填空题下面短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原位置，发恢复文章原貌。 Public Relations Public relations is a broad set of planned communications about the company, including publicity releases , designed to promote (促进) goodwill and a favorable image. Publicity then is part of public relations when it is initiated by the firm,{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. Since public relations involves communications with stockholders, financial analysts, government officials, and other noncustomer groups, it is usually placed outside the marketing department, perhaps as a staff department or outside consulting firm reporting to top management. This organizational placement can be a limitation because the public relations department or consultant (顾问) will likely not be in tune with marketing efforts . Poor communication and no coordination may be the consequences.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}, this influence generally may be less than that provided by the other components of the public image mix. Publicity may be in the form of news releases{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. Publicity on the other hand should not be divorced from the marketing department, as it can provide a useful adjunct to the regular advertising. Furthermore,{{U}} (49) {{/U}}; some can result from an unfavorable press as a reaction to certain actions or lack of actions that are controversial (争论的) or even downright ill-advised. The point we wish to emphasize (强调) is that a firm is deluding (迷惑) itself if it thinks its public relations function, whether within the company or an outside firm, can take care of public image problems and opportunities. Many factors impact on the public image. Many of these have to do with the way the firm does business,{{U}} (50) {{/U}}. Public relations and directed publicity may help highlight favorable newsworthy events, and may even succeed in toning down the worst of unfavorable publicity, but the other components of the public image mix create more lasting impressions. A. that have favorable overtones for the company initiated by the public relations department B. not all publicity is initiated by the firm C. usually in the form of press releases or press conferences D. such as its product quality, the servicing and handling of complaints, and the tenor of the advertising E. what it means to the company is F. Although the basic purpose of public relations is to provide positive influence on the public image

填空题Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness. Bona in Bonn, Germany, in 1770, he first studied music with the court organist, Gilles van der Eeden. His father was excessively strict and given to heavy drinking. 1 Appointed deputy court organist to Christian Gottlob Neefe at a surprisingly early age in 1782, Beethoven also played the harpsichord and the viola. In 1792 he was sent to Vienna by his patron, Count Ferdinand Waldstein, to study music under Haydn. Beethoven remained unmarried. 2 Continually plagued by ill health, he developed an ear infection which led to his tragic deafness in 1819. 3 He completed mature masterpieces of great musical depth: three piano sonatas, four string quartets, the Missa Solemnis, and the 9th Symphony. He died in 1827. 4 Noting that Beethoven often flew into fits of rage, Goethe once said of him, "I am astonished by his talent, but he is unfortunately an altogether untamed personality. " 5 A. In spite of this handicap, however, he continued to write music. B. Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support from his patrons, he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult life. C. His life was marked by a passionate dedication to independence. D. When his mother died, Beethoven, then a young man, was named guardian of his two younger brothers. E. Today his music is still being played all over the world. F. Although Beethoven"s personality may have been untamed, his music shows great discipline and control, and this is how we remember him best.

填空题How One Simple Movement Can Let Slip the Secrets of the Mind Body language is the quiet, secret and most powerful language of all! It is said that our body movements communicate about 50 per cent of what we really mean while words themselves only express 7 per cent. So, while your mouth is closed, just what is your body saying... Arms. 1 If you keep your arms to the sides of your body or behind your back, this suggests you are not afraid of taking on whatever comes your way. 2 If someone upsets you, just cross your arms to show you"re unhappy! Head. When you want to appear confident, keep your head level. If you are monitor in class, you cart also take on this position when you want your words to be taken seriously. 3 Legs. Your legs tend to move around a lot more than normal when you are nervous or telling lies. If you are at interviews, try to keep them still! Posture. A good posture makes you feel better about yourself. 4 This makes breathing more difficult, which in turn can make you feel nervous or uncomfortable. Mouth. When you are thinking, you often purse your lips. You might also use this position to hold back all angry comment you don"t wish to show. 5 A. If you are feeling down, you normally don"t sit straight, with your shoulders inwards. B. If you are pleased, you usually open your eyes wide and people can notice this. C. Outgoing people generally use their arms with big movements, while quieter people keep them close to their bodies. D. How you hold your arms shows how open and receptive you are to people you meet. E. However, it will probably still be noticed, and people will know you"re not pleased. F. However, to be friendly in listening or speaking, you must move your head a little to one side.

