填空题 Soot and Snow: a Hot Combination 1. New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century. 2. Soot in the higher latitudes of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while lighter colored ice reflects sunlight. 3. Soot in areas with snow and ice may play all important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. "This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheet smelt, they tend to get even dirtier," said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York. 4. Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo (solar energy reflected back to space), which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice, melting glaciers and permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land. 5. "Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon," Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. "This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude," Hansen noted. 6. Hansen cautioned, although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing of the rest of this century. 7. The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers' climate model simulations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight. A. Soot's Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere B. Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere C. Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot D. Effort to Reduce Snow Albedo E. Ways to Reduce Soot Emission F. Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of Global Warming

填空题Intelligent Machines 1. Medical scientists are already putting computer chips (芯片) directly into the brain to help people who have Parkinson"s disease, but in what other ways might computer technology be able to help us? Ray Kurzweil is author of the successful book, The Age of Intelligent Machines and is one of the world"s best computer research scientists. He is researching the possibilities. 2. Kurzweil gets computers to recognize voices. An example of this is Ramona, the virtual (虚拟的) hostess of Kurzweil"s homepage, who is programmed to understand what you say. Visitors to the site can have their conversations with her, and Ramona also dances and sings. 3. Kurzweil uses this technology to help people with physical disabilities. One of his ideas is a "seeing machine". This will be "like a friend that could describe what is going on in the visible world," he explains. Blind people will use a visual sensor (探测器) which will probably be built into a pair of sunglasses. This sensor will describe to the person everything it sees. 4. Another idea, which is likely to help deaf people, is the "listening machine". This invention will recognize millions of words and understand any speaker. The listening machine will also be able to translate into other languages, so even people without hearing problems are likely to be interested in using it. 5. But it is not just about helping people with disabilities. Looking further into the future, Kurzweil sees a time when we will be able to download our entire consciousness onto a computer. This technology probably won"t be ready for at least 50 years, but when it arrives, it means our mind will be able to live forever.

填空题Female Bullfighting It was a unique, eye-catching sight: an attractive woman in a shiny bullfighter"s suit, sword in hand, facing the sharp horns of a black, 500-kilogram beast. Most people thought the days of female bullfighting were over in Spain. 1 The first woman fighter, Cristina Sanchez, quit in 1999 because of male discrimination (歧视). But Vega is determined to break into what could be Spain"s most resistant male field. 2 Spanish women have conquered almost all male professions. 3 "The bull does not ask for your identity card," she said in an interview a few years ago. She insisted that she be judged for her skills rather than her femaleness. Vega became a matador (斗牛士) in 1997 in the southwestern city of Caceres. 4 She entered a bullfighting school in Malaga at age nine and performed her first major bullfight at age 14. She has faced as much opposition as Sanchez did. And the "difficulties have made her grow into a very strong bullfighter," her brother Jorge says. The 1.68-metre tall and somewhat shy Vega says her love of bullfighting does not make her any less of a woman. 5 A. She intends to become even better than Sanchez was. B. Her father was an aspiring (有雄心壮志的) bullfighter. C. But many bullfighting professionals continue to insist that women do not have hat it takes to perform the country"s "national show". D. "I"m a woman from head to toe and proud of it," she once said E. She looks like a male bullfighter. F. But recently, 29-year-old Mari Paz Vega became the second woman in Spanish history to fight against those heavy animals.

填空题A to find jobs B to do low-skill jobs C to feed its people D to handle disputes E to make a profit F to worry about the British economy

