填空题A．Ways of Departure from Immature and Simplistic ImpressionsB．Comment on First ImpressionC．Illustration of First ImpressionD．Comparing Incoming Sensory Information Against Memories E Threatening Aspect of First Impressions F Differences Among Jocks,Geeks and Freaks.

填空题Robotic Highway Cones A University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels. 1 They can even be programmed to move on their own at any particular part of the day, said Shane Farritor, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska. For example, if workers arrived at 6 a. m., the cones could move from the side of the highway to block off the lane at that time. 2 "It just seems like a very good application for robots," Farritor said. "The robotic cones would also help remove people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place," Farritor said in a report on his creation. 3 The fund allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard. The robots are placed at the bottom of the cones and barrels and are small enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides. "It would look exactly the same," Farritor said. "Normally there"s a kind of rubbery, black base to them. 4 " Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most useful to what they might need. The robots could come in handy following a slow-moving maintenance operation, like painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt, where now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation proceeds. "That way you don"t have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation," Farritor said. While prototypes have been made, they are not in use anywhere. Farritor said he has applied for a patent and is considering what to do next. 5 He is also thinking about marketing the robots to roads departments and others across the country who may benefit from them. A. And they can return to the original place at the end of the day. B. He is thinking about starting a small business. C. Farritor was "Inventor of the Year" in 2003. D. Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant. E. We replace that with a robot. F. These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way, or into place, from computer commands made miles away.

填空题Even Intelligent People Ban Fail 1 The striking thing about the innovators who succeeded in making our modern world is how often they failed. Turn on a light, take a photograph, watch TV, search the Web, jet across the Pacific Ocean, talk on a cellphone (手机). The innovators who left us these things had to find the way to success through a maze (错综复杂) of wrong turns. 2 We have just celebrated the 125th anniversary of American innovator Thomas Edison's success in heating a thin line to white-hot heat for 14 hours in his lab in New Jersey, U. S. He did that on October 22, 1879, and followed up a month later by keeping a thread of common cardboard alight (点亮着的) in an airless space for 45 hours. Three years later he went on to light up half a square mile of downtown Manhattan, even though only one of the six power plants in his design worked when he turned it on, on September 4, 1882. 3 "Many of life's failures," the supreme innovator said, "are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up." Before that magical moment in October 1879, Edison had worked out no fewer than 3, 000 theories about electric light, but in only two cases did his experiments work. 4 No one likes failure, but the smart innovators learn from it. Mark Gumz, the head of the camera maker Olympus America Inc, attributes some of the company's successes in technology to understanding failure. His popular phrase is: "You only fail when you quit. " 5 Over two centuries, the most common quality of the innovators has been persistence. That is another way of saying they had the emotional ability to keep up what they were doing. Walt Disney, the founder of Disneyland, was so broke after a succession of financial failures that he was left shoeless in his office because he could not afford the U. S. $1.50 to get his shoes from the repair shop. Pioneering car maker Henry Ford failed with one company and was forced out of another before he developed the Model T car. 6 Failure is harder to bear in today's open, accelerated world. Hardly any innovation works the first time. But an impatient society and the media want instant success. When American music and movie master David Geffen had a difficult time, a critic said nastily that the only difference between Geffen Records (Geffen's company) and the Titanic (the ship that went down) was that the Titanic had better music. Actually, it wasn't. After four years of losses, Geffen had so many hits (成功的作品) he could afford a ship as big as the Titanic all to himself.

填空题The First Four Minutes When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, "Contact: The first four minutes," he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships: (1) A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. You may have noticed that average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he as just met. (2) If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much. When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, "People like people who like themselves." On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes. Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a friendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to do in that way." (3) We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. "It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one." But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honest" is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions. (4) For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later. The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. (5) that is at least as important as how much we know.A. In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits.B. Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends.C. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people.D. Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes.E. He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room.F. He is eager to make friends with everyone. The first four minutes.