填空题The Roadrunner The roadrunner (走雀) lives in the desert zone of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. 6 People gave it its name because they usually see it running across a road, but of course, it spends more time among the plants of the desert than it does on roads. The roadrunner is quite a large bird-about 45 centimeters long and 25 centimeters high. 7 It holds its head straight out in front and its tail sticks straight out in back. It takes long steps and can run 30 kilometers an hour. It eats an amazing variety of food. Although it eats plants once in a while, it is mostly a meat eater. Most of its diet is insects, but it also catches birds, mice, and other small animals. It is even brave enough to catch snakes and black widow spiders (蜘蛛). 8 When he finds one, he gives her presents—a snake to eat or a tiny branch of a tree to use in building a nest. Then they build their nest, the female lays eggs, and they raise their young. 9 One couple in Arizona feeds a pair of roadrunners that come once at a time every day and make a noise outside the window. If someone doesn"t give the bird a piece of hamburger immediately, the bird knocks on the window with its beak (喙). Roadrunners are not shy. 10 They will stand on a chair or table and watch television, and they seem really interested in what is happening on the program. A. Roadrunners can also become friendly with people. B. People laugh when it runs because it looks so funny. C. It is a bird, but it can only fly about as much as a chicken can. D. In early spring, the bird doesn"t eat anything. E. Another couple feeds a pair of roadrunners that go right into the house. F. In the spring, a male roadrunner begins looking for a female as a mate.

填空题Screen Test 1 Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50. 2 But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser. 3 Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women"s cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause. 4 The mathematical model recommended by Britain"s National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers. 5 The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is "not very significant" compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened. 6 But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help "optimize the technique" for breast cancer screening. 7 "There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks," admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. "On the basis of the current data, for every 10 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That"s why radiation exposure should be minimized in any screening programme."

填空题Ceding to Wear Ties It"s useless. It"s dirty. It spreads disease. That"s why the British Medical Association in the UK recently called for hospital doctors to stop wearing ties. That leads to another question. Why does anyone wear a tie? Ties serve no purpose. They do not cover any part of your body and keep you warm. They always seem to get covered in food stains. Perhaps that is the purpose of the tie. It lets everyone know what you just ate. Ties have an odd history. Soldiers from Croatia, in Eastern Europe, served as mercenaries (雇佣军) in various conflicts in the 17th century. They were identified by brightly colored pieces of silk worn around the neck. Known as cravats (围巾), these became a popular fashion item in France and eventually evolved into the tie. It"s an interesting story, but it doesn"t tell us why men want to put useless pieces of cloth or silk around their necks. The answer seems to be about identification (身份证明). In the 19th-century Britain, ties were used by universities, military regiments (团), sports clubs, schools and gentleman"s clubs. Each tie was in a particular set of colors which identified the wearer as a member of that organization. Wearing ties was also the mark of Britain"s most powerful classes. That made the tie itself a symbol of power and respect. And that led it to be adopted by a much larger class—the business class. You cannot wear a tie if you work with machinery, so wearing a tie became a sign that you were a man who used his brain to make a living, rather than his hands. It showed you were serious. It showed you were a professional. It meant that everyone who wanted a job in business had to wear one. It was just impossible to take seriously a man who did not wear a piece of colored silk around his neck. This is how millions of people came to wear ties across the world. Is there a future for ties? The signs are not promising. Many political leaders, including British Prime Minister Tony Blair, now go without ties.

填空题Local newspapers are well received because they carry articles that please ______.

填空题How to Learn Language Successfully 1. Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages. They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules or grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others. They do not seem to be any more intelligent than others, so what makes language learning so much easier for them? Perhaps if we take a close look at these successful language learners, we may discover a few of the techniques which make language learning easier for them. 2. First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from mistakes. 3. Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. 4. Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. 5. What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might as well try some of the techniques outlined above. A. Ways to Learn a Language Successfully B. Learning a Language Purposefully C. Learning a Language Actively D. Learning a Language Independently E. Learning from Mistakes F. Learning to Think in the Target Language

填空题Successful Language Learners 1. Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages. They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules or grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others. They do not seem to be any more intelligent than others, so what makes language learning so much easier for them? Perhaps if we take a dose look at these successful language learners, we may discover a few of the techniques which make language learning easier for them. 2. First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from mistakes. 3. Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. 4. Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. 5. What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might as well try some of the techniques outlined above.

填空题A．occurs most infrequentlyB．is shifted sideways by strong windsC．is often hidden from our viewD．is equipped with a good knowledge of various forms of lightning E is estimated at 20 millions a year F is positively charged

填空题Reduce Packaging Pressure increased recently on British supermarkets and retailers to reduce packaging as part of an anti-waste campaign. (46) . Britain generates 4.6 million tons of household waste every year by packaging. Dozens of people have expressed anger at the excess of plastic wrapping. Campaigners have called on Britain to learn from other European countries. (47) . When returned bottles are put in a vending machines (自动售货机), the deposit is refunded. Environmentalists warn that Britain lags behind in this. There were reports of growing unease among consumers over the amount of packaging they have to deal with. Trade standards officers also object to excessive packaging. (48) In response to a campaign by Britain's The Independent newspaper, leading supermarkets have pointed to various initiatives to win the public confidence. (49) But campaigners said retailers and the government could learn much from anti-waste practices on the Continent. In Sweden, non-recyclable batteries have been taxed since 1991 to encourage a switch to alternatives. (50) In Germany, plastic bags are unheard of in supermarkets and deposits are paid for reusable plastic and glass beverage bottles.A．If a product is over packaged, don't buy it.B．In Belgium, when you buy something in a plastic or glass container, you make a deposit.C．This is because too much padding can give buyers a false impression of what they are buying.D．This has resulted in a 74 percent reduction in sales.E．Tesco said it was saving 112,000 tons of cardboard a year by switching to reusable plastic crates(装货箱) for transporting its fresh produce.F. The campaign was initiated by The Independent newspaper.

