阅读理解The Development of Both HIV And Its Cure
As the number of people infected (传染) with the AIDS—causing HIV rose to more than 14 million worldwide and as new research showed that in the U.S. one of every 92 young men may be infected, a cure for the disease still remained an elusive(令人困惑的) dream. To help slow the spread of HIV to infants, the CDC in July called for all pregnant(怀孕的) women to be tested for the virus(毒素). The recommendation (推荐) stemmed (发展) from a. study that found that the risk that an HIV-infected woman will pass the virus on to her unborn child is cut by two-thirds if the mother receives the drug azidothymidine ( AZT) during pregnancy. The year was also marked by the first official recognition (认可)that treating HIV-infected people with a combination(结合) of antiviral(抗毒素的) drugs is superior to treating them with only AZT, a drug that had been the gold standard of treatment since the late 1980s. At an international conference in Copenhagen, a pane(专门小组)of scientists recommended that patients with the AIDS virus receive combination therapy, although there was still no consensus (一致)on when in the course of the disease the drugs should be started. In December the FDA approved the first of a long-awaited new class of AIDS drugs, called protease inhibitors , Physicians emphasized, however, that the new drug, saquinavir, is not a cure and must be taken in combination with other AIDS drugs. A glimmer(微光)of hope for a cure came when a team from the University of Washington reported in November that a new drug, PMPA, prevented monkeys from becoming infected by the monkey version of HIV even when the virus was injected(注射) directly into the animals.
The year also provided the research community (界) , with a few more clues (线索) on how to attack HIV. In June researchers found that 70% of West African women infected with a slow-acting, less easily transmitted(传播)type of the virus were protected against infection by the faster-acting type, which was most common in the West. Earlier in the year hopes for lifesaving(救命的) AIDS treatments or vaccines (痘苗) were also bolstered (支持) by an intriguing(激起好奇心的)—and hotly debated—report that at least two children who had been born infected with the AIDS virus later became free of it.
Despite the mammoth(巨大的) swath(长而宽的地带) of destruction(破坏) that AIDS has cut around the world since it first surfaced(升到水面) just 15 years ago, it took a much rarer(稀有的)—and much swifter(反应快的)—killer, the Ebola virus, to jolt (唤起) the public out of its complacency(自满) toward the threat of emerging infectious (感染性的) diseases.
阅读理解Interview
The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist are reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the "how to" aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the "how to" material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.
There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical (经验的) aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modem Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, the understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interview, requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.
阅读理解Communication Problems
After 20 years of research, my colleagues and I have discovered that all communication involves our bodies, sometimes profoundly. While we speak with words, we also speak with every fiber of our being. This "language of the heart" is integral to the health and emotional life of all of us.
We found that even a pleasant chat about the weather can affect the cardiovascular (心血管性的) system , particularly blood pressure. The traditional way of taking blood pressure—with a stethoscope (听诊器)—meant that the patient had to keep silent, and this silence prevented clinicians from discovering the link between communication and blood pressure.
The breakthrough in our studies occurred in 1977, when we met Ed, a typical hypertensive patient who came to the University of Maryland''s Psychophysiology Center for treatment. We hooked up Ed to a new com?puter that could continuously monitor blood pressure. We found that his pressure immediately increased every time he spoke, even if he was discussing the most neutral topic. What was more surprising was that Ed was unaware of these changes.
This finding so intrigued us we began testing others. The results were the same. Blood pressure and heart rate rose rapidly whenever people talked. We asked students to read aloud from a bland(乏味的)text. Their blood pressure and heart rate rose rapidly every time. We tested 38 deaf-mute volunteers. When these people signed, their blood pressure also increased. This confirmed our suspicion that it was the act of communication, not just talking, that led to these changes.
Most normal talk is a seesaw (一上一下的动作). The rising of blood pressure when one talks is balanced by a rapid lowering of pressure when one listens. But the rhythm is out of synclinal hypertensives. They fluently fail to listen; they are on guard, defensive. So their pressure stays up.
