单选题Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage. Most of us have seen a dog staring at, sometimes snarling at, and approaching a reflection of itself. For most animals, seeing their own image in a mirror acts as a social stimulus. But does the dog recognize itself, or does the reflection simply signal a potential companion or threat? This question is interest for a number of reasons. Apart from curiosity about the level of animals' understanding, research on self-recognition in animals has several benefits. It provides some insight into the evolutionary significance of this skill of self- recognition and into the level and kinds of cognitive competence that the skill requires. Such research also indicates the kinds of learning experiences that determine the development of self-recognition. In addition, work with animals fosters the use of techniques that are not dependent on verbal responses and that may therefore be suitable for use with preverbal children. The evidence indicates that dogs and almost all other nonhumans do not recognize themselves. In a series of clever experiments, however, Gallup has shown that the chimpanzee does have this capacity. Gallup exposed chimpanzees in a small cage to a full-length mirror for ten consecutive days. It was observed that over this period of time the number of self-directed responses increased. These behaviors included grooming parts of the body while watching the results, guiding fingers in the mirror, and picking at teeth with the aid of the mirror. Describing one chimp, Gallup said, "Marge used the mirror to play with and inspect the bottom of her feet; she also looked at herself up-side down in the mirror while suspended by her feet from the top of the cage; she was also observed to stuff celery leaves up her nose using the mirror for purposes of visually, guiding the stems into each nostril. " Then the researchers devised a further test of self-recognition. The chimps were anesthetized and marks were placed over their eyebrows and behind their ears, areas the chimps could not directly observe. The mirror was temporarily removed from the cage, and baseline data regarding their attempts to touch these areas were recorded. The data clearly suggest that chimps do recognize themselves, or are self-aware, for their attempts to touch the marks increased when they viewed themselves. Citing further evidence for this argument, Gallup noted that chimpanzees with no prior mirror experience did not direct behavior to the marks when they were first exposed to the mirror; that is, the other chimpanzees appeared to have remembered what they looked like and do have responded to the marks because they noticed changes in their appearance.

单选题When writing in English, we shall always be __________ to details.

单选题This refrigerator we bought last week is_____satisfactory.

单选题It has been argued that where schools become bureaucratized, they become bound up with the techniques and implementation of the managerial process, and may concentrate on concern with position and self-advancement. In so doing, they may neglect the purpose for which they were set up. Thus, they do not facilitate the development of those who are part of the school community, and tend to neglect the desires of children，parents and society at large. It is because of such criticisms that there has been an increasing influence in political rhetoric and legislation of free-market theories of organization and society. Such theories suggest that a much more market-oriented, competitive approach is required so that schools reorient themselves towards their "clients". By so doing, it is claimed, not only do they once again address the needs of those with whom they should be primarily concerned, but such an approach also unleashes the benefits of individual responsibility, freedom of choice，and reward. Though much of this sounds attractive, it has its roots as much in an economic body of thought as in social and political theory, and this must raise the question of whether it can be viably transferred to an educational context. Indeed, if by "educational" we mean the development of all within the school community, then free-market theory may miss the mark by concentrating on only one section, "the consumers". If teachers are seen as part of this community, then their development is just as important. If bureaucratic forms of management face the problem of explaining how their values can be objective when they are in fact the product of a particular value orientation, the forms of management derived from free-market theories, suggesting an openness to the adoption of different sets of values, are subject to the charge of relativism. In other words, free-market theories, granted that they are arguing that individuals should be allowed to pursue their own ends, must explain why any set of values, including their own, is preferable to another.

单选题Trees that ______ the view of the oncoming traffic should be cut down.

单选题You are just the same ______ you were the day when I first met you.

单选题The burglars ______ the house but found nothing valuable.

单选题As a psychotherapist with many patients in their 20's, I can ______ the fact that not only do most of them not have any health insurance, but they also do not expect it as a condition of living in this country. A. attest to B. contribute to C. modify D. interdict

单选题Applications have poured in ______ assignments to remote regions of the country.

单选题People thought: Hey, eat a carp and you will be taking in (what) it is that gives you these (fish) their long (life-span). Of course, it (hasn't done) a lot of good for these carp.

单选题Regional planning deals with proposals concerning Uoutlying/U communities and highways as well as with urban affairs.

单选题It is agreed that all nations should take measures against terrorism on the basis of the UN______ and other international laws. (2002年中国人民大学考博试题)

单选题According to the passage, the drinking custom endures because ______.

单选题And the topic "fat" is forbidden. Even the slightest paunch betrays that one is losing the trim and ______ of youth.

单选题The market for non-food GE products could exceed the market for GE food products by a wide______within the next few years. A. variety B. margin C. range D. spectrum

单选题{{B}}Passage Two{{/B}} An investigation of the circulation of blood in the eyes of diver has produced the strongest evidence that tissue damage caused by diving is more common and more severe than had been previously thought. Of the 26 professional divers studied, all had abnormal retinas. None of the divers taking part in the study had visual problems as a result of their damaged retinas but Alan Bird of Moorfields Eye Hospital in London said that he "would not be surprised to find divers whose damage has progressed far enough to affect their vision". Evidence has mounted during recent years to show that exposure to pressure during diving subtly damages the central nervous system. Doctors believe that the damage is due to obstruction in the flow of blood through the tissues. People who take up diving as a sport know they are at risk of getting "the bends" or an air embolism, but if they follow the correct procedures, the risk is very low. All professional divers know they also run the risk of bone necrosis. About 5 per cent of them develop small dead patches in their bones. Active professional divers have their thighs and upper arms X-rayed as part of their annual medical examination. Doctors have been concerned diving-caused dead patches to appear on bones; other tissues may be suffering a similar fate. Their concern increased in the early 1950s. Detailed neurological examinations and tests of the memory and reactions of experienced professional divers suggested that some of them might have slight damage to the brain and spinal cord. In order to determine the size of the problem, the researchers needed a method of looking for the damage in a large sample of divers that did not involve surgery. The damage which occurs in the tissue of both the bones and the nerves of divers is similar. Damages of the retina which doctors can see using the technique are known as retinal angiography. The process involves injecting fluorocein dye into the blood stream and photographing the back of the eye through the pupil. The technique can provide a detailed photograph of the two vascular systems supplying blood to their retina without causing too much discomfort to the patient. The researchers suggested three mechanisms to explain how diving causes this obstruction. When divers come back to the surface, air bubbles sometimes form in their lungs. Bubbles forming in the lungs trigger changes in the body's clotting mechanism which could result in minute clots. The researchers hope that clues to the cause of the obstruction will come from investigations into the individual differences between divers. Some of the divers studied had relatively little damage even though they had been diving for many years and done a great deal of deep diving. On the other hand, a few inexperienced divers had quite extensive damage.

单选题He offered to ______ her a hand as the suitcase was too heavy for her to carry. A. help B. show C. lend D. borrow