填空题阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} Living Alone Is Joyful{{/B}} More and more Americans are living alone. Some live alone because of divorce or the death of a partner.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}According to a recent U. S. census (人口普查), 25 percent of all households in the U, S. are made up of just one person. This is a dramatic change from the extended families of just a couple of generations ago. The typical person living alone is neither old nor lonely.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}The majority of these people have chosen to live alone. They are responding to decreasing social pressure to get married and have a family. It's now socially acceptable, even fashionable, to live alone. As people get better jobs and become financially independent, it becomes possible for them to maintain a one-person household.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}However, people who do get married are marrying at a later age and divorcing more often. The number one reason given by most people for living alone is that they simply enjoy doing what they want when they want to do it. "Living alone is a luxury," says Nina Hagiwara, 338, "Once you do it, you can't ever go back to living with others." David C'Debaca, 46, agrees.{{U}} (49) {{/U}} Children think that being grown up means being able to do exactly as they please.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}The chance to discover whether that freedom is as wonderful as it sounds is a chance more and more Americans are taking. A．There's more pressure to get married nowadays. B．The growing number of women with good jobs has done much to increase the number of people living alone. C．However, even more people are living alone because they have chosen to. D．It seems that many grown-ups today are realizing that childhood dream. E．In fact, a quarter of the 23 million single people in the U.S. are under the age of 35. F．He says, "I like being by myself."

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)1～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为第 1～4段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第5—8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案写在相应的横线上。 Adult Education Voluntary learning in organized courses by mature men and women is called adult education. Such education is offered to make people able to enlarge and interpret their experience as adults. Adults may want to study something which they missed in earlier schooling, get new skills or job training, find out about new technological developments, seek better self-understanding, or develop new talents and skills. This kind of education may be in the form of self-study with proper guidance through the use of libraries, correspondence courses, or broadcasting. It may also be acquired collectively in schools and colleges, study groups, workshops, clubs and professional associations. Modem adult education for large numbers of people started in the 18th and 19th centuries with the rise of the Industrial Revolution. Great economic and social changes were taking place: people were moving from rural areas to cities; new types of work were being created in an expanding factory system. These and other factors produced a need for further education and re-education of adults. The earliest programs of organized adult education arose in Great Britain in the 1790s, with the founding of an adult school in Nottingham and a mechanics' institution in Glasgow. Benjamin Franklin and some friends found the earliest adult education institution in the US in Philadelphia in 1727. People recognize that continued learning is necessary for most forms of employment today. For example, parts of the adult population in many countries find it necessary to take part in retraining programs at work or even to learn completely new jobs. Adult education programs are springing up constantly to meet these and other needs.

填空题A．Reason Why Not Many Scientists Carry out This Research NowadaysB．Report about Washoe's Progress in Learning Sign LanguageC．General Information about WashoeD．The Gardeners' Contributions Recognized E Debate on Chimps' Intelligence F Washoe's Love for Three Young Chimps

填空题Financial Risks Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing;the major problems include commercial, political,and foreign exchange risk. (46) They include solvency,default,or refusal to pay bills. The major risk,however,is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. (47) Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered,a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. (48) The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost. Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion,and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. (49) Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in particular market. Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. (50) International Business Machine Corporaion,for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21. 6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float, devaluation of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.A．Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses.B．One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments.C．Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal, credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.D．The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards.E．Floating exchange rates of the world's major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning.F．Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.

填空题Recreation and Sports 1 "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy" is a popular saying in the United States. Other countries have similar sayings. It is true that all of us need recreation. We cannot work all the time if we are going to maintain good health and enjoy life. Good physical and mental health in fact enables us to work more efficiently. 2 Everyone has his own way of relaxing. Perhaps the most popular way is to participate in sports. There are team sports, such as baseball, basketball, and football. There are individual sports, also, such as golf and swimming. In addition, hiking, fishing, siding and mountain climbing have a great attraction for people who like to be outdoors. Chess, card - playing, and dancing are forms of indoor recreation enjoyed by many people. 3 Not everyone who enjoys sporting events likes to participate in them. Many people prefer to be spectators, either by attending the games in person, watching them on television, or listening to them on the radio. When there is an important baseball game or boxing match, it is almost impossible to get tickets; everyone wants to attend. 4 It doesn't matter whether we play a fast game of ping - pong, concentrate over the bridge table, or go walking through the woods on a brisk autumn afternoon. It is important for everyone to relax from time to time and enjoy some form of recreation.A. The important of having recreationB. The recreation centersC. Type of sportsD. Fun of being spectatorsE. The need for recreationF. The love of spectators

