单选题The procedures followed by scholars studying literature are often unsatisfactory: the control over a cognitive project as a whole is often lost. The literary scholar seems to be collecting data, which is a preliminary operation, without making use of them. Like a diligent ant gathering food it will never eat, the contemporary literary scholar seems intent upon writing footnotes of a book s/he will never try to read. I propose that at the outset of a research project it is necessary to render explicitly the questions the scholar will try to answer, what methods will be used and the reason why s/he thinks that it may be worthwhile answering such questions. More over, the work of the people concerned with the study of literature seems casual. For instance, much research is devoted to one author, often on the occasion of an anniversary. Now there is no reason to think that our observations will be more valid, urgent, appropriate, useful, or interesting if the author of the texts we are concerned with was born or died or the texts were written fifty, one hundred, or two hundred years ago. This seems to be celebration and not research producing knowledge. It does not seem to make any sense to determine one's research program by looking at the calendar. The widespread habit of limiting the scope of a research project to a single author often leads to a confined understanding of the author and the texts, which, in turn, offers marginal results. The average literary scholar considers these results satisfactory. But for what purpose are they satisfactory? Often the research strategies and methods of the literary scholar are repetitive. A new operation that is anologous to previous ones is often considered worthwhile. It is on these premises that many texts concerning literature are produced and accepted. I propose instead that in a concrete project that tries to produce knowledge, any statement needs verification. But there is a point where it is unnecessary to repeat the same operation on new data, because the result has already been established: rather than additional confirmation of what is already known, it is the exploration of what is still unknown that deserves priority. Contemporary literary research seems to be based on habits that originated in the past and that bear little resemblance to research projects as they are intended now in other fields. If our main aim were the proposal of some objects as cultural models, then it would be useful to our purpose to try to attract our society's attention toward these objects and the persons who produced them. It would be reasonable to perform our actions on the occasion of anniversaries, because we would not be doing research, but celebration and propaganda. Celebration aims at confirming certitudes and strengthening bonds of solidarity among the participants. It does not produce knowledge, but it confirms what is already known. Legitimating by means of the power of words has been for many centuries the main job of the man of letters.

单选题He told a story about his sister who was in a sad ______ when she was ill and had no money.

单选题The mental health movement in the United States began with a period of considerable enlightenment. Dorothea Dix was shocked to find the mentally ill in jails and almshouses and crusaded for the establishment of asylums in which people could receive human care in hospital-like environments and treatment which might help restore them to sanity. By the mid 1800s, 20 states had established asylums, but during the late 1800s and early 1900s, in the face of economic depression, legislatures were unable to appropriate sufficient funds for decent care. Asylums became overcrowded and prison-like. Additionally, patients were more resistant to treatment than the pioneers in the mental health field had anticipated, and security and restraint were needed to protect .patients and others. Mental institutions became frightening and depressing places in which the rights of patients were all but forgotten. These conditions continued until after World War Ⅱ. At that time, new treatments were discovered for some major mental illnesses theretofore considered untreatable (penicillin for syphilis of the brain and insulin treatment for schizophrenia and depressions), and a succession of books, motion pictures, and newspaper exposés called attention to the plight of the mentally ill. Improvements were made and Dr. David Vail's Humane Practices Program is a beacon for today. But changes were slow in coming until the early 1960s. At that time, the Civil Rights movement led lawyers to investigate America's prisons, which were disproportionately populated by blacks, and they in turn followed prisoners into the only institutions that were worse than the prisons the hospitals for the criminally insane. The prisons were filled with angry young men who, encouraged by legal support, were quick to demand their rights. The hospitals for the criminally insane, by contrast, were populated with people who were considered "crazy" and who were often kept obediently in their place through the use of severe bodily restraints and large doses of major tranquilizers. The young cadre of public interest lawyers liked their role in the mental hospitals. The lawyers found a population that was both passive and easy to champion. These were, after all, people who, unlike criminals, had done nothing wrong. And in many states, they were being kept in horrendous institutions, an injustice, which once exposed, was bound to shock the public and, particularly, the judicial conscience. Patients' rights groups successfully encouraged reform by lobbying in state legislatures. Judicial interventions have had some definite positive effects, but there is growing awareness that courts cannot provide the standards and the review mechanisms that assure good patient care. The details of providing day-to-day care simply cannot be mandated by a court, so it is time to take from the courts the responsibility for delivery of mental health care and assurance of patient rights and return it to the state mental healty administrators to whom the mandate was originally given. Though it is a difficult task, administrators must undertake to write rules and standards and to provide the training and surveillance to assure that treatment is given and patient rights are respected.