The benefits of listening are seen in the "orienting reflex," discovered by Pavlov. When a dog hears a sound or sees movement, it will stop all activity and cock its head. Another Russian scientist, E.N. Soklor, noticed that the dog''s heart rate slows.
A similar response occurs in people too—and it lowers blood activities: reading out loud, staring at a blank wall and watching fish in a tank. Blood pressure washing test when the people spoke. But it was lowest when they watched the fish, rather than when they simply sat and relaxed. Whether watching fish or listening to another person, attending calmly to the world outside yourself helps lower blood pressure. When I got hypertensives to listen undefensively, their blood pressure often fell dramatically.
Why do some people find talking so stressful, and listening so difficult? I tested some healthy newborns. When they cried, their blood pressure often doubled. We began thinking about pressure surges in hypertensives as similar to the changes when a baby cries. Though calm on the surface while talking, their bodies are screaming to be heard. For these people, communication becomes a desperate but hidden struggle. Inside their adult bodies is a baby crying, terrified because no one can hear it.
So how can we enjoy conversation yet keep blood pressure down? By listening more, by breathing regularly while talking, by alternating between talking and paying attention to what the other person is saying. But what can hypertensives do? Treatments that teach them to focus on their relationship and how to communicate in a relaxed way can be a start toward health.
We can understand and cope with illness only when we view ourselves as part of a complex world beyond the confines of our own individual skin. The response of our hearts, blood vessels and muscles when we communicate with spouse, children, friends and colleagues is as vital to our cardiovascular health as is exercise or diet.
阅读理解Knitting
My mother knew how to knit (编织), but she never taught me. She assumed, as did many women of her generation, that knitting was no longer a skill worth passing down from mother to daughter. A combination of feminism (女权主义) and consumerism (浪费主义) made many women feel that such homely accomplishments were now out of date. My Grandmother still knitted, though, and every Christmas she made a pair of socks for my brother and me, of red wool. They were the ones we wore under our ice skates (冰鞋) , when it was really important to have warm feet.
Knitting is a nervous habit that happens to be productive. It helped me quit smoking by giving my hands something else to do. It is wonderful for depression because no matter what else happens, you are creating something beautiful. Time spent in front of the television or just sitting is no longer time wasted.
I love breathing life into the patterns. It''s true magic, finding a neglected, dog-eared old book with the perfect snowflake design, buying the same Germantown wool my grandmother used, in the exact blue to match my daughter''s eyes, taking it on the train with me every day for two months, working enthusiastically to get it done by Christmas, staying up late after the stockings are filled to sew in the sleeves and weave in the ends.
Knitting has taught me patience. I know that if I just keep going, even if it takes months, there will be a reward. When I make a mistake, I know that anger will not fix it, that I just have to go back and take out the stitches (针脚) between and start over again.
People often ask if I would do it for money, and the answer is always a definite no. In the first place, you could not pay me enough for the hours I put into a sweater. But more important, this is an activity I keep separate from such considerations. I knit to cover my children and other people I love in warmth and color. I knit to give them something earthly that money could never buy.
Knitting gives my life an alternative rhythm to the daily deadline. By day I can write about Northern Ireland or the New York City Police Department and get paid for it, but on the train home, surrounded by people with laptops, I stage my little rebellion. I take out my old knitting bag and join the centuries of women who have knitted for love.
阅读理解A tragedy like the sinking of the Titanic never happened again.
阅读理解Interferon
For several years, scientists have been testing a substance called interferon (干扰素),a potential wonder drug that is proving to be effective in treating a variety of ailments, including virus infections, bacteria infections, and tumors. To date, the new drug has provoked no negative reaction of sufficient significance to discourage its use. But in spite of its success, last year only one gram was produced in the entire world.
The reason for the scarcity lies in the structure of interferon. A species specific protein, the interferon produced from one animal species cannot be used in treating another animal species. In other words, to treat human beings, only interferon produced by human beings may be used. The drug is produced by infecting white blood cells with a virus. Fortunately, it is so potent that the amount given each patient per injection is very small.
Unlike antibiotics(抗菌素), interferon does not attack germs directly. Instead, it makes unaffected cells resistant to infection, and prevents the multiplication of viruses within cells.