填空题Ludwig Van Beethoven Ludwig Van Beethoven, a major composer of the nineteenth century, overcame many personal problems to achieve artistic greatness. Born in Bonn, Germany, in 1770, he first studied music with the court organist, Gilles van der Eeden. His father was excessively strict and given to heavy drinking. (46) . Appointed deputy court organist to Christian Gottlob Neefe at a surprisingly early age in 1782, Beethoven also played the harpsichord. In 1792 he was sent to Vienna by his patron, Count Ferdinand Waldstein, to study music under Haydn. Beethoven remained unmarried. (47) . Continually plagued by ill health, he developed an ear infection which led to his tragic deafness in 1819. (48) . He completed mature masterpieces of great musical depth: three piano sonatas, four string quartets, the Missa Solemnis, and the 9th Symphony. He died in 1827. (49) Noting that Beethoven often flew into fits of rage, Goethe once said of him, "I am astonished by his talent, but he is unfortunately an altogether untamed personality. " (50) .A. In spite of this handicap, however, he continued to write music.B. Because of irregular payments from his publishers and erratic support from his patrons, he was troubled by financial worries throughout his adult life.C. His life was marked by a passionate dedication to independence.D. When his mother died, Beethoven, then a young man, was named guardian of his two younger brothers.E. Although Beethoven's personality may have been untamed, his music shows great discipline and control, and this is how we remember him best.F. Today his music is still being played all over the worl

填空题Why Would They Falsely Confess? Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn't seem logical. But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what can happen in a police interrogation (审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people's minds are susceptible (易受影响的) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grillings (盘问) is enormous. (46) "The pressure is important to understand because otherwise it's impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn't do. The answer is: to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess." Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn't do study to (47) . The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility. Redlich's findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed (48) of the 15-to 16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12-to 13-year-olds. "There's no question that young people are more at risk, " says Saul Kassin, Professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results. (49) a psychology Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation--not hours of aggressive questioning--and still, most participants falsely confessed. Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation. (50) A. In her experiment, participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing so would crash the systems.B. "In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision."C. "It's a little like somebody's working on them with a dental drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley.D. "But adults are highly vulnerable too."E. How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn't do?F. Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.

填空题阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2、4、5、6段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} The History of the Fridge{{/B}} 1．The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with he label: "store in the refrigerator."2．In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country. 3．The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast variety of well-tried techniques already existed--natural cooling drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling… 4．What refrigeration did promote was marketing--marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price. 5．Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house-while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge. 6．The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don't believe me, try it yourself. Invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers but at least you'll get rid of that terrible hum.

填空题 The History of the Fridge 1．The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960s when packaged food first appeared with he label: "store in the refrigerator."2．In my fridgeless fifties childhood, I was fed well and healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher, the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food deliveries have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country. 3．The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast variety of well-tried techniques already existed--natural cooling drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling… 4．What refrigeration did promote was marketing--marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price. 5．Consequently, most of the world's fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter, millions of fridges hum away continuously and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially-cooled space inside an artificially-heated house-while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge. 6．The fridge's effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don't believe me, try it yourself. Invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers but at least you'll get rid of that terrible hum.

填空题The first four minutes When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, "Contact: The first four minutes," he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships: 1 A lot of people"s whole lives would change if they did just that. You may have noticed that average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he as just met. 2 If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much. When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, "People like people who like themselves." On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his won needs, fears, and hopes. Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I"m not a friendly, self-confident person. That"s not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to at that way." 3 We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. "It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one." But isn"t it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don"t actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin,"total honest" is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one"s health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one"s opinions and impressions. 4 For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later. The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. 5 that is at least as important as how much we know. A. In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits. B. Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends. C. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people. D. Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. E. He keeps looking over the other person"s shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room. F. He is eager to make friends with everyone.

