问答题 71. {{U}}The main impression growing out of twelve years on the faculty of a medical school is that the No. 1 health problem in the U. S. today, even more than AIDS or cancer, is that Americans don't know how to think about health and illness.{{/U}} Our reactions are formed on the terror level 72. {{U}}We fear the worst, expect the worst, thus invite the worst and the result is that we are becoming a nation of weaklings and hypochondriacs, a self-medicating society incapable of distinguishing between casual, everyday symptoms and those that require professional attention.{{/U}} Somewhere in our early education we become addicted to the notion that pain means sickness. We fail to learn that pain is the body's way of informing the mind that we are doing something wrong, not necessarily that something is wrong. We don't understand that pain may be telling us that we are eating too much or the wrong things; or that we are smoking too much or drinking too much or that there is too much emotional congestion in our lives that we are being worn down by having to cope daily with overcrowded streets and highways, the pounding noise of garbage grinders, or the cosmic distance between the entrance to the airport and the departure gate. We get the message of pain all wrong. Instead of addressing ourselves to the cause, we become pushovers for pills, driving the pain underground and inviting it to return with increased authority. 73. {{U}}Early in life, too, we become seized with the bizarre idea that we are constantly assaulted by invisible monsters called germs, and that we have to be on constant alert to protect ourselves against their fury, but equal emphasis is not given to the presiding fact that our bodies are superbly equipped to deal with the little demons and the best way of forestalling an attack is to maintain a sensible lifestyle.{{/U}}

问答题2．语言不是一种孤立的现象，语言是一种社会现象，它的使用、变化和发展受到种种社会因素的制约。语言和社会之间的关系是社会语言学研究的主要内容。语言又是一种人类的心智活动，人是怎样习得母语的，语言信息是如何在人的头脑中被加工、被记忆的，对诸如此类问题的研究构成了心理语言学这一分支。语言学的研究与发展又和语言教学，尤其是外语教学有着密切的关系，语言学理论及研究成果在语言教学中的运用是应用语言学的重要内容。

问答题This organization is also a manufacturing firm. Here, however, management encourages and rewards risk taking and change. Decisions based on intuition are valued as much as those that are well rationalized. Management prides itself on its history of experimenting with new technologies and its success in regularly introducing innovative products. Managers or employees who have a good idea are encouraged to "run with it," and failures are treated as "learning experiences." The company prides itself on being market driven and rapidly responsive to the changing needs of its customers. There are few rules and regulations for employees to follow, and supervision is loose because management believes that its employees are hardworking and trustworthy. Management is concerned with high productivity but believes that this comes through treating its people right. The company is proud of its reputation as being a good place to work.

问答题Directions: Please write a composition of no less than 200 words on the following topic. Use specific reasons and examples to support your points of view. How to help the university students practice the Chinese traditional virtues in their daily lives?

问答题 In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into super systems, causing heightened concerns about monopoly. As recently as 1995, the top four railroads accounted for under 70 percent of the total ton-miles moved by rails. Next year, after a series of mergers is completed, just four railroads will control well over 90 percent of all the freight moved by major rail carriers. 71. {{U}}Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service. Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks. But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat{{/U}}. The vast consolidation within the rail industry means that most shippers are served by only one rail company. Railroads typically charge such "captive" shippers 20 to 30 percent more than they do when another railroad is competing for the business. Shippers who feel they are being overcharged have the right to appeal to the federal government's Surface Transportation Board for rate relief, but the process is expensive, time-consuming, and will work only in truly extreme cases. 72. {{U}}Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone's cost. If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost of keeping up the line{{/U}}. It's theory to which many economists subscribe, but in practice it often leaves railroads in the position of determining which companies will flourish and which will fail. "Do we really want railroads to be the arbiters of who wins and who loses in the marketplace?" asks Martin Bercovici, a Washington lawyer who frequently represents shipper. 73. {{U}}Many captive shippers also worry they will soon be his problem with a round of huge rate increases. The railroad industry as a whole, despite its brightening fortunes, still does not earn enough to cover the cost of the capital it must invest to keep up with its surging traffic{{/U}}. Yet railroads continue to borrow billions to acquire one another, with Wall Street cheering them on. Consider the $ 10. 2 billion bid by Norfolk 'Southern and CSX to acquire Conrail this year. Conrail's net railway operating income in 1996 was just $ 427 million, less than half of the carrying costs of the transaction. Who's going to pay for the rest of the bill? Many captive shippers fear that they will, as Norfolk Southern and CSX increase their grip on the market.