As you might conclude, one of the most dramatic uses of interferon has been in the treatment of cancer. Dr. Hans Strander, research physician at Sweden''s famous Karolinska Institute, has treated more than one hundred cancer patients with the new drug. Among a group of selected patients who had undergone surgical procedures for advanced cancer, half were given conventional treatments and the other half were given interferon. The survival rate over a three-year period was 70 percent among those who were treated with interferon as compared with only 10 to 30 percent among those who had received the conventional treatments.
In the United States, a large-scale project supported by the American Cancer Society is now underway. If the experiment is successful, interferon could become one of the greatest medical discoveries of our time.
阅读理解The Gene Industry
Major companies are already in pursuit of commercial applications of the new biology. They dream of placing enzymes in the automobile to monitor exhaust and send data on pollution to a microprocessor that will then adjust the engine. They speak of what the New York Times calls "metal—hungry microbes that might be used to mine valuable trace metals from ocean water". They have already demanded and won the right to patent new lifeforms.
Nervous critics, including many scientists, worry that there is corporate, national, international, and inter-scientific rivalry in the entire biotechnological field. They create images not of oil spills, but of "microbe spills" that could spread disease and destroy entire populations. The creation and accidental release of extremely poisonous microbes, however, is only one cause for alarm. Completely rational and respectable scientists are talking about possibilities that stagger the imagination.
Should we breed people with cow-like stomachs so they can digest grass and hay, thereby relieving the food problem by modifying us to eat lower down on the food chain? Should we biologically alter workers to fit the job requirement, for example, creating pilots with faster reaction times or assembly-line workers designed to do our monotonous work for us? Should we attempt to eliminate "inferior" people and breed a " super-race"? ( Hitler tried this, but without the genetic weaponry that may soon issue from our laboratories. ) Should we produce soldiers to do our fighting? Should we use genetic forecasting to pre-eliminate "unfit" babies? Should we grow reserve organs for ourselves, each of us having, as it were, a " savings bank" full of spare kidney, livers or hands?
Wild as these notions may sound, every one has its advocates (and opposers) in the scientific community as well as its striking commercial application. As two critics of genetic engineering, Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Howard, state in their book Who Should Play God? " Broad Scale genetic engineering will probably be introduced to America much the same way as assembly lines, automobiles, vaccines, computers and all the other technologies. As each new genetic advance becomes commercially practical, a new consumer need will be exploited and a market for the new technology will be created."
阅读理解Hints for Reading Practice
1. Most of us can find 15 minutes or half an hour each day for some specific regular activity. For example, one famous surgeon always made it a rule to spend at least 15 minutes on general reading before he went to sleep each day. Whether he went to bed at 10 p. m. or 2. 30 a. m. made no difference.
2. Nearly all "Speed Reading" courses have a "pacing"——some timing device which lets the students
know how many words a minute he is reading. You can do this simply by looking at your watch every 5 or 10 minutes and noting down the page number you have reached.
3. Obviously there is little point in increasing your reading speed if you do not understand what you are reading. If you find you have lost the thread of the story, or you cannot remember clearly the details of what was said, re-read the section or chapter.
4. Take four or five pages of an interesting book you happen to be reading at the time. Read them as fast as you possibly can. Do not bother about whether you understand or not. If you keep doing this "lightning speed" reading for an extended period of time, you will usually find that your "normal" speed has increased.
5. Most paragraphs in an article have a "a topic sentence" which expresses the central ideas. The opening paragraph often suggests the general direction and content of the piece, while paragraphs that follow expand or support the first. The closing paragraph often summarizes the very essence of what has been said.
A. The Organization of an Article
B. An Effective Way to Increase Reading Speed
C. Set Aside Time Each Day
D. Check Your Comprehension
E. Check Your Reading Speed
F. Hints for Reading Practice
阅读理解The Grand Canyon
Standing on the rim of the Grand Canyon(大峡谷), gazing across this giant wound in the Earth''s surface, a visitor might assume that the canyon had been caused by some ancient convulsion(震动). In fact, the events that produced the canyon, far from being sudden and catastrophic, simply add up to the slow and orderly process of erosion.