填空题McGrady"s art is a spectacle 1. When Tracy McGrady is healthy, his play can be so beautiful that even his own teammates on the court cannot help but admire it in the middle of a game. 2. "It"s hard for me, because I"m a fan of basketball," Houston point guard Rafer Alston told the Houston Chronicle newspaper after McGrady"s 44 point performance against Utah on January 5, "When he"s shooting the ball like that, a lot of times I"m standing there watching and, all of a sudden, the other team"s getting the ball and going on a fast break, and I"m getting yelled at by the coach." Indeed, McGrady"s body control, his energy, his shooting-watching these are like watching an artist at work, blending colors, constructing sentences, or playing music. 3. Unfortunately, McGrady, 27, hasn"t always been on the job. Already this season, he"s missed seven games with back spasms. After Yao Ming was injured on Dec. 23, it appeared Houston would be without both of its stars. McGrady, however, returned three days later and has been playing well ever since, scoring more than 30 points in each of the last six games, as of Tuesday. Houston can"t seem to get on without him. When McGrady was injured, the Rockets won two and lost five. 4. "Listen, there are only four or five people on the entire planet that can do the things he can do with the basketball," forward Shane Battier said of McGrady, "From a fan"s perspective and we"re fans even though we"re players it"s really fun to watch him do that." From a player"s perspective, his game can affect the entire team. No question. We see him, and we get excited, and that pumps us up. He keeps making shots, and suddenly it seems to become easier for everybody. 5. But it won"t, really. Houston has just begun an important stretch on their schedule. Four of the next seven games will be played away from Houston and without Yao. Six of the games will be against teams with winning records. Opponents will double-team McGrady in an attempt to dull the impact of his art. Instead of watching, McGrady"s teammates will need to create a little art of their own.

填空题阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} The Dangers of Secondhand Smoke{{/B}} Most people know that cigarette smoking is harmful to their health. Scientific research shows that it causes many kinds of diseases. In fact, many people who smoke get lung cancer. However, Edward Gilson has lung cancer, and he has never smoked cigarettes. He lives with his wife Evelyn, who has smoked about a pack of cigarettes a day throughout their marriage,{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. No one knows for sure why Mr. Gilson has lung cancer. Nevertheless, doctors believe that secondhand smoke may cause lung cancer in people who do not smoke because nonsmokers often breathe in the smoke from other people's cigarettes.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}The US Environmental Protection Agency reports that about 53,000 people die in the United States each year as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke.The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many different poisonous chemicals. In the past, scientists did not think that these chemicals could harm a nonsmoker's health.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}They discovered that even nonsmokers had unhealthy amounts of these toxic (有毒的) chemicals in their bodies. As a matter of fact, almost all of us breathe tobacco smoke at times, whether we realize it or not. For example, we cannot avoid secondhand smoke in restaurants, hotels and other public places. Even though many public places have nonsmoking areas, smoke flows in from the areas where smoking is permitted. It is even harder for children to avoid secondhand smoke.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}Research shows that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are sick more often than children who live in homes where no one smokes and that the children of smokers are more than twice as likely to develop lung cancer when they are adults as are children of nonsmokers. The risk is even higher for children who live in homes where both parents smoke. People are becoming very aware of the dangers of secondhand smoke.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}. A．Recently, though, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers. B．The Gilsons have been married for 35 years. C．This smoke is called secondhand smoke. D．However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young. E．As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places. F．In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.

填空题Science Fiction 1 Amongst the most popular books being written today are those which are usually classified as science fiction. Hundreds of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people. Furthermore, some of the most successful films of recent years have been based on science fiction stories. 2 It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new development in literature, but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago. These books were often concerned with the presentation of some form of ideal society, a theme which is still often found in modern stories. 3 Most of the classics of science fiction, however, have been written within the last hundred years. Books by writers such as Jules Verne and H.G. Wells, to mention just two well-known authors have been translated into many languages. 4 Modern science fiction writers don"t write about men from Mars (火星) or space adventure stories. They are more interested in predicting the results of technical developments on society and the human mind; or in imagining future worlds which are a reflection of the world which we live in now. Because of this, their writing has obvious political undertones (含义). 5 In an age where science fact frequently overtakes (超过) science fiction, the writers may find it difficult to keep ahead of scientific advances. Those who are sufficiently clear-sighted to see the way we are going, however, may provide a valuable lesson on how to deal with the problems which society will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology.

