单选题If the world is to remain peaceful the utmost effort must be made by nations to limit local ______.(2011年四川大学考博试题)

单选题She ______ her vacation so much that she didn't want it to end.(2003年复旦大学考博试题)

单选题The two countries signed an agreement to reduce their nuclear______.

单选题More than two hundred years ago the United States ______ from the British Empire and became all independent country.

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单选题The staff of Normandy Crossing Elementary School outside Houston eagerly awaited the results of state achievement tests this spring. For the principal and assistant principal, high scores could buoy their careers at a time when success is increasingly measured by such tests. For fifth-grade math and science teachers, the rewards were more tangible: a bonus of $2,850. But when the results came back, some seemed too good to be true. Indeed, after an investigation by the Galena Park Independent School District, the principal and three teachers resigned May 24 in a scandal over test tampering. The district said the educators had distributed a detailed study guide after stealing a look at the state science test by "tubing" it—squeezing a test booklet, without breaking its paper seal, to form an open tube so that questions inside could be seen and used in the guide. The district invalidated students" scores. Of all the forms of academic cheating, none may be as startling as educators tampering with children"s standardized tests. But investigations in many states this year have pointed to cheating by educators. Experts say the phenomenon is increasing as the stakes over standardized testing become higher—including, most recently, taking students progress on tests into consideration in teachers" performance reviews. Many school districts already link teachers" bonuses to student improvement on state assessments. Houston decided this year to use the data to identify experienced teachers for dismissal, and New York City will use it to make tenure decisions on novice teachers. The federal No Child Left Behind law is a further source of pressure. Like a high jump bar set intentionally low in the beginning, the law—which mandates that public schools bring all students up to grade level in reading and math by 2014—was easy to satisfy early on. But the bar is notched higher annually, and the penalties for schools that fail to get over it also rise: teachers and administrators can lose jobs and see their school taken over. No national data is collected on educator cheating. Experts who consult with school systems estimated that 1 percent to 3 percent of teachers—thousands annually—cross the line between accepted was of boosting scores, like using old tests to prepare students, and actual cheating. "Educators feel that their schools" reputation, their livelihoods, their psychic meaning in life is at stake," said Robert Schaeffer, public education director for FairTest.

单选题The monstrous system was______ by statesmen in the name of individual liberty.

单选题 Watch a baby between six and nine months old, and you will observe the basic concepts of geometry being learned. once the baby has mastered the idea that space is three-dimensional, it reached out and begins grasping various kinds of objects. It is then, from perhaps nine to fifteen months, that the concepts of sets and numbers are formed. So far, so good. But now an ominous development takes place. The nerve fibers in the brain insulate themselves in such a way that the baby begins to hear sounds very precisely. Soon it picks up language, and it is then brought into direct communication with adults. From this point on, it is usually downhill all the way for mathematics, because the child now becomes exposed to all the nonsense words and beliefs of the community into which it has been so unfortunate as to have been born. Nature having done very well by the child to this point, having permitted it the luxury of thinking for itself for eighteen months, now abandons it to the arbitrary conventions and beliefs of society. But at least the child knows something of geometry and numbers, and it will always retain some memory of the early happy days, no matter what vicissitudes it may suffer later on. The main reservoir of mathematical talent in any society is thus possessed by children who are about two years old, children who have just learned to speak fluently.

单选题Efforts to reach the injured men have been ______ because of a sudden deterioration in weather conditions.

单选题The author's attitude toward Bachofen' s treatise is best described as one of ______.

单选题With the severe shortage of energy supply, we are facing the ______ of a very hard winter.

单选题4 It didn't happen overnight. The problem of polluted air has been festering for centu ries. Suddenly the problem of air pollution is becoming critical and is erupting right before our eyes. Not only do our eyes burn as they focus through murky air, but when the air clears, we see trees and vegetation dying. We must realize that this destruction can no lon ger be pinned to some mysterious cause. The one major culprit is air pollution. Today's air pollution is an unfortunate by-product of the growth of civiliza tion. Civilized mall desires goods that require heavy industrialization and mass produc tion. Machines and factories sometimes pollute and taint the air with substances that are dangerous to man and the environment. These substances include radioactive dust, salt spray, herbicide and pesticide aerosols, liquid droplets of acidic matter, gases, and sometimes soil particles. These materials can act alone to irritate objects and forms of life. More dangerously, they join together to act upon the environment. Only lately have we begun recognizing some of their dangerous consequences. Scientists have not yet been able to obtain a complete report on the effects of air pollu tion on trees. They do know, however, that sulfur dioxide, fluorides, and ozone destroy trees and that individual trees respond differently to the numerous particulate and gaseous pollutants. Sometimes trees growing in a single area under attack by pollutants will show symptoms of iniury or will die while their neighbors remain healthy. Scientists believe this difference in response depends on the kind of tree and its genetic makeup. Other factors, such as the tree's stage of growth and nearness to the pollution source, the amount of pol lutant, and the length of the pollution attack also play a part. In short, whether or not a tree dies as a result of air pollution depends on a combination of host and environmental factors. For the most part, air pollutants injure trees. To conifers, which have year-round needles, air pollution causes early balding. In this event, trees cannot maintain normal food production levels. Undemourished and weakened, they are open to attack by a host of insects, diseases, and other environmental stresses. Death often follows. Air pollution may also cause hardwoods to lose their leaves. Because their leaves are borne only for a partion of the year and are replaced the following year, air pollution injury to hardwoods may not be so severe.

