问答题But acquisitiveness, although it is the mainspring of the capitalist system, is by no means the most powerful of the motives that survive the conquest of hunger. Rivalry is a much stronger motive. Over and over again in Mohammedan history, dynasties have come to grief because the sons of a sultan by different mothers could not agree, and in the resulting civil war universal ruin resulted. The same sort of thing happens in modern Europe. When the British Government very unwisely allowed the Kaiser to be present at a naval review at Spithead, the thought which arose in his mind was not the one which we had intended. What he thought was, "I must have a Navy as good as Grandmamma' s". And from this thought have sprung all our subsequent troubles. The world would be a happier place than it is if acquisitiveness were always stronger than rivalry. But in fact, a great many men will cheerfully face impoverishment if they can thereby secure complete ruin for their rivals. Hence the present level of taxation. Vanity is a motive of immense potency. Anyone who has much to do with children knows how they are constantly performing some antic, and saying "Look at me". "Look at me" is one of the most fundamental desires of the human heart. It can take innumerable forms, from buffoonery to the pursuit of posthumous fame. There was a Renaissance Italian princeling who was who was asked by the priest on his deathbed if he had anything to repent of. "Yes", he said, "there is one thing. On one occasion I had a visit from the Emperor and the Pope simultaneously. I took them to the top of my tower to see the view, and I neglected the opportunity to throw them both down, which would have given me immortal fame". History does not relate whether the priest gave him absolution. One of the troubles about vanity is that it grows with what it feeds on. The more you arc talked about, the more you will wish to be talked about. The condemned murderer who is allowed to see the account of his trial in the press is indignant if he finds a newspaper which has reported it will be with the one whose reports are meagre. Politicians and literary men are in the same case. And the more famous they become, the more difficult the press-cutting agency finds it to satisfy them. It is scarcely possible to exaggerate the infiluence of vanity throughout the range of human life, from the child of three to the potentate at whose frown the world trembles. Mankind have even committed the impiety of attributing similar desires to the Deity, whom they imagine avid for continual praise.

问答题The Renaissance embraced, first of all, an impressive record of new achievements in art, literature, science, philosophy, education and religion. Although die foundation of many of these was classical, they soon expanded beyond the measure of Greek and Roman influence. Indeed, many of the achievements in painting, science, politics and religion bore little relation to the classical heritage. Secondly, the Renaissance incorporated a number of dominant ideas and attitudes that gave it the impress of a unique society. Notable among these in general were optimism, and individualism; but the most significant of them all was humanism. In its broadest meaning humanism may be defined as emphasis on the human values. It was a term derived from Cicero, who used it in the sense of devotion to the liberal arts, or the subjects most compatible with the dignity of man. The humanists rejected the Scholastic philosophy with its preoccupation with theology and logic. They strove for a smooth and elegant style that would appeal more to the aesthetic than to the rational side of man's nature.

问答题 Giving from other groups, such as cor porations and foundations, increased by much small amounts.

问答题{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. Peace and development remain the principal themes in today's world, and the overall international security environment remains stable. But, uncertainties and destabilizing factors are on the increase, and new challenges and threats are continuously emerging. World peace and security face more opportunities than challenges. 21. {{U}}The world is at a critical stage, moving toward multi-polarity. Progress is expected in addressing the serious imbalances in the international strategic alignment. The major international forces compete with and hold each other in check. But, they also maintain coordination and practical cooperation in their mutual relationships, and draw on each other's strengths.{{/U}} Some major developing countries and regional groupings have grown in power, and the developing world as a whole is becoming stronger. 22. {{U}}Economic globalization accelerates and science and technology make rapid progress; there are profound changes in the international division of labor, global and regional economic cooperation is being vigorously promoted, leading to increasing interdependence among countries. More dialogues are being conducted on traditional security issues, and cooperation in non-traditional security fields is developing in depth.{{/U}} To address development and security issues through coordination, cooperation and multilateral mechanism is the preferred approach of the international community. The United Nations' status and role in world affairs are being upheld and strengthened. World wars or all-out confrontation between major countries are avoidable for the foreseeable future. The international community is increasingly facing comprehensive, diverse and complex security threats. The world is not yet peaceful. 23. {{U}}Political, economic and security problems and geographical, ethnic and religious contradictions are interconnected and complex. Hegemonies and power politics remain key factors undermining international security. Non- traditional security threats present greater danger, and local turmoil caused by war is on and off, and some hotspots cannot be removed in a short time.{{/U}} The impact of economic globalization is spreading into the political, security and social fields. Global economic development is uneven, and the gap between the North and the South is widening. 24. {{U}}Security issues related to energy, resources, finance, information and international shipping routes are mounting. International terrorist forces remain active, shocking terrorist acts keep occurring. Natural disasters, serious communicable diseases, environmental degradation, international crime and other transnational problems are becoming more damaging in nature.{{/U}}