填空题A. to find jobsB. to do low-skill lobsC. to feed its peopleD. to handle disputesE. to make a profitF. to worry about the British economy

填空题A to develop a maglev train rail system B To explain why maglev trains are faster C to pull and push the train forward D to create a magnetic field E to experiment with the maglev train F to travel from Paris to Rome in about two hours

填空题Every Dog Has His Say Kimiko Fukuda always wondered what her dog was trying to say. Whenever she put on makeup, it would pull at her sleeve. 1 When the dog barks, she glances at a small electronic gadget (装置). The following "human" translation appears on its screen: "Please take me with you." "I realized that"s how he was feeling," says Fukuda. The gadget is called Bowlingual, and it translates dog barks into feelings. People laughed when the Japanese toymaker Takara Company made the world"s first dog-human translation machine in 2002. But 300,000 Japanese dog owners bought it. 2 "Nobody else had thought about it," said Masahiko Kajita, who works for Takara. "We spend so much time training dogs to understand our orders; what would it be like if we could understand dogs?" Bowlingual has two parts. 3 The translation is done in the gadget using a database containing every kind of bark. Based on animal behaviour research, these noises are divided into six categories: happiness, sadness, frustration, anger, declaration and desire. 4 In this way, the database scientifically matches a bark to an emotion, which is then translated into one of 200 phrases. When a visitor went to Fukuda"s house recently, the dog barked a loud "bow wow". 5 It was followed by "I"m stronger than you" as the dog growled and sniffed (嗅) at the visitor. The product will be available in US pet stores this summer for about US $120. It can store up to 100 barks, even recording the dog"s emotions when the owner is away. A. A wireless microphone is attached to the dog"s collar, which sends information to the gadget held by the owner. B. Nobody really knows how a dog feels. C. This translated as "Don"t come this way". D. More customers are expected when the English version is launched this summer. E. Now, the Japanese girl thinks she knows. F. Each one of these emotions is then linked to a phrase like "Let"s play", "Look at me", or "Spend more time with me".

填空题A. Events That Took place Before the Earth ExistedB. Power of the TelescopeC. Details of Eta CarinaeD. Invention of a Time MachineE. Biggest Telescope

填空题A be costly B be harmful C save a life D still open to debate E reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer F reduced to the minimum

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 I Know Just How Yon Feel Do you feel sad? Happy? Angry? You may think that the way you show these emotions is unique．Well，think again．Even the expression of the most personal feelings can be classified，according to Mind Reading，a DVD displaying every possible human emotion．It demonstrates 412 distinct ways in which we feel：the first visual dictionary of the human heart．Attempts to classify expressions began in the mid-1800s，when Darwin divided the emotions into six types-anger，fear，sadness，disgust，surprise and enjoyment．{{U}} (46) {{/U}}Every other feeling was thought to derive from Darwin's small group．More complex expressions of emotion were probably learned and therefore more specific to each culture．But now it is believed that many more facial expressions are shared worldwide．{{U}} (47) {{/U}}The Mind Reading DVD is a systematic visual record of these expressions． The project was conceived by a Cambridge professor as an aid for people with autism(孤独症)，who have difficulty both reading and expressing emotions．But it quickly became apparent that it had broader uses．Actors and teachers，for example，need to understand a wide range of expressions．The professor and his research team first had to define an“emotion”．{{U}} (48) {{/U}} Using this definition，1，512 emotion terms were identified and discussed．This list was eventually reduced to 412，from“afraid”to“wanting”． Once these emotions were defined and classified，a DVD seemed the clearest and most efficient way to display them．In Mind Reading，each expression is acted out by six different actors in three seconds．{{U}} (49) {{/U}} The explanation for this is simple：we may find it difficult to describe emotions using words，but we instantly recognise one when we see it on someone's face．“It was really clear when the actors had got it right，”says Cathy Collis，who directed the DVD．“Although they were given some direction，”says Ms Collis，“the actors were not told which facial muscles they should move．{{U}} (50) {{/U}}”For example，when someone feels contempt，you can't say for certain that their eyebrows always go down． Someone who has tried to establish such rules is the American，Professor Paul Ekman，who has built a database of how the face moves for every emotion．The face can make 43 distinct muscle movements called “action units”．These can be combined into more than 10，000 visible facial shapes．Ekman has written out a pattern of facial muscular movements to represent each emotion． A．We thought of trying to describe each emotion，but it would have been almost impossible to make clear rules for this． B．These particular muscles are difficult to control，and few people can do it． C．Research has also been done to find out which areas of the brain read emotional expressions． D．They decided that it was a mental state that could be preceded by“I feel”or“he looks”or“she sounds”． E．He said that the expression of these feelings was universal and recognisable by anyone，from any culture． F．Any other method of showing all the 412 emotions，such as words，would have been far less effective．