单选题 Elderly people respond best to a calm and unhurried environment. This is not always easy to provide as their behavior can sometimes be irritating, ff they got excited or upset then they may become more confused and more difficult to look after. Although sometimes it can be extremely difficult, it is best to be patient and not get upset yourself. You should always encourage old people to do as much as possible for themselves but be ready to lend a helping hand when necessary. Failing memory makes it difficult for the person to recall all the basic kinds of information we take for granted. The obvious way to help in this situation is to supply the information that is missing and help them make sense of what is going on. You must use every opportunity to provide information but remember to keep it simple and straightforward. "Good morning, Mum. This is Fiona, your daughter. It is eight o'clock, so if you get up now, we can have breakfast downstairs." When the elderly person makes confused statements e.g. about going out to his or her old employment or visiting a dead relative, correct in a calm matter-of-fact fashion: "You don't work in the office any more. You are retired now. Will you come and help me with the dishes?" We rely heavily on the information provided by signposts, clocks, calendars and newspapers. These assist us to organize and direct our behavior. Confused old people need these aids all the time to compensate for their poor memory. Encourage them to use reminder beards or diaries for important coming events and label the contents of different cupboards and drawers. Many other aids such as information cards, old photos, scrapbooks, addresses or shopping lists could help in individual case.

单选题In______, it is now clear that this battle was turning point in the war.(2004年湖北省考博试题)

单选题You ought to______that rude boy for his bad behavior.

单选题The period immediately following the Civil War was a time of great hope for Blacks in America. It was also a time of momentous (21) change, as the nation sought to (22) those liberties enshrined in the Bill of Rights to all Americans, Black and White. The Thirteenth Amendment (23) slavery, the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed all citizens equal protection of the laws, and the Fifteenth Amendment declared that no one could be (24) the right to vote " (25) race, color, or precious condition of servitude." In subsequent decades, (26) , it became all too apparent, at least to Blacks and a (n) (27) small number of concerned Whites, that the promise contained in these amendments were not being (28) By century's end, racial segregation was still an inescapable fact of American life, in the North (29) the South. There was an important stage that showed the struggle to close the gap between constitutional promise and social reality. In turning to civil disobedience (非暴力反抗), leaders (30) Martin Luther King, Jr. made (31) possible for all victims of racial injustice to take action in a way that was direct and forceful, (32) also peaceable. And through the power of their mortal example, they soon won widespread support for their cause. (33) these developments, Congress took steps to (34) the full meaning of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments by passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. The enactment of these measures (35) marked the end of the civil rights movement. There was still much to be done.

单选题Mr. Bridges Umentioned/U briefly several other subjects in the course of his talk but mostly kept himself to the main topic.

单选题When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it. A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his invention to the public after that period terminates. Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events. The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent"s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention. Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the library attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone to use and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor"s right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise, because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modem technological advance is based on these presumptions of legal security. Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.

单选题The Commercial Revolution was not confined, of course, to the growth of trade and banking. Included in it also were fundamental changes in methods of production. The system of manufacture developed by the craft guilds in the later Middle Ages was rapidly becoming defunct. The guilds themselves, dominated by the master craftsmen, had grown selfish and exclusive. Membership in them was commonly restricted to a few privileged families. Besides, they were so completely choked by tradition that they were unable to make adjustments to changing conditions. Moreover, new industries had sprang up entirely outside the guild system. Characteristic examples were mining and smelting and the woolen industry. The rapid development of these enterprises was stimulated by technical advances, such as the invention of the spinning wheel and the discovery of a new method of making brass, which saved about half of the fuel previously used. In the mining and smelting industries a form of organization was adopted similar to that which has prevailed ever since. But the most typical form of industrial production in the Commercial Revolution was the domestic system, developed first of all in the woolen industry. The domestic system derives its name from the fact that the work was done in the homes of industrial artisans instead of in the shop of a master craftsman. Since the various jobs in the manufacture of a product were given out on contract, the system is also known as the putting out system. Notwithstanding the petty scale of production, the organization was basically capitalistic. The raw material was purchased by an entrepreneur and assigned to individual worker, each of whom would complete his allotted task for a stipulated payment. In the case of the woolen industry the yam would be given out first of all to the spinners, then to the weavers, fullers, and dyer in succession. When the cloth was finally finished, it would be taken by the clothier and sold in the open market for the highest price it would bring.