单选题At many colleges, smokers are being run not just out of school buildings but off the premises. On Nov. 19, the University of Kentucky, the tobacco state's flagship public institution, launched a campus wide ban on cigarettes and all other forms of tobacco on school grounds and parking areas. Pro-nicotine students staged a "smoke-out" to protest the new policy, which even rules out smoking inside cars if they're on school property. Kentucky joins more than 365 U.S. colleges and universities that in recent years have instituted antismoking rules both indoors and out. In most places, the issue doesn't seem to be secondhand smoke. Rather, the rationale for going smoke-free in wide open spaces is a desire to model healthy behavior. Purdue University, which has 30-ft. buffer zones, recently considered adopting a campus wide ban but tempered its proposal after receiving campus input. Smoking will now be restricted to limited outdoor areas. One big problem with a total ban is enforcing it. Take the University of Iowa. In July 2008, the school went smoke-free in accordance with the Iowa Smokefree Air Act, violations of which can result in a $50 fine. But so far, the university has ticketed only about 25 offenders. "Our campus is about 1,800 acres, so to think that we could keep track of who is smoking on campus at any given time isn't really feasible," says Joni Troester, director of the university's campus wellness program. Instead, the school helps those trying to kick the habit by offering smoking-cessation programs and providing reimbursement for nicotine patches, gum and prescription medications like Zyban. The University of Michigan will probably take a similar approach when its ban takes effect in July 2011. "We don't have a desire to give tickets or levy punishments," says Robert Winfield, the school's chief health officer. "We want to encourage people to stop smoking, set a good example for students and make this a healthier community." Naturally, there has been pushback from students. "Where do we draw the line between a culture of health and individual choice?" asks Jonathan Slemrod, a University of Michigan senior and president of the school's College Libertarians. "If they truly want a culture of health, I expect them to go through all our cafeterias and get rid of all our Taco Bells, all our pizza places. "Students might want to enjoy those Burrito Supremes while they can. In today's health-obsessed culture, those may be next.

单选题The police carried out an ______ investigation, but the missing woman was not yet found.

单选题The author is critical mainly of ______.

单选题Inthe4thparagraph,theauthorthinksthat

单选题Most of the marine species living in the darkest depths have ______.

单选题A balmy breeze came in and made us all feel refreshed. A. gentle B. strong C. warm D. fairy

单选题Evidence came up ______ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as five months old.

单选题Whoever has skills and knowledge in this country, I believe, should be properly treated and rewarded______his educational background and family origin.(浙江大学2009年试题)

单选题There are many forms of energy, ______ is atomic energy.

单选题Researchers warn (against) taking (large numbers of) vitamin A pills, because the tablets contain a form of (the chemical) flint that can be extremely toxic (with high doses).A. againstB. large numbers ofC. the chemicalD. with high doses

单选题The Chinese world diving champion was______ from the national team, which news has been front-page report in the country for several days.(2005年北京大学考博试题)

单选题D. endowed

单选题He didn't mention your name but I was sure he was ______ to you. A. intimating B. inferring C. alluding D. suggesting

单选题If the right kind of extracurricular activities is organized, those children who have a (an) ______ of energy will have a chance to develop their talents much more quickly.

单选题Make sure you're ______ him before you start sharing a house. A. synonymous with B. compatible with C. subordinate to D. autonomous of