问答题是不是有的人天生聪明，而有的人天生就愚笨呢?还有，人的智力是由环境和经历造就的吗?令人吃惊的是这两个问题的答案都是肯定的。在某种程度上，人的智力是天赋的。对一个先天弱智的儿童无论进行多少特殊教育也无法使其变为天才。另一方面，一个生活在枯燥单调环境中的孩子的智力发展往往不如生活在富有和丰富多彩环境中的孩子。由此可见，一个人的智力极限是与生俱来的，但他能否达到其智力极限则取决于环境。这个为当今绝大多数专家所赞同的观点可以从几个方面得到论证。

问答题自从理查德·尼克松向癌症宣战以来已经有三十年了。其间，不少专家、学者耗费巨资试图寻找各种方法以攻克这个难题。但是今天的癌症死亡率与七十年代仍旧差不多一样高。美国妇女中死于乳腺癌患者是世界上许多其他国家的五到三十倍。在泰国每十万妇女中仅2至5人死于乳腺癌，而美国的妇女会有30至40人遭此厄运。就其原因，没有人会否认其与饮食很有关系。因此人们必须十分重视良好的饮食习惯。虽说正确的饮食习惯不能根除世界上的癌症，但它有利于减少患癌症的风险。

问答题Green Spaces in cities Where do children play? Years ago, any open field, any vacant lot, any group pf trees--these were the places where children played. As families left family farms, small towns, and the countryside, and moved into cities, the places for their children to play in became rarer. Children in the cities had few options, fewer choices of places to play. In fact, all people's lives change a lot when they move to the city. (51) In cities, homes are built on top of one another--in enormous apartment buildings. (52) The feeling of private space and ownership no longer exists in houses literally piled one on the other. Psychologists have been studying the changes people experience when they leave rural area and move into urban environments. On clear findings from their studies is that people need green spaces for better mental health. Children can play on paved playgrounds. That's true. However, they just don't have as much fun as children in small towns. (53) Without grass and trees and bushes and, yes, dirt and mud to get dirtyin, children miss an important part of childhood. (54) The human soul, it seems, needs to stay close to its roots. Adults can plant lots of things like bulbs in window boxes and large containers. (55) However, tending window boxes isn't the same as being an amateur gardener and growing peas, tomatoes and salad greens in a backyard garden. The lack of green space is now recognized and understood as a problem.

问答题It is inevitable that as technology develops, traditional cultures must be lost. Technology and tradition am incompatible—you cannot have both together. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? You should write no less than 250 words. Write your article on ANSWER SHEET 2.

问答题Understanding this transition requires a look at the two-sided connection between energy and human well-being. Energy contributes positively to well-being by providing such consumer services as heating and lighting as well as serving as a necessary input to economic production. But the costs of energy--including not only the money and other resources devoted to obtaining and exploiting it, but also environmental and sociopolitical impacts-- detract from well-being. For most of human history, the dominant concerns about energy have centered on the benefit side of the energy-well-being equation. Inadequacy of energy resources or more often of the technologies and organizations for harvesting, converting, and distributing those resources has meant insufficient energy benefits and hence inconvenience, deprivation and constraints on growth. The 1970"s, then, represented a turning point. After decades of constancy or decline in monetary costs--and of relegation of environmental and sociopolitical costs to secondary status--energy was seen to be getting costlier in all respects. It began to be probable that excessive energy costs could pose threats on insufficient supply. It also became possible to think that expanding some forms of energy supply could create costs exceeding the benefits.

问答题1. Nowadays piracy is more and more serious. 2. The reasons for such a phenomenon and its harmfulness. 3. Give some advice on how to control and hit piracy.

问答题 The Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (植物检疫的) Measures concerns the application of food safety and animal and plant health regulations. It recognizes governments' rights to take sanitary and pbytosanitary measures but stip ulates that they must be based on science, should be applied only to the extent necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health and should not arbitrarily or unjustifiabiy discriminate between members where identical or similar conditions prevail. Members are encouraged to base their measures on international standards, guidelines and recommendations where they exist.