问答题去美国访问的人经常带回报告说，大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人。公平地说，人们对加拿大和加拿大人也有这样的评论。最好应该视其为北美普遍存在的现象。当然也有例外，在美国，心胸狭隘的官员、举止粗鲁的招待及缺乏教养的出租车司机也并不罕见。但由于人们常得出上述结论，那就值得议论一番了。 在过去很长一段时间，在美国很多地方，旅行者的到来对沉闷的生活有着调节作用。那时人们居住相距遥远，沉闷、孤寂是普遍存在的问题。陌生人和旅行者很受欢迎，能给他们带来消遣娱乐，同时还带来了外部世界的消息。 拓荒者面对的严酷生活现实也促成这一好客传统。独自旅行时，如果没有了食物，受了伤或生了病，通常只能向最近的小屋或村落求助。对旅行者来说，这不是选择的问题，对当地来说，这也并非出于要行善的一时冲动。它反映了日常生活的严酷性：如果你不接纳他，那他再找不到别人了。请记住，没准儿哪天你也会面临相同的处境。 现在有了不少慈善组织，专门帮助疲惫不堪的旅行者。但是对陌生人友好的老传统在美国仍盛行不衰，尤其是在远离旅游热线的小城镇。“我刚转了一圈，同这个美国人聊了聊，时间不长，他就请我到他家吃饭——真是不可思议。”在来美国的游客中碰到过这类事的人不在少数，但对此并非都能正确理解。许多美国人随意表现出来的友好态度不应看作表面应付或故作姿态，应当视为世界发展形成的一种文化传统。 同任何发达国家一样，所有美国人的社会交往都要受制于一整套复杂的文化特征、信念和习俗。当然，会讲一种语言并不意味着就明白该语言的社会与文化模式，不能正确“诠释”文化意义的旅行者经常得出错误的结论。比如，美国人嘴里的“朋友”，其文化内涵可能与旅行者母语中的“朋友”所指及文化内涵大相径庭。要想分清称呼“朋友”是出自好客的习俗还是出自个人兴趣，只靠在公共汽车上的萍水相逢是不够的。但是，友善是许多美国人大力推崇的美德，他们希望邻人与陌生人也会如此。

问答题我们清楚地认识到，中国人口多，底子薄，城乡、区域发展不平衡，资源环境约束加强，就业压力增加，脱贫任务仍然很艰巨。中国已经制定了未来五年经济社会发展的蓝图，中国将坚持以科学发展为主题，以加快转变经济发展方式为主线，深化改革开放，保障民生，促进经济长期平稳较快发展和社会和谐稳定。

