填空题Read With Greater Speed Do you have difficulty reading in class? If so, a special reading program that helps match sounds with letters could speed up your brain. At least one out of every five elementary school students in the US has trouble learning to read, even when the students are good at other subjects. 1 Researchers from Yale University, US, studied a group of children from New York and Connecticut State. As part of the study, 37 struggling readers received special tutoring. Every day, instructors worked with them on recognizing how written letters represent units of sound called phonemes (音素). 2 By the end of the school year, these children could read faster than before. They also made fewer mistakes, and understood more of what they read than they could earlier in the year. As part of their study, the researchers used a special machine to take action photos of the students" brains. 3 This is the same part of the brain that becomes active when good readers read. This activated brain area appears to include a structure that helps people recognize familiar written words quickly. In lower level readers, this structure remains inactive. A year later, the brain structure was still working hard in the students who had gone through the special tutoring, and they continued to do well in reading tests. 4 However, some researchers still doubt the study. 5 A. Many adults are interested in matching sounds with letters. B. The students also practiced reading aloud and spelling. C. The biggest challenge for many of these kids, scientists say, is matching sounds with letters. D. Another group in the study who went through a more traditional reading program didn"t show the same progress. E. The pictures showed an increase in activity in the back of the brain on the left side. F. They believe that reading without making any noise or linking words to sounds is more efficient.

填空题 Broken: Dreams of Rural Peace It was dusk in Tubney Woods, deep in rural Oxfordshire. The birds were singing at the end of another perfect day. The woman living at the edge of the forest could stand it no longer. She phoned the local noise pollution officer. "It's the rooks (秃鼻乌鸦)," she said. "1 can't bear that awful cawing (呱呱地叫) noise. Can you do something about it?" The call was no surprise to officials at the Vale of White Horse District Council. (46) The countryside, as every country-dweller knows, can be a hellishly (可怕地) noisy place. Last week David Stead, a West Yorkshire farmer, appeared in court in Wakefield accused of allowing his cocks to break noise regulations by crowing (打鸣) at dawn, waking a neighbour. (47) Six months ago Corky, a four-year-old cock, was banned from crowing after complaints in the Devon village of Stoke. Complaints about noise reasonable or not - are at record levels in country areas. Environmental health officers say this is partly because of an increase in noisy activity. However, a significant number of complaints come from newcomers to the countryside. There are many sources of rural noise. (48) Mechanised grain driers, usually switched on for three weeks in September, can produce a maddening low-frequency hum. Mike Roberts, chief environmental health officer at Vale of White Horse, said noise often sounded worse in the countryside than in cities. With less background sound, unwelcome noises can seem louder and travel further. The oddest complaints, however, are the ones council officials can do nothing about. Vale of White Horse officials have been asked to silence not only nesting rooks. Pigeons and pheasants (雉鸡) have also caused concern. In Kent, council officials have been asked to silence baby lambs. (49) Another insisted he could hear an alien spaceship landing over the garden fence. "We get regular complaints. They usually come from retired people who have just moved into the country. We send them a polite letter." And the lady who complained about the rooks? She was politely told she would have to put up with it." (50) " said Mr Roberts. "in the end, she accepted there was nothing much she could do - except move out." It is not recorded who won, the lady or the rooks. A Mr Stead said they were only doing what comes naturally. B We asked her what we were supposed to do, shoot the birds, or chop the trees down? C They have heard every kind of complaint. D One man rang to say he was kept awake by the splashing of a fountain in the garden next door. E The council will ask the farmer to move it. F Farm machinery is a common cause.

填空题阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} Teamwork in Tourism{{/B}} Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned. Government bureaus, trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum conditions for travelers. {{U}} (46) {{/U}} They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services, and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns. They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} Tourist counselors give valuable seminars5 to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts, considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} {{U}} (50) {{/U}} Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers, and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours. All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers. A The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers, including car-rental and sight-seeing services. B They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours. C Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs. D As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries. E Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients. F In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel - planes, ships, trains, motorcoaches, car-rentals, and even car purchases.