Many millions of years ago, the Colorado Plateau in the Grand Canyon area contained 1,000 more feet of rock than it does today and was relatively level. The additional material consisted of some 14 layered formations of rock. In the Grand Canyon region these layers were largely worn away over the course of millions of years.
Approximately 65 million years ago the plateau s flat surface in the Grand Canyon area bulged upward from internal pressure, geologists refer to this bulging actions upwarding (弯曲上升) ; it was followed by a general elevation of the whole Colorado Plateau, a process that is still going on. As the plateau gradually rose, shallow rivers that winded across it began to run more swiftly and cut more definite courses. One of these rivers , located east of the upward, was the ancestor of the Colorado. Another river system, called the Hualapai, flowing west of the upward, extended itself eastward by cutting back into the upward, it eventually connected with the ancient Colorado and captured its waters. The new river then began to carve out the 277-mile-long trench that eventually became the Grand Canyon. Geologists estimate that this initial cutting action began no earlier than 10 million years ago.
Since then, the Canyon forming has been cumulative. To the corrosive force of the river itself have been added other factors. Heat and cold, rain and snow, along with the varying resistance of the rocks, increase the opportunities for erosions. The Canyon walls crumble, the river acquires a cutting tool. Tons of debris, rainfall running off the high plateau creates feeder streams that carreside canyons. Pushing slowly backward into the plateau, the side canyons expose new rocks, and the pattern of erosion continues.
单选题 阅读下面的短文,文中有15处空白,每处空白给出4个选项。请根据短文的内容,从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。
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单选题He paused, waiting for her to (digest) the information.
单选题But ultimately he gave in. A. in the end B. surely C. certainly D. lately
单选题I hope you can
submit
you term papers before the deadline.
单选题第三篇 Unpredictable Earthquake
Humans are forever forgetting that they can"t control nature. Exactly 20 years ago, a Time magazine cover story announced that "scientists are on the verge of being able to predict the time, place and even the size of earthquakes." The people of quake-ravaged (被地震破坏的) Kobe learned last week how wrong that assertion was.
None of the methods conceived two decades ago has yet to discover a uniform wanting signal that preceded all quakes, let alone any sign that would tell whether the coming temblor (地震) is mild or a killer. Earthquake formation can be triggered by many factors, says Hiroo Kanamori, a seismologist (地震学家) at the California Institute of Technology. So, finding one all-purpose warning sign is impossible. One reason: Quakes tart deep in the earth, so scientists can"t study them directly. If a quake precursor were found, it would still be impossible to ward humans in advance of all dangerous quakes. Places like Japan and California are riddle with hundreds, if not thousands, of minor faults.
Prediction would be less important if scientists could easily build structures to withstand tremors. While seismic engineering has improved dramatically in the past 10 to 15 years, every new quake reveals unexpected weakness in "quake-resistant" structures, says Terry Tullis, a geophysicist at Brown University. In Kobe, for example, a highway that opened only last year was damaged. In the Northridge earthquake, on the other hand, well-built structures generally did not collapse.
A recent report in Science adds yet more anxiety about life on the faulty lines. Researchers Fan computer simulations to see how quake resistant buildings would fall in a moderate size temblor, taking into account that much of a quake"s energy travels in a large "pulse" of focused shaking. The results: both steel-frame buildings and buildings that sit on insulating rubber pads suffered severe damage.
More research will help experts design stronger structures and possibly find quake precursors. But it is still a certainty that the next earthquake will prove once again that every fault cannot be monitored and every highway cannot be completely quake-proofed.
单选题We shall take the treasure away to a Usafe/U place.
单选题Mary has
blended
the ingredients.
单选题The mother was aftaid to let her boy risk ______.A. climbsB. to climbC. climbedD. climbing
单选题He talks tough but has a Utender/U head.
单选题Her son has rude
associates
at school, and they influence him in the wrong direction.
单选题The reason for their unusual behavior remains a
puzzle
. ______