问答题Computers are permeating almost every aspect of our lives, including many areas previously untouched by technology. 16 But unlike such other pervasive technologies as electricity, television and the motor car, computers are on the whole less reliable and less predictable in their behavior. This is because they are discrete state digital electronic devices that are prone to total and catastrophic failure. Computer systems, when they are "down," are completely down, unlike electromechanical devices, which may be only partially down and are thus partially usable. Computers enable enormous quantities of information to be stored, retrieved, and transmitted at great speed on a scale not possible before. 17 This is all very well, but it has serious implications for data security and personal privacy because computers are inherently insecure. The recent activities of hackers and data thieves in the United States, Germany, and Britain have shown how all-too-easy it still is to break into even the most-sophisticated financial and military systems. The list of scares perpetrated by the new breed of hi-tech criminals, ranging from fraud in airline-ticket reservations to the reprogramming of the chips inside mobile phones, is growing daily. Computer systems are often incredibly complex-so complex, in fact, that they are not always understood even by their creators (although few are willing to admit it). This often makes them completely unmanageable. Unmanageable complexity, can result in massive foul-ups or spectacular budget "runaways." For example, Jeffrey Rothfeder in Business Week reports that Bank of America in 1988 had to abandon a $20 million computer system after spending five years and a further $60 million trying to make it work. Allstate Insurance saw the cost of its new system rise from $8 million to a staggering $100 million and estimated completion was delayed from 1987 to 1993. Moreover, the problem seems to be getting worse: in 1988 the American Arbitration. Association took on 190 computer disputes, most of which involved defective systems. The claims totaled $200 million—up from only $31 million in 1984. 18 Complexity can also result in disaster: no computer is 100 percent guaranteed because it is virtually impossible to anticipate all sorts of critical applications, such as saving lives, flying air craft, running nuclear power stations, transferring vast sums of money, and controlling missile systems—sometimes with tragic consequences. For example, between 1982 and 1987, some twenty-two servicemen died in five separate crashes of the United States Air Force"s sophisticated Blackhawk helicopter before the problem was traced to its computer-based "fig-by-wire" system. At least two people died after receiving overdoses of radiation emitted by the computerized. There are 25 X-ray machines, and there are many other examples of fatal computer-based foul-ups. Popular areas for less life-threatening computer malfunctions include telephone billing and telephone switching software, bank statements and bank-teller machines, electronic funds-transfer systems, and motor-vehicle license data bases. Although computers have often taken the "blame" on these occasions, the ultimate cause of failure in most cases is, in fact, human error. Every new technology creates new problems—as well as new benefits for society, and computers are no exception. 19 But digital computers have rendered society especially vulnerable to hardware and software malfunctions. Sometimes industrial robots go crazy., while heart pacemakers and automatic garage door openers are rendered useless by electromagnetic radiation or "electronic smog" emitted from point-of-sale terminals, personal computers, and video games. Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) and pumps at gas stations are closed down because of unforeseen software snafus. The cost of all this downtime is huge. 20 For example, it has been reported that British businesses suffer around thirty major mishaps a year. revolving losses running into millions of pounds. These are caused by machine or human error and do not include human misuse in the form of fraud and sabotage. The cost of failures in domestically produced software in the United Kingdom alone is conservatively estimated at $900 million per year. In 1989, a British Computer Society committee, reported that much software was now so complex that current skills in safety assessment were inadequate and that therefore the safety of people could not be guaranteed.

问答题自由贸易就意味着竞争，而竞争则意味着风险，特别是当它影响到国家繁荣的时候。所以国家会想办法保护自己免遭自由贸易的冲击。

问答题人们说，不劳则无获。然而，要是劳而无获呢?不管走到美国什么地方，你都能听到公司复苏的故事。但是，更加难以确定的是商家自认为他们为提高生产效益而进行的这场革命是否真的名副其实。 官方的统计数字多少有些令人沮丧。数据表明，如果把制造业和服务业放在一起，自1987年以来，生产率平均每年上升1.2%，这是1978—1987年度平均增长指数的两倍。令人困扰的是，近来出现的增长一定程度上是因为在每个商业周期运作中，出现常见的反弹造成的。因此，还不能以此作为结论性的证据来证明在这趋势的背后呈现出经济复苏的态势。正如财政部长罗伯特·鲁宾所言，商业界大量神话说生产率大幅度提高了，这与官方统计数字所显示的情景并不符合。 有些是很好的解释。组织工作场所的新办法——这一切包括机构重组和缩小规模——只是促进某一经济实体的综合生产率水平的一项措施，还有许多其他因素驱动生产率的提高。比如，对机械设备的联合投资、采用新技术、教育培训投资。另外，公司进行的大多数改革以赢利为目的，这一要求并不总是意味着提高生产率，转入新的市场或提高产品质量可以收到同样的效果。 另外两种解释就更是纯理论的了。一种解释认为，近年来一些企业的改组并未奏效；另一种解释说，即使奏效了，也没有像人们想象的那样广泛推广。 哈佛大学学者伦纳德·施莱辛格是迅速壮大的美味面包连锁店的前任总裁。他说，大多数的“企业改组”都不成熟。他还认为，多数企业效益上的损失远远超出成本的降低。他的同事迈克尔·比尔说，为数更多的公司以简单机械的方式进行机构重组，降低了成本，但是，对长期赢利缺乏充分考虑。BBDO的阿尔·罗森赛恩更不客气，他对重组顾问们做的大量工作不屑一顾，因为那些完全是垃圾——典型的“劳而无获”。