填空题Green Space in Cities Where do children play? Years ago, any open field, any vacant lot, any group of trees—these were the places where children played. As families left family farms, small towns, and the countryside, and moved into cities, the places for their children to play in became rarer. 1 In fact, all people"s lives change a lot when they move to the city. In cities, homes are built on top of one another—in enormous apartment buildings. The feeling of private space and ownership no longer exists in houses literally piled one on the other. Psychologists have been studying the changes people experience when they leave rural areas and move into urban environments. 2 Children can play on paved playgrounds. That"s true. 3 Without grass and trees and bushes and, yes, dirt and mud to get dirty in, children miss an important part of childhood. The human soul, it seems, needs to stay close to its roots. Adults can plant lots of things like bulbs in window boxes and large containers. 4 The lack of green space is now recognized and understood as a problem. City planners—the people who design neighborhoods—have begun to work on a solution. They want to build more parks, but land in cities is quite costly. 5 Along rivers, under power lines, near ditches and highways—these are the spaces that no one uses and they are everywhere. Why not use these unused spaces for green areas? Neighborhood groups have coordinated their efforts to clean up the trash or garbage. Soil from new building projects in the city has been trucked by lorries into these areas. This soil has been dumped along the sides of rivers, and strong walls have been erected to hold it there. Trees and bushes have been planted; the roots of these plants will hold the soil, too, and the green leaves make the area beautiful. A．However, they just don"t have as much fun as children in small towns. B．Children in the cities had few options, fewer choices of places to play. C．Why is there no place for children in cities to play? D．One clear finding from their studies is that people need green spaces for better mental health. E．However, tending window boxes isn"t the same as being an amateur gardener and growing peas, tomatoes and salad greens in a backyard garden. F．So they look for land that no one else wants.

填空题With Genetic Gift,2 Monkeys Are Viewing a More Colorful World Dahon and Sam are male squirrel monkeys, about a foot tall. (46) Dalton and Sam lead a more protected life in the laboratory of Jay and Maureen Neitz at the University of Washington, Seattle. Recently. the Neitzes endowed them with a new genetic girl: the ability to see the world with full color vision. Male squirrel monkeys have only two of the color pigments(色素)known as opsins(视蛋白), unlike people who have three. The Neitzes, with Katherine Mancuso and other colleagues, used the technique of gene therapy to introduce the gene for the missing red pigment into the cone cells of the monkeys'retinas (视网膜). (47) It was somewhat surprising that the monkeys'brains could take advantage of a third opsin. The retina, however, seems to work by recording the difference between the signals from neighboring cones, the cells that detect color. (48) New World male monkeys like Dalton and Sam are chromatically challenged because their ancestors split off from Old World primates before full color vision evolved. At the time of the split, Drimates had only two visual pigments, one that is particularly sensitive to blue light and another that responds best to either green or red, depending on which variant of the gene is inherited. (49) The gene for the red or green opsin was duplicated, allowing individuals to see red and green instead of just one or the other. New World monkeys never developed the duplicated gene, but many females have full color vision. The reason is that the red/green opsin gene lies on the X chromosome, so females who inhetit a different version from each parent have both red and green opsins along with the blue opsin on another chromosome (染色体). (50) A. But males, with only one X chromosome, inherit just one variant of the red, green opsin—the green in the case of Dalton and Sam.B. Several months after the therapy, Dalton and Sam were able to see a world in which red hues (颜色) were visible and oranges no longer looked like lemons, the researchers say in the current issue of Nature.C. Their ancestors lived by eating fruit and insects in the forest canopy(树荫)of Central and South America.D. After the split, which began with the opening of the Atlantic between Africa and South America some 150 million years ago, the Old World primates benefited from a genetic accident.E. So the extra opsin gene giren to Dalton and Sam would have changed the signal from affected cones and hence the message forwarded from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain.F. The monkey experiment would help researchers understand the circuitry used by the primate brain to analyze color.

填空题 The First Four Minutes When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, Contact: The First Four Minutes, he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships: {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. You may have noticed that average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much. When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, "People like people who like themselves." On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes. Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a friendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way." {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. "It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one." But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honest" is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later. The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}That is at least as important as how much we know. A. In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits. B. Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends. C. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people. D. Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. E. He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room. F. He is eager to make friends with everyone.