填空题Stars in Their Eyes The Scientific American Book of the Cosmos edited by David Levy, Macmillan, ￡20, ISBN 0333782938 Previous generations of scientists would have killed to know what we know. For the first time in history, we have a pretty good idea of the material content of the Universe, our position within it and how the whole thing came into being. In these times of exploding knowledge there is a definite need to take stock and assemble what we know in a palatable (受欢迎的)form. 1 The essays in The Scientific American Book of the Cosmos have been selected by David Levy, co-discoverer of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9, which in 1994 struck Jupiter with the violence of several full-scale nuclear wars. 2 This is certainly a great collection of essays, but it is not, as the book promises, a seamless (完美的，无缝隙的) synthesis of our current knowledge. Nobody can fault the range of articles Levy has included. There are essays on the planets, moons and assorted debris (碎片)in the Solar System, and on our Galaxy, the Milky Way. 3 The contributors, too, are stars in their own fields. Not many books can boast chapters written by such giants as Erwin Schrodinger and Francis Crick. My personal favorites are a piercingly clear essay by Albert Einstein on general relativity and an article by Alan Guth and Paul Steinhardt on the inflationary (膨胀的) Universe. So much for the book"s content. But Levy has not succeeded in providing an accurate synthesis of our current knowledge of the cosmos, which the book jacket promises. Gathering together previously published articles inevitably leaves subject gaps, missing explanations and so on. 4 But there isn"t one. In fact, surprisingly for a book so densely packed with information, there is no index. Collecting essays in this way is clearly a good publishing wheeze (巧妙的主意). But this approach shortchanges the public, who would be better served by an account moulded into a seamless whole. 5 However, for the next edition, please, please can we have an index? A. Tegmark fears he may hold the record for the longest time taken to read one book. B. In a more positive vein, this is a wonderful collection of essays to dip in and out of if you already have a good overview (概述)of current cosmic understanding. C. Levy is an active astronomer and an accomplished writer, so you"d expect him to provide a broad and accurate picture of our current understanding of the cosmos. D. Scientific American has attempted to cater to this need by bringing together essays that have appeared in the magazine. E. To some extent, these could have been plugged with a glossary (词表) of terms. F. Also included are contributions on the world of subatomic particles, the origin of life on the Earth and the possibility of its existence elsewhere.

填空题It is generally thought that a theorist in science is an individual who ______.

填空题A．overuse face masksB．deal with the mask problem seriouslyC．rub their faces and noses in the subwayD．protest against the mask guidelinesE. help protect people from being attacked by a fluF. announce the results of their mask research

填空题Estee Lauder Died 1. The child of Central European immigrants who created an international cosmetics (化妆品) empire and became one of the most influential women in US, has died on Saturday. Estee Lauder died at her home in Manhattan, New York City, a company spokeswoman said. She was 97. 2. Born in Queens, New York in 1908, Lauder was the daughter of a Hungarian mother and a Czech father. 3. Lauder began her business career by selling skincare products developed by her uncle John Schotz, a chemist, to beauty salons (美容院) and hotels. In 1930, she married Joseph Lauder who became her partner. The company, which became known as Estee Lauder, took off after World War Ⅱ. 4. In 1953, the company introduced its first perfume (香水), Youth Dew, the first of a range of fragrances that has now grown to more than 70. They include: Aramis, a line of products for men, launched in 1964; and Clinique, a range of odourless (无臭的) cosmetics, which followed in 1968. 5. By the time she retired in 1995, Lauder was presiding over a multibillion-dollar enterprise, which now ranks number 349 in the Fortune 500 list of largest US companies. In 1998, she was the only woman to feature in Time magazine"s selection of the 20 most important business geniuses of the last century. There were two secrets to her success: her gift for selling things and her tireless energy and determination never to accept second best. 6. Even after her retirement at the age of 89, Lauder remained closely involved. Beauty, Lauder believed, was the most important thing in life. 7. She wrote in her 1985 autobiography, "Estee, a Success Story": "In a perfect world, we"d all be judged on the sweetness of our souls. But in our less than perfect world, the woman who looks pretty has a distinct advantage and, usually, the last word."

填空题 More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing 1. Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences. 2. Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night's sleep than 8-hour sleepers. 3. These findings, which DL Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night's rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night. He added that "it might be a good idea" for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this. 4. Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep—for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more. 5. For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep ,and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning. 6. Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. "It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they'll spend a higher percentage of time awake," he said. A. Keprike's Research Tool B. Dangers of Habitual Shortages of Sleep C. Criticism on Kripke's Report D. A Way of Overcoming Insomnia E. Sleep Problems of Long and Short Sleepers F. Classification of Sleep Problems

填空题 Every Dog Has Its Say Kimiko Fukuda, a Japanese girl, always wondered what her dog was trying to say. Whenever she put on makeup, it would pull at her sleeve. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}When the dog barks, she glances at a small electronic gadget (装置). The following "human" translation appears on its screen: "Please take me with you". "I realized that's how he was feeling." said Fukuda. The gadget is called Bowlingual, and it translates dog barks into feelings. People laughed when the Japanese toymaker Takara Company made the world's first dog-human translation machine in 2002. But 300,000 Japanese dog owners bought it. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} "Nobody else had thought about it," said Masahiko Kajita, who works for Takara. "We spend so much time training dogs to understand our orders; what would it be like if we could understand dogs?" Bowlingual has two parts. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}The translation is done in the gadget using a database (资料库) containing every kind of bark. Based on animal behaviour research, these noises are divided into six categories: happiness, sadness, frustration, anger, declaration and desire. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}In this way, the database scientifically matches a bark to an emotion, which is then translated into one of 200 phrases. When a visitor went to Fukuda's house recently, the dog barked a loud "bow wow". This translated as "Don't come this way". {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} The product will be available in US pet stores this summer for about US$120. It can store up to 100 barks, even recording the dog's emotions when the owner is away. A. A wireless microphone is attached to the dog's collar, which sends information to the gadget held by the owner. B. Nobody really knows how a dog feels. C. It was followed by "I'm stronger than you" as the dog growled (嗥叫) and sniffed (嗅) at the visitor. D. More customers are expected when the English version is launched this summer. E. Now, the Japanese girl thinks she knows. F. Each one of these emotions is then linked to a phrase like "Let's play", "Look at me", or "Spend more time with me".

填空题阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} The First Four Minutes{{/B}} When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, "Contact: The first four minutes", he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships: " {{U}}(46) {{/U}} A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that." You may have noticed that the average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much. When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, "People like people who like themselves." On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes. Heating such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a friendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way." {{U}} (48) {{/U}} We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. "It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one." But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honesty" is not always good for social relationships 2, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole troth about one's opinions and impressions. {{U}} (49) {{/U}} For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later. The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course5 in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} That is at least as important as how much we know. A In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits. B Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends. C In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people. D Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. E He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room. F He is eager to make friends with everyone.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)l～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为第 2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第5～8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案写在相应的横线内。 {{B}}The Fridge{{/B}} The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with the label: "store in the refrigerator." In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country. The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast variety of well-tried techniques already existed--natural cooling, drying, smoking, slating, sugaring, bottling... What refrigeration did promote was marketing--marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price. Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of f-ridges hum away continuously, and at vast expanse, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house--while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge. The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don't believe me, try it yourself. Invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers but at least you'll get ride of that terrible hum.

填空题Non-theorists in science do their research ______.

填空题 The Drink Your Body Needs Most 1. Our bodies are estimated to be about 60% to 70% water. Blood is mostly water and our muscles, lungs, and brain all contain a lot of water. Water is needed to regulate body temperature and to provide the means for nutrients (滋养物) to travel to all our organs. Water also transports oxygen to our cells, removes waste, and protects our joints and organs. 2. We lose water through urination (排尿), respiration (呼吸), and by sweating. If you are very active, you lose more water than if you do not take much exercise. Symptoms of mild dehydration (脱水) include chronic pains in joints and muscles, lower back pain, headaches, and constipation (便秘). A strong smell to your urine, along with a yellow color indicates that you are not getting enough water. Thirst is all obvious sign of dehydration, and in fact, you need water long before you feel thirsty. 3. A good rule of thumb (好的做法) is to take your body weight in pounds and divide that number in half. That gives you the number of ounces (盎司) of water per day that you need. For example, if you weigh 160 pounds, you should drink at least 80 ounces of water per day. If you exercise you should drink another 8 ounces glass of water for every 20 minutes you are active. If you drink coffee or alcohol, you should add at least an equal amount of water. When you are traveling on an airplane, it is good to have 8 ounces of water for every hour you are on board the plane. 4. It may be difficult to drink enough water on a busy day. Be sure you have water handy at all times by keeping a bottle for water with you when you are working, traveling, or exercising. If you get bored with plain water, add a bit of lemon for a touch of flavor. There are some brands of flavored water available, but some of them have sugar or artificial sweeteners that you don't need. A. Ounces of Water Needed Per Day B. Importance of Water C. Composition of Water D. Signs of Dehydration E. Supply of Water F. Necessity for Bringing a Bottle for water with you

填空题A. The invention of the fridgeB. The pollution caused by fridgesC. The widespread need for fridgesD. The days without the fridgeE. The waste of energy caused by fridgesF. The fridge's contribution to commerce

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 Keeping Cut Flowers1 While everybody enjoys fresh cut flowers around their house, few people know how to keep them for as long as possible. This may be done by keeping in mind a few simple facts.2 An important thing to remember about cut flowers is that they are sensitive to temperature. For example, studies have shown that cut carnations (康乃馨) retain their freshness eight times longer when kept at 12'(2 than when kept at 26'(3. Keeping freshly. harvested flowers at the right temperatures is probably the most important aspect of flower care.3 Flowers are not intended by nature to live very long. Their biological purpose is simply to attract birds or insects, such as bees, for pollination (授粉). After that, they quickly dry up and die. The process by which flowers consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide (二氧化碳), called respiration (呼吸), generates the energy the flower needs to give the flower its shape and colour. The making of seeds also depends on this energy. While all living things respire, flowers have a high level of respiration. A result of all this respiration is heat, and for flowers the level of heat relative to the mass of the flower is very high. Respiration also brings about the eventual death of the flower. Thus the greater the level of respiration, the sooner the flower dies.4 How, then, to control the rate at which flowers die? By controlling respiration. How is respiration controlled? By controlling temperature. We know that respiration produces heat, but the reverse is also true. Thus by maintaining low temperatures, respiration is reduced and the cut flower will age more slowly.5 Another vital factor in keeping cut flowers is the quality of the water in which they are placed. Flowers find it difficult to "drink" water that is dirty or otherwise polluted. Even when water looks and 'smells clean, it almost certainly contains harmful substances that can endanger the flowers. To rid the water of these unwanted substances, household chlorine bleach (含氯漂白剂) can be used in small quantities. It is recommended that 15 drops of chlorine bleach (at 4% solution) be added to each litre of water. The water and solution should also be replaced each day.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} Keeping Cut Flowers{{/B}}1 While everybody enjoys fresh cut flowers around their house, few people know how to keep them for as long as possible. This may be done by keeping in mind a few simple facts.2 An important thing to remember about cut flowers is that they are sensitive to temperature. For example, studies have shown that cut carnations (康乃馨) retain their freshness eight times longer when kept at 12℃ than when kept at 26℃. Keeping freshly. harvested flowers at the right temperatures is probably the most important aspect of flower care.3 Flowers are not intended by nature to live very long. Their biological purpose is simply to attract birds or insects, such as bees, for pollination (授粉). After that, they quickly dry up and die. The process by which flowers consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide (二氧化碳), called respiration (呼吸), generates the energy the flower needs to give the flower its shape and colour. The making of seeds also depends on this energy. While all living things respire, flowers have a high level of respiration. A result of all this respiration is heat, and for flowers the level of heat relative to the mass of the flower is very high. Respiration also brings about the eventual death of the flower. Thus the greater the level of respiration, the sooner the flower dies.4 How, then, to control the rate at which flowers die? By controlling respiration. How is respiration controlled? By. controlling temperature. We know that respiration produces heat, but the reverse is also true. Thus by maintaining low temperatures, respiration is reduced and the cut flower will age more slowly.5 Another vital factor in keeping cut flowers is the quality of the water in which they are placed. Flowers find it difficult to "drink" water that is dirty or otherwise polluted. Even when water looks and 'smells clean, it almost certainly contains harmful substances that can endanger the flowers. To rid the water of these unwanted substances, household chlorine bleach (含氯漂白剂) can be used in small quantities. It is recommended that 15 drops of chlorine bleach (at 4% solution) be added to each litre of water. The water and solution should also be replaced each day.

填空题Mobile Phones Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved1 to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated, he said. "Nobody's going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information," Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. (46) A. report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill-effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3.3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day. (47) As well, there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas. (48) The electromagnetic radiation emitted fro these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby. Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centers, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children. (49) He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates. (50) According to Robert Bell, it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the Government to set up a wide-ranging inquiry into possible, health effects. A He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at rate more than three times that of adults. B By the year 2004 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones: nearly one for every two people. C "If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised," he said. D. Then who finances the research? E For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard the need of the community. F The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit.

填空题A. private companies or governmentsB. sudden and unexpected injuriesC. illness or diseaseD. regular medical expensesE. surgical expenseF. the expenses of hospitalization

填空题Why Would They Falsely Confess? Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn't seem logical. But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what can happen in a police interrogation (审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people's minds are susceptible (易受影响的) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grillings (盘问) is enormous. (46) "The pressure is important to understand, because otherwise it's impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn't do. The answer is: to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess. " Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory study to determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn't do. (47) The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility. Redlich's findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed. (48) Of the 15-to 16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12-to 13-year-olds. "There's no question that young people are more at risk, "says Saul Kassin, a psychology professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results. (49) Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation—not hours of aggressive questioning—and still, most participants falsely confessed. Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation. (50) A．In her experiment, participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing so would crash the systems.B．"In some ways, "says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision. "C．"It's a little like somebody's working on them with a dental (牙齿的) drill, "says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley.D．"But adults are highly vulnerable too. "E．How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn't do?F．Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.

填空题Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change At picnics, ants are pests. But they have their uses. In industries such as training, farming and forestry, they can help gauge the health of the environment by just crawling around and being antsy. It has been recognized for decades that ants--which are highly sensitive to ecological change can provide a near-perfect barometer of the state of an ecosystem. Only certain species, for instance, will continue to thrive at a forest site that has been cleared of trees. (46) . And still others will move in and take up residence. By looking at which species populate a deforested area, scientists can determine how "stressed" the land is. (47) . Ants are used simply because they are so common and comprise so many species. Where mine sites are being restored, for example, some ant species will recognize the stripped land more quickly than others. (48) . Australian mining company Capricorn Coal Management has been successfully using ant surveys for years to determine the rate of recovery of land that it is replanting near its German Creek mine in Queensland. Ant surveys also have been used with mine-site recovery projects in Africa and Brazil, where warm climates encourage dense and diverse ant populations. "We found it worked extremely well there," says Jonathan Major, a professor of environmental biology. Yet the surveys are perfectly suited to climates throughout Asia, he says, because ants are so common throughout the region. As Major puts it: "That's the great thing about ants." Ant surveys are so highly-regarded as ecological indicators that governments worldwide accept their results when assessing the environmental impact of mining and tree harvesting. (49) Why not? Because many companies can't afford the expense or the laboratory time needed to sift results for a comprehensive survey. The cost stems, also, from the scarcity of ant specialists. (50) .A. This allowed scientists to gauge the pace and progress of the ecological recovery.B. Yet in other businesses, such as farming and property development, ant surveys aren't used widely.C. Employing those people are expensive.D. They do this by sorting the ants, counting their numbers and comparing the results with those of earlier surveys.E. The evolution of ant species may have a strong impact on our ecosystem.F. Others will die out for lack of foo