问答题随着工业的快速发展，人类使用化石能源创造了巨大的物质财富，但同时也产生了大量污染物和温室气体。全球能源、气候变化和环境问题越来越突出，成为人类面临的共同挑战。代表们在这次会议上就这个重大战略性问题交换看法，反映出本地区国家加强合作，应对挑战的愿望和决心。

问答题公司产品和服务需求的快速增长与提这产品和服务的缓慢发展是需要引起严重关注的问题之一。

问答题“君子乐其生，不忍谈其死，”孔子的这种言论反映了一般人的心态。长期以来，人们避谈死亡，事实上，人生包括生与死，死是任何力量也无法抗拒的自然法则，只进行生命的研究和教育是不够的，还应该进行死亡教育。 顾名思义，死亡教育是帮助人们探讨生死关系，使人们了解有关死亡的认识和看法的学习过程。只有深刻地思考死亡，主动地掌握有关知识，才可以增强面对死亡的心理调适能力，端正对死亡的态度，降低对死亡的恐惧；特别值得指出的是，只有经常思考死亡，感受死亡脚步的逼近，才能更加热爱生活，珍惜生命，并将这种认识转化为进取的动力。而且，在生命的终点看人生的终点，更易使人们领悟人生的真谛，摆脱世俗名利的羁绊，追求真善美的更高尚的生活。

问答题不只全市的国民生产总值增长厂7.8％，信息产业也实现了跨越式的发展。

问答题 Much of the excitement among investigators in the field of intelligence derives from their trying to determine exactly what intelligence is. Different investigators have emphasized different aspects of intelligence in their definitions. For example, in a 1921 symposium on the definition of intelligence, the American psychologist Lewis M. Ter-man emphasized the ability to think abstractly, while another American psychologist, Edward L. Thorndike, emphasized learning and the ability to give good responses to questions. In a similar 1986 symposium, however, psychologists generally agreed on the importance of adaptation to the environment as the key to understanding both what intelligence is and what it does. Such adaptation may occur in a variety of environmental situations. For example, a student in school learns the material that is required to pass or do well in a course; a physician treating a patient with an unfamiliar disease adapts by learning about the diseases; an artist reworks a painting in order to make it convey a more harmonious impression. For the most part, adapting involves making a change in oneself in order to cope more effectively, but sometimes effective adaptation involves either changing the environment or finding a new environment altogether. Effective adaptation draws upon a number of cognitive processes, such as perception, learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving. The main trend in defining intelligence, then, is that it is not itself a cognitive or mental process, but rather a selective combination of these processes purposively directed toward effective adaptation to the environment. For examples, the physician noted above learning about a new disease adapts by perceiving material on the disease in medical literature, learning what the material contains, remembering crucial aspects of it that are needed to treat the patient, and then reasoning to solve the problem of how to apply the information to the needs of the patient. Intelligence, in sum, has come to be regarded as not a single ability, but an effective drawing together of many abilities. This has not always been obvious to investigators of the subject, however, and, indeed, much of the history of the field revolves around arguments, regarding the nature and abilities that constitute intelligence.

问答题这样充分运用人的聪明智慧来寻求真理，来控制自然，来改变物质以供人用，来使人的身体免除不必要的辛劳痛苦，来使人的精神从愚昧、迷信里解放出来，这样的文明是真正的精神文明。

问答题Throughout history new technologies have revolutionized warfare, sometimes abruptly, sometimes only gradually: think of gunpowder, aircraft, radar and nuclear fission. So it has been with information technology. Computers and the internet have transformed economies and given Western armies great advantages, such as the ability to send remotely piloted aircraft across the world to gather intelligence and attack targets. 1 But the spread of digital technology comes at a cost: it exposes armies and societies to digital attack. Some scenarios (电影) imagine the almost instantaneous failure of the systems that keep the modem world turning. As computer networks collapse, factories and chemical plants explode, satellites spin out of control and the financial and power grids fail. Cyberspace has become the fifth domain of warfare, after land, sea, air and space. The cyber-attacks on Estonia in 2007 and on Georgia in 2008 (the latter strangely happened to coincide with the advance of Russian troops across the Caucasus) are widely assumed to have been directed by the Kremlin (克里姆林宫), but they could be traced only to Russian cyber-criminals. Many of the computers used in the attack belonged to innocent Americans whose PCs had been hijacked. Companies suspect China of organizing mini-raids to ransack Western know-how: but it could just have easily been Western criminals, computer-hackers showing off or disillusioned former employees. 2 One reason why Western governments have until recently been reticent about cyber-espionage (间谍) is surely because they are dab hands at it, too. Cyber-weapons are being developed secretly, without discussion of how and when they might be used. 3 If cyberarms-control is to America"s advantage, it would be wise to shade such accords (协议) while it still has the upper hand in cyberspace. In the meantime, however, countries should agree on modest accords, or even just informal "rules of the road" that would raise the political cost of cyber-attacks. Perhaps there could be a deal to prevent the crude "denial-of-service" assaults that brought down Estonian and Georgian websites with a mass of bogus (伪造的) requests for information; NATO and the European Union could make it clear that attacks in cyberspace, as in the real world, will provoke a response: the UN or signatories of the Geneva Conventions could declare that cyber-attacks on civilian facilities are, like physical attacks with bomb and bullet, out of bounds in war; rich countries could exert economic pressure on states that do not adopt measures to fight online criminals. Countries should be encouraged to spell out their military policies in cyberspace, as America does for nuclear weapons, missile defense and space. 4 And there could be an international centre to monitor cyber-attacks, or an international duty to assist countries under cyber-attack, regardless of the nationality or motive of the attacker-akin to the duty of ships to help mariners (水手) in distress. The internet is not a "commons", but a network of networks that are mostly privately owned. A lot could also be achieved by greater co-operation between governments and the private sector. 5 But in the end more of the burden for ensuring that ordinary people"s computer systems are not co-opted b7 criminals or cyber-warriors will end up with the latter—especially the internet-service providers that run the network. They could take more responsibility for identifying infected computers and spotting attacks as they happen.

问答题It is of little consequence what your past has been. What matters to you and for you is right now. It is not your concern what others may be saying or doing. When you are taking care of yourself, you have very little time to pay attention to others. People can love you or hate you, ignore you or dote on your every word. No matter what anyone else may think or do or say, it has very little impact on who you really are. It is only in your mind that you build or destroy the esteem for your "self". Selfesteem begins and ends with you. When you have it, you have it and no one can take it away from you.

问答题Write an essay on the topic "On University" according to the following outline and present your argument with supporting details in no less than 250 words. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.1．大学的功能2．大学是否实现了目标3．如何改进

问答题 (111) {{U}}The climatic phenomenon that is being blamed for floods hurricanes and early snowstorms also deserves credit for encouraging plant growth and helping to control the pollutant linked to global warming, a new study shows.{{/U}} El Nino—the periodic warming of eastern Pacific Ocean waters—causes a burst of plant growth throughout the world, and this removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, researchers have found. (112) {{U}}The new study shows that natural weather events such as the brief warming caused by El Nino, have a much more dramatic effect than previously believed on how much carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants and how much of the gas is expelled by the soil.{{/U}} Atmospheric carbon dioxide, or CO2, has been increasing steadily for decades. This is thought to be caused by an expanded use of fossil fuels and by toppling of tropical forests. Scientists have linked the CO2 rise to global warming, a phenomenon known as the greenhouse effect. (113) {{U}}Alarmed nations of the world now are drawing up new conservation policies to reduce fossil fuel burning, in hopes of reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.{{/U}} But David Schimel of the National Center for Atmospheric Research, a co-author of the new study, says that before determining how much to reduce fossil fuel burning we should consider the effects of natural climate variations on the ability of plants to absorb CO2. Schimel said satellite measurements of CO2, plant growth and temperature show that natural warming events such as El Nifio at first cause more CO2 to be released into the atmosphere, probably as the result of accelerated decay of dead plant matter in the soil. But later, within two years, there is an explosion of growth-in forests and grasslands, which means plants suck more carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. "We think that there is a delayed response in vegetation and soil to the warming effects of such phenomena as El Nifio, and this leads to increased plant growth," said Schimel. (114) {{U}}However, be said, it is not clear whether the warming by El Nino causes a net decrease in the buildup of CO2 over the long haul.{{/U}} "We don't really know that yet," said Schimel. What the study does show, however, is that the rise and fall of CO2 in the atmosphere is strongly influenced by natural changes in global temperature, said B. H. Braswell of the University of New Hampshire, another co-author of the study. Braswell said that in years when the global weather is cooler than normal, there is a decrease in both the decay of dead plants and in new plant growth. This causes an effect that is the opposite of El Nino warming: CO2 atmosphere levels first decline and later increase. (115) {{U}}"I think we have demonstrated that the ecosystem has a lot more to do with climate change than was previously believed,"{{/U}} said Braswell, "Focusing on the role of human activity in climate change is important, but man made factors are not the only factors."