问答题 After World War 11 the glorification of an ever larger GNP formed the basis of a new materialism, which became a sacred obligation for all Japanese governments, businesses, and trade unions. Anyone who mentioned the undesirable by-products of rapid economic growth was treated as a heretic. Consequently everything possible was done to make conditions easy for the manufacturers. (1) {{U}}Few dared question the wisdom of discharging untreated waste into the nearest water body or untreated smoke into the atmosphere{{/U}}. This silence was maintained by union leaders as well as most of the country's radicals; except for a few isolated voices, no one protested. (2){{U}}An insistence on treatment of the various effluents would have necessitated expenditures on treatment equipment that in turn would have given rise to higher operating costs{{/U}}. Obviously this would have meant higher prices for Japanese goods, and ultimately fewer sales and lower industrial growth and GNP. (3) {{U}}The pursuit of nothing but economic growth is illustrated b v the response of the Japanese government to the American educational mission that visited Japan in 1947{{/U}}. After surveying Japan's educational program, the Americans suggested that the Japanese fill in their curriculum gap by creating departments in chemical and sanitary engineering. Immediately, chemical engineering departments were established in all the country's universities and technical institutes. In contrast, the recommendation to form sanitary engineering departments was more or tess ignored, because they could bring no profit. By 1960, only two second-rate universities, Kyoto and Hokkaido, were interested enough to open such departments. (4) {{U}}The reluctance to divert funds from production to conservation is explanation enough for a certain degree of pollution but the situation was made worse by the type of technology the Japanese chose to adopt for their industrial expansion{{/U}}. For the most part, they simply copied American industrial methods. (5) {{U}}This meant that methods originally designed for use in a country that stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific with lots of air-and water to use as sewage receptacles were adopted for an area a fraction of the size{{/U}}. Moreover the Japanese diet was niche more dependent on water as a source of fish and as an input in the irrigation of rice; consequently discharged wastes built up much more rapidly in the food chain.

问答题The global financial crisis, brewing for a while, really started to show its effects in the middle of 2007 and into 2008. Around the world stock markets have fallen, large financial institutions have collapsed or been out, and governments in even the wealthiest nations have had to come up with rescue packages to bail out their financial systems. On the one hand many people are concerned that those responsible for the financial problems are the ones being bailed out, while on the other hand, a global financial meltdown will affect the livelihoods of almost everyone in an increasingly inter-connected world. The problem could have been avoided, if ideologues supporting the current economics models weren't so influential and inconsiderate of others' viewpoints and concerns.

问答题Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. BTopic:/B Write in 250-300 words about your own academic ambition (s).

问答题In this part, you are asked to write a composition entitled "My View on an Admission Interview for Ph. D Candidates" in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on ANSWER SHEET 2.1.博士研究生入学面试是否必要？2.在博士研究生入学面试中，你认为最重要的是展示哪几个方面？3.你将如何展示这方面？

问答题Outlines: 1．有些人认为随着各种高水平电子课件的制作与引进，大学生基本上可以自学英语了； 2．有些人认为大学英语教师虽面临挑战，但不可或缺； 3．我对中国大学英语教学改革的看法与建议。

问答题Directions: Study the graph carefully and write an essay of about 200 words entitled China's Entry into the WTO: Chances and Challenges. Base your essay on the outline given below 1. state the information in the graph 2. give your possible reasons for this phenomenon 3. draw a conclusion Profit Before WTO Entry Profit After WTO Entry Industry A 20% 80% Industry B 70% 10%

问答题TOPIC Good management can help the organization achieve its desired results. This is particularly true of the management of an organization full of scientists and research workers. What is your idea about a good management or a good manager of such a group of people?

问答题一项研究表明，英国人的口味在过去的十年中逐渐从茶叶和番茄酱转向了一些更具异国风情的调料——证据是英国人衬衫、裙衫和裤子上的污渍。 根据干洗业的领头羊约翰斯公司汇编的十大污渍排行，像姜黄香料和晒干番茄这样的舶来食品正在取代甜菜根和黑醋栗而成为脏衣服上常见的印迹。 名列2001年排行榜首位的最常见的污渍来自味道刺激的姜黄粉，咖喱的风味和色泽就是来源于它。 其他新上榜的污渍还有日本烧烤酱、橄榄油、香蒜酱以及橘黄色的藏红花调料留下的印迹。1991年排行榜上的明星是茶、番茄酱、甜菜根和黑醋栗等英国人的传统爱物，还有墨水和鞋油。 “我们发现，随着人们生活方式的改变以及东方食品的日益流行，我们的洗涤技术已经不够用了。”约翰斯公司发言人大卫说：“我们的各家分店现在用一种日本研制的超声枪来对付新一代污渍。” 不过，有些食品似乎拥有永久的魅力以及经久不衰地蹦到衣服上的能力——红酒和咖啡在1991年和2001年排行榜都占据有显著的地位。