问答题Contemporary technological reporting is full of notions of electronic communities in which people interact across regions or entire continents. Could such "virtual communities" even tually replace geographically localized social relations? There are reasons to suspect that, as the foundation for a democratic society, virtual communities will remain seriously deficient.

问答题Topic: My Academic Ambition

问答题Directions: Write an essay of at least 250 words based on the following topic. Your writing should include your view and supporting details. Topic: My View on the Spring Festival

问答题Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of "My View on an Admission Interview for Ph. D. Candidates" with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the Answer Sheet Ⅱ. 1．博士研究生入学面试是否必要? 2．在士研究生入学面试中，你认为最重要的是展示哪几个方面? 3．你将如何展示这个方面?

问答题TOPIC: What Is the Most Urgent Issue Facing the World People in the 21st Centu ry? State your reasons.

问答题如果你着手干一番事业而失败了，不要丧失信心。”我失败了三次”与”我是一个失败者”之间有着天壤之别。只要你对自己不持否定的想法，不把自己与失败等同起来，而是试图从失败中吸取教训，你很可能在未来取得成功。

问答题Ten years ago it appeared that nuclear power would solve the anticipated energy crisis. Although supplies of uranium fuel were known to be limited and might become exhausted in half a century, the nuclear ower plant has for a long time been favorite project. But work on it has met with grave problems. The fear of possible atomic explosion and the problems of disposing of polluting by-product waste have been slowed down the construction of further nuclear plants. Eventually atomic technology may be able to control these problems, but at present there seems to be a little agreement among atomic scientists about when this can be achieved.

问答题1．在过去5年中，国民经济持续快速健康发展，综合国力进一步增强。国内生产总值 2000年达89404亿元，平均每年增长8.3%。人均国民生产总值比1980年翻两番的任务已经超额完成。 2．教育是提高全民素质、培养人才的基础，要面向现代化、面向世界、面向未来，适度超前发展，为国民经济和社会发展服务。 3．除少数国家垄断经营的企业以外，其他国有大中型企业将通过规范上市、中外合资、相互参股等形式，逐步改制为多元持股的有限责任公司或股份有限公司。 4．《股份有限公司会计制度》和八个具体会计准则的发布和实施，对于加强股份有限公司会计信息的可靠性、真实反映其资产的价值和损益具有重要的意义。 5．“十五计划”期间，中国将在企业技术开发和生产营销、社会公共服务、政府行政管理等方面广泛应用数字化、网络化技术，把工业化和信息化更好地结合起来。

问答题我们正努力教育公民不要像西方国家那样过分消费，比如使用过多的空调，私人汽车，以及随意处理的产品。

问答题71. Battles are like marriages. They have a certain fundamental experience they share in common. They differ infinitely, but still they are all alike. A battle seems to me a conflict of will with death in the same way that a marriage of love is the identification of two human beings to the end of creation of life--as death is the reverse of life, and love of hate. Battles are commitments to cause death as marriages are commitments to create life. Whether, for any individual, either union results in death or in the creation of life, each risks it--and in the risk commits himself. 72. As the servants of death, battles will always remain horrible. Those who are fascinated by them are being fascinated by death. There is no battle aim worthy of the name except that of ending all battles. Any other conception is, literally, suicidal. The fascist worship of battle is a suicidal drive. It is love of death instead of life. 73. In the same idiom, to triumph in battle over the forces which are fighting for death is--again literally--to triumph over death. It is a surgeon's triumph as he cuts a body and bloodies his hands in removing a cancer in order to triumph over death that is in the body. In these thoughts I have found my own peace, and I return to an army that fights death and cynicism in the name of life and hope. It is a good army. Believe in it.