be expected to choose a fellow national. This question of nationality is acute when one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one or more of the arbitrators are likewise nationals; a foreign enterprise contract calling for such arbitration may be foolhardy. The slate is largely blank with respect to roles for the conduct of arbitrators outside the field of conflict of interests. Considering only the matter of exparte communications, American case law is astonishing lax, refusing to set aside awards where such communication obtained between an arbitrator and a party without the presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendance of both parties. The differences in views on this topic indicate how useful a set of guidelines might be.

单选题Tides are created mainly by the pull of the moon on the earth. The moon"s pull causes water in the oceans to be a little deeper at a point closest to the moon and also at a point farthest from the moon, on the opposite side of the earth. These two tidal "waves" follow the apparent movement of the moon around the earth strike nearly every coastline at intervals of about twelve hours and twenty-five minutes. After reaching a high point, the water level goes down gradually for a little more than six hours and then begins to rise toward a new high point. Hence, most coastlines have two tides a day, and the tides occur fifty minutes later each day. Differences in the coastline and in channels in the ocean bottom may change the time that the tidal wave reaches different points along the same coastline. The difference in water level between high and low tide varies from day to day according to the relative positions of the sun and the moon because the sun also exerts a pull on the earth, although it is only about half as strong as the pull of the moon. When the sun and the moon are pulling along the same line, the tides rise higher, and when they pull at right angles to one another, the tide is lower. The formation of the coastline and variations in the weather are additional factors which can affect the height of tides. Some sections of the coast are shaped in such a way as to cause much higher tides than are experienced in other areas. A strong wind blowing toward the shore may also cause tides to be higher.

单选题[此试题无题干]

单选题Many citizens appealed to the city government for enacting ______ laws to protect the consumers.

单选题In the past most pilots have been men, but today the number of women ______ this field is climbing. A. shamming B. devoting C. registering D. pursuing

单选题An enlarged prostate may ______ the bladder and pinch off the urethra, causing pain and difficulty with urination.

单选题That grand-sized pine tree______the horizon.(北京大学2005年试题)

单选题Some children have amazed the world since their birth with their incredible intellect and abilities which can ______ at times the brightest of adults.

单选题If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills．American firms have a problem．Human resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States．Skill acquisition is considered as an individual responsibility．Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired or rented at the lowest possible cost much as one buys raw materials or equipment． The lack of importance aRached to human resource management can be seen in the corporation hierarchy．In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command．The post of head of human resource managements is usually a specialized job, often at the edge of the corporate hierarchy．The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer(CEO)．By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm's hierarchy． While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training theft work-forces．in fact they invest less in the skill of their employees than do the Japanese or German firms．The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial emplovees． And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies． As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive．If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany(as they do)，the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United Stated．More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity,and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed．The result is a slower pace of technological change．And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect the wages of the top half．If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to be operated，the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear．

单选题Passage Two

单选题When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it. A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates. Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events. The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent's normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention. Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor's right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security. Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.

单选题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Albert Einstein once attributed the creativity of a famous scientist to the fact that he "never went to school, and therefore preserved the rare gift of thinking freely". There is undoubtedly truth in Einstein's observation. Many artists and geniuses seem to view their schooling as a disadvantage. But such a truth is not a criticism of schools. It is the function of schools to civilize, not to train explorers. The explorer is always a lonely individual whether his or her pioneering be in art, music, science, or technology. The creative explorer of unmapped lands shares with the genius what William James described as the "faculty of perceiving in an unhabitual way". Insofar as schools teach perceptual patterns they tend to destroy creativity and genius. But if schools could somewhat exist solely to cultivate genius, then society would break down. For the social order demands unity and widespread agreement, both traits are destructive to creativity. There will always be conflict between the demands of society and the impulses of creativity and genius.

单选题The differences between the male and female of this species become more ______ with age.

单选题The loss of lusitania and so many of its passengers, including 128 U.S. citizens, aroused a wave of indignation in the United States. A. perplexity B. wrath C. distress D. skepticism

单选题 When most people think about changing their body shape, they usually focus on just losing weight. Books and magazines about dieting are among the most popular in the world. Dieting is an important part of staying fit and healthy, but losing weight by means of dieting takes time, losing weight too fast can cause great health problems. Dieting means changing one's eating habits to a healthier pattern, but many women mistake the concept of dieting and think that the less one eats, the better. As a result, they lose health as well as weight. Aerobic exercise is a moderate intensity workout that, over a certain period of time, will improve the body's use of oxygen. Nowadays aerobic exercise has become a very trendy workout among youths. Not only is performing aerobic exercise interesting, but it is also very beneficial for health. There are different types of aerobics like jogging, swimming, kickboxing, fitness walking, inline skating, bicycling, etc. Aerobics strengthens the heart and lungs. It is also especially popular with women. But neither of these two methods, dieting and aerobics, can help shape the body. To do this you need to build muscle. So, if a firmer and shapelier body is your goal, 60 percent of your exercise routine should involve strengthening moves, and only 30 percent should be aerobic exercises. For a proper body-shaping routine, you should plan three strength-training sessions a week with weights. Use weights which are as heavy as possible while still allowing you to do 8 to 12 reps of each exercise. Do one to three exercises for each muscle groups-for example, chest and biceps, or back, shoulders and triceps. You should combine this with fast-paced aerobics activities, like swimming, cycling, walking, running, or in-line skating, plan three to four workouts a week, 15 to 20 minutes each, increasing the pace each week. As you build muscle, you may find that you gain weight in spite of all of your calorie-burning exercise. Don't worry. It's probably muscle, which is denser than fat. And muscle is also a calorie-burning tissue. With more muscle, you can burn more calories, even when you are not exercising. When you are trying to build muscle, you need two to three serving of protein a day, but the main part of your diet should be carbohydrates. And in order to get the energy you need for a high-intensity workout, you should eat something, especially carbohydrates, an hour or so before your workout. While weight training wilt firm and shape your body, it has other benefits too. It improves bone and muscle strength and burns calories, leading to improved health and a higher quality of life.

单选题Though the wide universe is full of good, kernel of nourishing corn can come to (man) (only through) his own toil (bestowed) that plot of ground which is given him (to till).

单选题It is a common theme in many science fiction stories that the world may one day be______by insects.

单选题It is known from the passage that post-war Britain as ______.

单选题Here, so profligate has its use become the air conditioner is almost______the automobile of the national tendency to overindulge in every technical possibility, to sue every convenience to such excess that country looks downright coddled.(中国社会科学院2006年试题)

单选题Dimpy, the girl named in this passage ______.