填空题 A. will influence future climate change B. was somewhat surprising C. will rise rapidly D. was known to US all E. was much higher than had been expected F. will drop dramatically

填空题Stories One of the most successful fashion companies in the world is Benetton. The Benetton family opened their first shop in Italy in 1968. 1 Benetton followed four marketing principles in order to achieve their success. The first principle in Consumer Concept. To build a successful business, you have to develop products around things people value, especially quality. 2 He created clothes to match people"s wants: the style is casual; the colors and patterns are bold; and the quality is excellent. The System Link in another feature of good marketing. For Benetton, this means waiting to get information about what customers like and what they dislike before making the clothes. 3 . The Information Link means making sure the company responds quickly to people"s demands. 4 This information is then sent to the main office in Italy. Benetton can use this information to identify popular products and to continue making them; it can also identify less popular products and stop making them. A final important marketing principle is the Retail Link. There are Benetton stores in countries around the world. All the stores have the same clothing, the same window display, and the same approach to sales. 5 The things people like about Benetton stores are that the quality is always high and the prices are generally low. And that spells success. A. The founder of Benetton began by asking people what they wanted. B. There used to be a good reason for this. C. When something is sold at a Benetton store, the store records information about the type, sizeand color of the item. D. Today, there are Benetton shops in major cities all over the world. E. This means that customers can go into any Benetton store in the world and be sure of what they are buying. F. In other words, Benetton"s clothes are made to order.

填空题A．he developed 3,000 theoriesB．he couldn't afford to buy a pair of shoesC．he found himself an unsuccessful manD．they quittedE. an innovation should work immediatelyF. failure is the mother of success

填空题Living Alone Is Joyful More and more Americans are living alone. Some live alone because of divorce or the death of a partner. 1 According to a recent U.S. census (人口普查), 25 percent of all households in the U.S. are made up of just one person. This is a dramatic change from the exended families of just a couple of generations ago. The typical person living alone is neither old nor lonely. 2 The majority of these people have chosen to live alone. They are responding to decreasing social pressure to get married and have a family. It"s now socially acceptable, even fashionable, to live alone. As people get better jobs and become financially independent, it becomes possible for them to maintain a one-person household. 3 However, people who do get married are marrying at a later age and divorcing more often. The number one reason given by most people for living alone is that they simply enjoy doing what they want when they want to do it "Living alone is a luxury," says Nina Hagiwara, 33. "Once you do it, you can"t ever go back to living with others," David C"Debaca, 46, agrees. 4 Children think that being grown up means being able to do exactly as they please. 5 The chance to discover whether that freedom is as wonderful as it sounds is a chance more and more Americans are taking. A. There"s more pressure to get married nowadays. B. The growing number of women with good jobs has done much to increase the number of people living alone. C. However, even more people are living alone because they have chosen to. D. It seems that many grown-ups today are realizing that childhood dream. E. In fact,a quarter of the 23 million single people in the U.S. are under the age of 35. F. He says, "I like being by myself."

填空题Time in the Animal World Rhythm controls everything in Nature. 1 The sun provides a basic time rhythm for all living creatures including humans. Nearly all animals are influenced by sun cycles and have developed a biological clock in their bodies following these cycles. The moon also exerts its force and influence on the sea. Its gravitational attraction causes the rising of the tide. 2 When the moon is behind the Earth, centrifugal force causes the second tide of the day. Animals living in tidal areas must have the instinct of predicting these changes, to avoid being stranded and dying of dehydration. Since the time of the dinosaurs, the king crab has been laying eggs at the seaside in a set way. To avoid predator fish the eggs are always far from seawater and protected by sand. In the following two months, the eggs undergo dramatic changes related to the cycles of the moon. When the second spring tide comes, the young king crabs have matured. 3 Most of the mammals, either the giant elephant or the small shrew, have the same average total number of heartbeats in their lifetime. Shrews live only for two and a half years, and spend their life at a high speed and high tempo. Animals like shrews with a pulse rate of 600 per minute have an average total of eight hundred million heartbeats throughout their life. The African elephant has a pulse rate of 25 beats per minute, and a life span of 60 years. The size of the body determines the speed of life. 4 As we get older, our sense of time is being influenced by the physiological changes of our body. The elderly spend more time resting, and do few sports. 5 For a child, a week is seen as a long time. A. For an adult, time goes fast year by year. B. It controls, for example, the flapping of birds" wings, the beating of the heart and the rising and setting of the sun. C. The larger the animal is, the longer its life span is and the slower its life tempo is. D. The tide goes out when the mood moves away and its attraction is weaker. E. We always tend to think all the animals have the same sense of time as human beings. F. The second spring tide takes them back to the sea.