问答题.(1). When we talk about the danger of romantic love, we don"t mean danger in the obvious heartbreak way -- the cheap betrayals, the broken promises -- we mean the dark danger that lurks when sensible, educated women fall for the dogmatic idea that romantic love is the ultimate goal for the modem female. Every day, thousands of films, books, articles and TV programs hammer home this message --that without romance, life is somehow barren. However, there are women who entertain the subversive notion, like an intellectual mouse scratching behind the skirting board, that perhaps this higher love is not necessarily the celestial highway to absolute happiness. (2). Their empirical side kicks in and they observe that couples who marry_ in a haze of adoration and sex are, ten years later throwing china and fighting bitterly over who gets the dog. (3). But the women who notice these contradictions are often afraid to speak them in case they should be labelled cynics. Surely only the most jaded and damaged would challenge the orthodoxy of romantic love. The received wisdom that there is not something wrong with the modem idea of sexual love as ultimate panacea, but that if you don"t get it, there is something wrong with you. You freak, go back and read the label. (4). We say: the privileging of romantic love over all others, the insistence that it is the one essential incontrovertible element of human happiness, traced all the way back to the caves, is a trap and a snare. The idea that every human heart, since the invention of the wheel, was yearning for its other half is a myth. (5). Love is a human constant; it is the interpretation of it that changes. The way that love has been expressed, its significance in daily life have never been immutable or constant. The different kind of love and what they signify are not fixed, whatever the traditionalists may like to tell you. So the modem idea that romantic love is a woman"s highest calling, that she is somehow only half a person without it that if she questions it she is going against all human history, does not stand up to scrutiny. It is not an imperative carved in stone; it is a human idea, and human beings are frail and suggestible and sometimes get the wrong end of the stick.

问答题地球上散落分布着一百多个互不相连且面积不大的火山活动区，被地质学家称为热区。与大多数火山不同的是，它们都不位于形成地球表面的巨大漂移板块的连接处，许多反倒藏于板块的深处。大多数热区移动极其缓慢，有时，板块滑过这些热区，便留下死火山的痕迹。热区及其火山痕迹是板块移动的标志。 板块漂移现在已是无可争辩的了。以非洲和南美洲为例，由于有新物质嵌入洋底，两个大陆距离越来越远。虽然远隔大洋，但相互吻合的海岸线和好像跨越过海的地质特征，会使人想到这两个大陆曾是连成一片的。带着两个大陆漂移的板块做相对运动，这已得到详细说明，但不能把一个板块相对于另一板块的运动简单地解释为板块与地球内部之间的运动。人们还不能确定两个大陆是否在朝相反的方向运动，也不能确定是否是一个大陆原地不动，另一个大陆正在离它而去。位于地壳深处的热区提供了解决这一问题的测量仪。从热区的人口情况分析来看，似乎非洲板块是固定的，三千万年过去了也没有移动。 热区的重要意义并不仅在于它们所起到的参照物的作用。现在看来，它们还对推动板块在地球表面漂移这一地球物理过程有重要影响。当大陆板块漂移到热区上方，从地壳深处涌出的物质便会使板块凸起，形成巨大圆盖。圆盖不断增大，板块出现深深的裂痕。起码有几次，大陆险些沿着这些裂痕完全裂开了。因此，热区理论解释了新海洋的成因。这样，正如早期一些理论已经解释了大陆的可移性一样，热区理论或许可以解释大陆板块的不稳定性。

问答题TOPIC With her entry into the WTO, China is being plunged into an international competition for talents, and in particular, for higher-level talents. To face this new challenge, China must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate (postgraduate) education system. State your opinion about this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.

问答题Do you agree or disagree With the foflowing statement? People are never satisfied with what they have．They always want something more or something different． Use specific reasons to support'your answer． Your composition should contain at least 180 words and must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET．