单选题In the summer of 999, Leif Erikson voyaged to Norway and spent the following winter with King Olaf Tryggvason. Substantially the same account is given by both the Saga of Eric the Red and the Flat Island Book. The latter says nothing about Leif's return voyage to Greenland, but according to the former it was during this return voyage that Leif discovered America. The Flat Island Book, however, tells of another and earlier landfall by Biarni, the son of a prominent man named Heriulf, and makes that the inspiration for the voyage to the new land by Leif. In brief, like Leif, Biarni and his companion sight three countries in succession before reaching Greenland, and to come upon each new land takes 1 "doegr" more than the last until Biarni comes to land directly in front of his father's house in the last- mentioned country. This narrative has been rejected by most later writers, and they may be justified. Possibly, Biarni was a companion of Leif when he voyaged from Norway to Greenland via America, or it may he that the entire tale is But a garbled account of that voyage and Biarni another name for Leif. It should be noted, however, that the stories of Leif's visit to King Olaf and Biarni's to that king's predecessor are in the same narrative in the Flat Island Book, so there is less likelihood of duplication than if they were from different sources. Also, Biarni landed on none of the lands he passed, but Leif apparently landed on one, for he brought back specimens of wheat, vines, and timber. Nor is there any good reason to believe that the first land visited by Biarni was Wineland. The first land was "level and covered with woods", and "there were small hillocks upon it'. Of forests, later writers do not emphasize them particularly in connection with Wineland, though they are often noted incidentally. And of hills, the Saga says of Wineland only that "wherever there was hilly ground, there were vines". Additionally, if the two narratives were taken from the same source we should expect a closer resemblance of Helluland. The Saga says of it: "They found there hellus (large flat stones)." According to the Biarni narrative, however, "this land was high and mountainous." The intervals of 1, 2, 3, and 4 "doegr" in both narratives are suggestive, but mythic formulas of this kind may be introduced into narratives without altogether destroying their historicity. It is also held against the Biarni narrative that its hero is made to come upon the coast of Greenland exactly in front of his father's home. But it should be recalled that Heriufsness lay below two high mountains which served as landmarks for navigators. I would give up Biarni more readily were it not that the story of Leif's voyage contained in the supposedly more reliable Saga is almost as amazing. But Leif's voyage across the entire width of the North Atlantic is said to be "probable" because it is incorporated into the narrative of a preferred authority, while Biarni's is "improbable" or even "impossible" because the document containing it has been condemned.

单选题 Directions: For each blank for questions in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given following the passage. Humans not only love eating ice cream, they enjoy {{U}}(21) {{/U}} it to their pets. Market studies show that two thirds of all dog owners give ice cream to the dogs. {{U}}(22) {{/U}} , says William Tyznik, an expert in animal nutrition at Ohio State University, "ice cream is not good for dogs. It has milk sugar in it, " he says, "which dogs cannot {{U}}(23) {{/U}} very well. " {{U}} (24) {{/U}} by that knowledge but aware of the desire of dog owners to {{U}}(25) {{/U}} their companions, Tyznik invented a new frozen treat for dogs that, he says, is more nutritious than ice cream-and as much {{U}}(26) {{/U}} to eat. The product, called Frosty Paws, is made of a liquid by-product of cheese and milk with the sugar {{U}}(27) {{/U}} Frosty Paws also contains refined soy flour, water, vegetable oil, vitamins and minerals. It {{U}}(28) {{/U}} Tyznik, who has also invented a horse feed (called Tizwhiz) and {{U}}(29) {{/U}} dog focd (named Tizbits) , three years to {{U}}(30) {{/U}} the Frosty Paws formulas, and two {{U}}(31) {{/U}} to commercialize it. After losing $25,000 trying to market the invention himself, Tyznik sold the rights to associated lee Cream of Westerville, Ohio, which makes the product and {{U}}(32) {{/U}} it in cups. Tyznik claims that Frosty Paws has been tested {{U}}(33) {{/U}} and that "dogs love it". Of 1,400 dogs that have been {{U}}(34) {{/U}} the product, he says, 89 percent took it on the first {{U}}(35) {{/U}} Three out of four {{U}}(36) {{/U}} it to Milk-Bone or sausages. The product, which will be {{U}}(37) {{/U}} in the ice-cream section of supermarkets, comes in {{U}}(38) {{/U}} of three or four cups, costing about $1.79. What would happen {{U}}(39) {{/U}} a human should mistake Frosty Paws for real ice cream? "Nothing, " says Tyznik. "It's {{U}}(40) {{/U}} , but frankly, it won't taste very good. "

单选题He had ______ an emergency operation for a stomach condition, which makes doctors solemnly assured that he was potentially fatal.