填空题A criticized by the media B the low wage in the auto industry C own a car D Produce cars in large numbers E the 8-hour-shift practice F combined technology and market

填空题The World's Longest Bridge Rumor has it that a legendary six-headed monster lurks in tile deep waters of the Tyrrhenian Sea between Italy and the island of Sicily. (46) . When completed in 2010, the world's longest bridge will weigh nearly 300,000 tans, equivalent to the iceberg that sank the Titanic and stretch 5 kilometers long. "That's nearly 50 percent longer than any other bridge ever built," says structural engineer Shane Rixon. (47) . They're suspension bridges, massive structures built to span vast water channels or gorges. A suspension bridge needs just two towers to shoulder the structure's mammoth weight, thanks to hefty supporting cables slung between the towers and anchored firmly in deep pools of cement at each end of the bridge. The Messing Strait Bridge will have two 54,100-ton towers, which will support most of the bridge's load. The beefy cables of the bridge, each 1.2 meter in diameter, will hold up the longest and widest bridge deck ever built. When construction begins on the Messina strait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be to erect two 370-meter-tall steel towers. (48) . Getting these cables up will be something. It's not just their length, totally 5.3 kilometers, but their weight. (49) After lowering vertical "suspender" cables from the main cables, builders will erect a 60-meter-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck, wide enough to accommodate 12 lanes of traffic. The deck's weight will pull down on the cables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, the cables yank up against their firmly rooted anchors with a force of 139,000 tons, equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars. Those anchors are essential. (50) A. Some environmentalists are against the project on biological grounds.B. What do the world's longest bridges have in common?C. If true, one day you might spy the beast while zipping (呼啸而过) across the Messina Strait Bridge.D. They're what will keep the bridge from going anywhere.E. The second job will be to pull two sets of steel cables across the straits each set being a bundle of 44,352 individual steel wires.F. They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tons more than half the bridge's total mass.

填空题The Mir Space Station The Russian Mir Space Station, which came down in 2001 at last after 15 years of pioneering the concept of long-term human space flight, is remembered for its accomplishments in the human space flight history. It can be credited with many firsts in space. During Mir's lifetime, Russia spent about USS 4.2 billion to build and maintain the station. The Soviet Union launched Mir, which was designed to last from three to five years, on February 20, 1986, and housed 104 astronauts over 12 years and seven months, most of whom were not Russian. In fact, it became the first international space station by playing host to 62 people from 11 countries. From 1995 through 1998, seven astronauts from the United States took turns living on Mir for up to six months each. They were among the 37 Americans who visited the station during nine stopovers by space shuttles. The more than 400 million the United States provided Russian for the visits not only kept Mir operating, but also gave the Americans and their partners in the international station project valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations. A debate continues over Mir's contributions to science. During its existence, Mir was the laboratory for 23,000 experiments and carried scientific equipment, estimated to be worth $ 80 million, from many nations. Experiments on Mir are credited with a range of findings, from the first solid measurement of the ration of heavy helium atoms in space to how to grow wheat in space. But for those favoring human space exploration, Mir showed that people could live and work in space long enough for a trip to Mars. The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995. And Sergie Avdeyev accumulated 747.6 days in space in three trips to the space station. The longest American stay was that of Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days aboard Mir in 1996. Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished, 1997 was a bad year out of 15 for Mir. In 1997, an oxygen generator 'caught fire. Later, the main computer system broke down, causing the station to drift several times and there were power failures. Most of these problems were repaired, with American help and suppliers, but Mir's reputation as a space station was mined. Mir's setbacks are nothing, though, when we compare them with its accomplishments. Mir was a tremendous success, which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration and the space station that showed long-term human habitation in space was possible. But it's time to move on to the next generation. The International Space Station being built will be better, but it owes a great debt to Mir.

填空题More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing 1 Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences. 2 Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble failing and staying asleep ,as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble failing asleep and feeling refreshed after a night's sleep than 8 - hour sleepers. 3 These findings, which DL Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night's rest may not need to set aside. More than 8 hours a night, He added that" it might be a good idea" for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is'needed to confirm this. 4 Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep - for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more. 5 For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day - to - day functioning. 6 Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. "It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they'll spend a higher percentage of time awake. "he said. A. Kripke's research tool B. Dangers of habitual shortages of sleep C. Criticism on Kripke's report D. A way of overcoming insomnia E. Sleep problems of long and short sleepers F. Classification of sleep problems