填空题 Garlic From early times man has used garlic (大蒜). The Bible speaks of it. The Israelites (古以色列人) were once far from home. They cried out to Moses, their leader, for the foods they loved: leeks (韭菜), onions, and garlic. The Romans, like the Israelites, loved to eat garlic. And they hung bags of garlic around their necks. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}They also thought it would keep them from getting sick. A similar idea is still held. Many people take garlic thinking it will prevent or cure disease. Most doctors say it does no such thing. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}Its smell may force people to stay far apart. At least then they can't pass germs on to each other. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}What if you're in a play, for instance? Actors have been known to forget their lines because they couldn't stand the garlic smell on a fellow actor's breath. Some have even made up new lines and actions that kept them far away from the one who had eaten garlic. Through the years man has tried to cope with the smell of garlic. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}We now know why. It's been found that the oils of the garlic do not stick to the teeth, tongue, or gums (齿龈). They go into the lungs instead. From there they are breathed out. They pass out through the skin too. Strange as it seems, food may have a great deal of garlic in it without smelling or tasting strong. It all depends on how it is cooked. French cooks make a good soup with whole cloves (瓣) of garlic. They use more than thirty cloves in one bowl of soup. But they take care not to crush them. And they cook them whole. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}And as the cloves cook they change in some strange way. The soup turns out to be delicious. It's not strong at all. A. But no medicine, mouthwash, chewing gum, or toothpaste seems to help much. B. As a result, the strong oils stay in the cloves. C. They say it may help in one way, though. D. Many people eat garlic. E. But keeping your distance can be hard at times. F. They hoped it would keep away the evil eye.

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。{{B}}What'sLackingin'Sicko'?{{/B}}Whenitcomestoeconomicdecisions,therearealwaystrade-offs(取舍).Gainonethingandyoulosesomethingelse.{{U}}(46){{/U}}ThecentralargumentofMichaelMoore'smovie"Sicko"-thatthecuretothenation'shealthcareproblemsisasingle-payersystem-ishardlynovelandiscertainlyworthconsideration,whetherornotyouagreewithit.ButincomparingtheAmericansystemwithsingle-payerplansofothercountries-Britain,France,CanadaandCuba-Mr.Mooreleftoutthetrade-offs,characterizingthosecountriesashealthcareparadises.{{U}}(47){{/U}}KurtLoder,thefilmcriticwhoisbestknownastheanchor(主持人)of"MTVNews,"wroteacritique(批评)ofthefilmforMTV'swebsite."'Sicko,'"hesaid,"doesarealservice"inportraying(描绘)victimsofAmericaninsurancecompanies-likethepeoplewhodiedbecausetheironlytreatmentoptionswereconsidered"experimental"andthereforenotcovered{{U}}(48){{/U}}When"governmentsattempttoregulatethebalancebetweenalimitedsupplyofhealthcareandanunlimiteddemandforit,they'reinevitablyforcedtorationtreatment,"Mr.Loderasserted{{U}}(49){{/U}}Mr.Lodercitedtheshortfilm"DeadMeat,"whichpresentsanecdotes(轶事)offailureintheCanadiansingle-payersystem.Initsone-sidedness,"DeadMeat"mighthavemadeforanicedoublefeaturewith"Sicko,"andleftmoviegoerswithamorecompleteunderstandingofthecomplicationsofdecidingonahealthcaresystem.{{U}}(50){{/U}}Thisallmakesanotherwise"emotionallycompellingfilmnotnecessarilyanintellectuallysatisfyingone,"wroteDarrenBarefoot,aCanadianblogger(博客作者).AMr.Moorealsodecidedtoignoreproblemsinothercountries,likeFrance'shightaxesandBritain'scash-shorthospitals.BButthefilmasawhole,heconcluded,is"breathtakinglymeretricious(似是而非的),"inlargepartbecauseofitscharacterizationsofothercountries'healthcaresystems.CTheproblemshavebeennoticed-andcriticismiscomingnotjustfromMr.Moore'sdetractors(诋毁者).DHetickedoffanumberofnegativestatisticstocounterthepositiveonesofferedbyMr.Moore.EHealthcareistheprevention,treatment,andmanagementofillness.FThisisparticularlytrueinhealthcare,amarketinwhichscarce(稀罕的)goodsareridiculouslyexpensive,butneededbyeverybody.

填空题 Even Intelligent People Can Fail1 The striking thing about the innovators who succeeded in making our modern world is how often they failed. Turn on a light, take a photograph, watch TV, search the Web, jet across the Pacific Ocean, talk on a cellphone (手机). The innovators who left us these things had to find the way to success through a maze (错综复杂) of wrong turns.2 We have just celebrated the 125th anniversary of American innovator Thomas Edison's success in heating a thin line to white-hot heat for 14 hours in his lab in New Jersey, US. He did that on October 22, 1879, and followed up a month later by keeping a thread of common cardboard alight (点亮着的) in an airless space for 45 hours. Three years later he went on to light up half a square mile of downtown Manhattan, even though only one of the six power plants in his design worked when he turned it on, on September 4, 1882.3 "Many of life's failures," the supreme innovator said, "are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up." Before that magical moment in October 1879, Edison had worked out no fewer than 3,000 theories about electric light, but in only two cases did his experiments work.4 No one likes failure, but the smart innovators learn from it. Mark Gumz, the head of the camera maker Olympus America Inc, attributes some of the company's successes in technology to understanding failure. His popular phrase is: "You only fail when you quit."5 Over two centuries, the most common quality of the innovators has been persistence. That is another way of saying they had the emotional ability to keep up what they were doing. Walt Disney, the founder of Disneyland, was so broke after a succession of financial failures that he was left shoeless in his office because he could not afford the US$1.50 to get his shoes from the repair shop. Pioneering car maker Henry Ford failed with one company and was forced out of another before he developed the Model T car.6 Failure is harder to bear in today's open, accelerated world. Hardly any innovation works the first time. But an impatient society and the media want instant success. When American music and movie master David Geffen had a difficult time, a critic said nastily that the only difference between Geffen Records (Geffen's company) and the Titanic (the ship that went down) was that the Titanic had better music. Actually, it wasn't. After four years of losses, Geffen had so many hits (成功的作品) he could afford a ship as big as the Titanic all to himself.

填空题Why Would They Falsely Confess? Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn"t seem logical. But it is logical, say expels, if you understand what can happen in a police interrogation (审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people"s minds are susceptible (易受影响的) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grilling (盘问) is enormous. 1 "The pressure is important to understand because otherwise it"s impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn"t do. The answer is to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess." Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory study to determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn"t do. 2 The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility. Redlich"s findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed 3 of the 15-to 16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12-to 13-year-olds. "There"s no question that young people are more at risk," says Saul Kassin, Professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results. 4 Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation—not hours of aggressive questioning— and still, most participants falsely confessed. Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation. 5 . A. In her experiment participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing so would crash the systems. B. "In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision." C. "It"s a little like somebody"s working on them with a dental (牙齿的) drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley. D. "But adults are highly vulnerable too." E. How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn"t do? F. Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.

填空题阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} Financial Risks{{/B}} Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk. {{U}} (46) {{/U}}They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling, the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost. Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses{{U}} (49) {{/U}}Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in particular market. Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}International Business Machine Corportaion, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs. A．Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. B．One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. C．Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business. D．The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. E．Floating exchange rates of the world's major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning. F．Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.