单选题Towards the hypothesis, the author's attitude seems to be ______.

单选题The lawyer could not______ any convincing evidence.

单选题This man is ______ to wine.

单选题Gore made a call to Bush to his defeat in the election, but he soon retracted it as word spread that the ballots had been recounted.

单选题All normal human beings are ______ at least to a degree -they get a feeling of warmth and kinship from engaging in group activities. A. segregated B. congregational C. gregarious D. egregious

单选题In a field with a large number of candidates, there will be lower salaries and ______ competition.

单选题All the essential services on which we depend are ______.

单选题She was not so young as I had expected and in appearance______rather than attractive; she gave me the impression of having more teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for arty practical purpose.

单选题No other newspaper columnist has managed Uas yet to/U of readership.

单选题Thailand confirmed three new human bird flu cases Thursday as health officials warned it could take two years to conquer Asia's outbreak. Meanwhile, the World Health Organization said the latest tests show no sign of a killer hybrid virus that could easily pass between people. Tests on a cluster of bird flu cases in a Vietnamese family showed there was no mixing of genes between the bird flu strain and human flu, according to WHO. In the United States, a strain of bird flu was found at four live chicken markets in northern New Jersey, just days after outbreaks at two farms in Delaware led to the destruction of thousands of birds. WHO has said the best way to control the spread of the disease is by culling the birds. In Asia, tens of millions of chickens have been killed by infections or slaughtered in containment efforts as bird flu spread, jumping to people in Vietnam and Thai-land. The human death toll stood at 19 on Thursday. While two of the three people labeled as new cases in Thailand have recovered, the third, a 13-year-old boy, was in intensive care in northeastern Chaiyaphum province, Thai officials said. Fears of an outbreak prompted Singapore, believed free of bird flu, to announce plans to euthanize 5,000 healthy chickens in a drill to prepare for any possible infection. Ten governments in the region have dealt with the disease over the past couple of months, with China boosting its culling efforts as reports of infections there increased. Beijing said Thursday it was mobilizing 16,000 workers for anti-bird flu efforts in a province bordering Vietnam where China's first bird flu case of the season was confirmed in late January. Among their tasks is to try to pinpoint the source of the first infection. Destroying infected fowl is the best way to contain the outbreak, according to WHO. Thai officials have said slaughters of more than 26 million chickens have brought the disease largely under control there, while Vietnam has said its outbreak is easing. In Pakistan, U. N. officials said the disease has been contained. But the U. N. Food and Agriculture Organization said it would take much longer to bring the region's outbreak under control. "I would have thought that we'd be looking at a period of six months...but it could be as long as two years," FAO animal health officer Peter Roeder said in Geneva. In New Jersey, state veterinarian Nancy Halpern said the markets likely got the virus from one of their many farms and distributors. New Jersey has about 35 live chicken markets.

单选题In the decades between 1910 and 1930, over ten percent of the Black population of the United States left the South, where the majority of the Black population had been located, and migrated to northern states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed, between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed, but not proved, that most of the migrants in what has come to be called the Great Migration came from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent factors: the collapse of cotton industry following boll-weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and increased demand in the North for labor following the cessation of European immigration caused by the outbreak of the first World War in 1914. This assumption has led to the conclusion that the migrant"s subsequent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to rural background, a background that implies unfamiliarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills. But the question of who actually left the South has never been investigated in detail. Although numerous investigations document a flight from rural southern areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration, no one has considered whether the same migrants then moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000 Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force reported themselves to be engaged in "manufacturing and mechanical pursuits", the federal census category roughly including the entire industrial sector. The Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising to argue that an employed population could be tempted to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South. About thirty-five percent of the urban Black population in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some were from the old artisan class of slavery—blacksmiths, masons, carpenters—which had a monopoly of certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence. The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urbanized, worked in newly developed industries—tobacco, lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads. Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled workers in the North than they could as artisans in the South. After the boll-weevil infestation, urban Black workers faced competition from the continuing influx of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs. Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous to a group that was already urbanized and steadily employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subsequent economic problems in the North to their rural backgrounds comes into question.

单选题1 Sometimes, over a span of many years, a business will continue to grow, generating ever-increasing amounts of cash, repurchasing stock, paying increased dividends, reducing debt, opening new stores, expanding production facilities, moving into new markets, etc., while at the same tune its stock price remains stagnant (or even falls). When this happens, the average and professional investors alike tend to overlook the company because they become familiar with the trading range. Take, for example, Wal-Mart. Over the past five years, the retailing behemoth has grown sales by over 80%, profits by over 100%, and yet the stock price has fallen as much as 30% during that timeframe. Clearly, the valuation picture has changed. An investor that read the annual report back in 2000 or 2001 might have passed on the security, deeming it too expensive based on a metric such as the price to earnings ratio. Today, however, the equation is completely different—despite the stock price, Wal-Mart is, in essence, trading at half its former price because each share is backed by a larger dividend, twice the earnings power, more stores, and a bigger infrastructure. Home Depot is in much the same boat, largely because some Wall Street analysts question how fast two of the world's largest companies can continue to grow before their sheer size slows them down to the rate of the general economy. Coca-Cola is another excellent example of this phenomenon. Ten years ago, in 1996, the stock traded between a range of﹩36.10 and﹩54.30 per share. At the time, it had reported earnings per share of﹩1.40 and paid a cash dividend of﹩0.50 per share. Corporate per share book value was﹩2.48. Last year, the stock traded within a range of﹩40.30 and﹩45.30 per share;squarely in the middle of the same area it had been nearly a decade prior! Yet, despite the stagnant stock price, the 2006 estimates Value Line Investment Survey estimates for earnings per share stand around﹩2.16 (a rise of 54%), the cash dividend has more than doubled to﹩1.20, book value is expected to have grown to ﹩7.40 per share (a gain of nearly 300%), and the total number of shares outstanding (未偿付的，未完成的) has actually decreased from 2.481 billion to an estimated 2.355 billion due to the company's share repurchase program.

单选题He used to play badminton with you, ______ ? A. didn't he B. used he C. did he D. hadn't he

单选题{{B}}Section A{{/B}}{{B}}Directions:{{/B}} There are 3 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.{{B}}Passage One{{/B}} Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform. Some functions result directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make a distinction between the situation, and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to the continuing prosperity of a city. If a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost unparalleled situation. It is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the world's finest large farming regions. These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding during thunderstorm activity. Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York City's importance stems from its early and continuing advantage of situation. Philadelphia and Boston both originated at about the same time as New York and shared New York's location at the western end of one of the world's most important oceanic' trade routes, but only New York possesses an easy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern hinterland. This account does not alone explain New York's primacy, but it does include several important factors. Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems particularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to determine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages of city development than later.

单选题Most graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market (candidates for teaching positions that do not exist) and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand (research in subfields within subfields and publications in journals read by no one other than a few like-minded colleagues) , all at a rapidly rising cost. Widespread hiring freezes and layoffs have brought these problems into sharp relief now. But our graduate system has been in crisis for decades, and the seeds of this crisis go as far back as the formation of modern universities. Kant, in his 1798 work "The Conflict of the Faculties," wrote that universities should "handle the entire content of learning by mass production, so to speak, by a division of labor, so that for every branch of the sciences there would be a public teacher or professor appointed as its trustee. " Unfortunately this mass-production university model has led to separation where there ought to be collaboration and to ever-increasing specialization. In my own department, for example, we have 10 faculty members, working in eight subfields, with little overlap. And as departments fragment, research and publication become more and more about less and less. The emphasis on narrow scholarship also encourages an educational system that has become a process of cloning. Faculty members cultivate those students whose futures they envision as identical to their own pasts, even though their tenures will stand in the way of these students having futures as full professors. The dirty secret of higher education is that without underpaid graduate students to help in laboratories and with teaching, universities couldn't conduct research or even instruct their growing undergraduate populations. That's one of the main reasons we still encourage people to enroll in doctoral programs. It is simply cheaper to provide graduate students with modest stipends and teaching assistants with as little as $ 5,000 a course—with no benefits—than it is to hire full-time professors. The other obstacle to change is that colleges and universities are self-regulating or, in academic terms, governed by peer review. While trustees and administrations theoretically have some oversight responsibility, in practice, departments operate independently. To complicate matters further, once a faculty member has been granted tenure, he is functionally autonomous. Many academics who cry out for the regulation of financial markets vehemently oppose it in their own departments.

单选题Now the juries, and ultimately the society they speak for, have to find some way to express ______ at the brutality that women and children face every day.

单选题Human population growth is a menace to nonhuman life forms on our planet.