填空题Some Unusual Celebrations Some holidays are well-known all around the world. Among them are New Year"s Eve celebrations. Also common are days in honor of love and friendship, like Valentine"s Day. Each country has its own special holidays, too, often to mark important events in its history. Schools, banks, and government offices all close on-days, like these. 1 A few of them are really very strange. Of course, they are not strange to the people who celebrate them. Perhaps that is because the celebrations have long traditions. Consider April Fool"s Day, for example. No one knows when or why it began. Today it is celebrated in many countries-France, England, and Australia, among others. On this day, people play practical jokes. 2 The ones who laugh are the ones playing the jokes. The people they fool often get angry. Does celebrating this day make sense to you? Dyngus Day in Poland seems strange, too. On this day, it is traditional for boys to pour water over the heads of girls. Here is the strangest part: ZThey do it to girls they like. Other unusual celebrations take place in a single city or town. A holiday called La Tomatina is celebrated in Bunol, Spain. Every year, in late August, big trucks carry more than 200,000 pounds of tomatoes into this little town. 3 For two hours, people in the streets throw tomatoes at each other. Everyone ends up red from head to toe. August 10 marks the start of the Puck Fair, an Irish festival with a very unusual tradition. People from the town of Killorglin go up into the mountains and catch a wild goat. 4 There are also some celebrations that are really strange. In the United States, sometimes one person gets an idea for a new holiday and tries to get others to accept it. Whose idea was Public Sleeping Day? That one is on February 28. It may seem strange, but it sounds like more fun than the one on February 9. 5 Do you like the idea of inventing a new holiday? If you do, then you will want to mark March 26 on your calendar. That is Make Up Your Own Holiday Day. A. They bring him back to town, put a crown on his head, and make him king for three days. B. Some of the days people celebrate, however, are less serious. C. That is supposed to be Toothache Day. D. Then begins the world"s biggest food fight. E. Some people have fun imagining new holidays. F. Jokes are supposed to be funny, but these jokes do not make everyone laugh.

填空题Explanation What does a scientist do when he or she "explains" something? Scientific explanation comes in two forms: generalization and reduction. (46) . They explain particular instances of behavior as examples of general laws (47) . Presumably, the person was frightened 'earlier in life by a dog. An unpleasant stimulus was paired with the sight of the animal (perhaps the person was knocked down by an exuberant dog) and the subsequent sight of dogs evokes the earlier response—fear. Most physiologists deal with reduction. Phenomena are explained in terms of simpler phenomena. For example, the movement of a muscle is explained in terms of changes in the membrane of muscle cells, entry of particular chemicals, and interactions between protein molecules within these cell. (48) . The task of physiological psychology is to "explain" behavior in physiological terms. (49) . Thus, the laws of behavior can be reduced to descriptions of physiological processes. How does one study the physiology of behavior? Physiological psychologists cannot simply be reductionists. It is not enough to observe behaviors and correlate them with physiological events that occur at the same time. Identical behaviors, under different conditions, may occur for different reasons, and thus be initiated by different physiological mechanisms: (50) . A. For instance most psychologists would explain a pathologically strong fear of dogs as an example of classical conditioning. B. A molecular biologist would "explain" these events in terms of forces that bind various molecules together and cause various parts of these molecules to be attracted to one another. C. Most psychologists deal with generalization. D. How scientists differ in their approaches to explaining natural phenomena. E. This means that we must understand "psychologically" why a particular behaviour occurs before we can understand what physiological events made it occur. F. Like other scientists, physiological psychologists believe that all natural phenomena—including human behavior—are subject to the laws of physics.

填空题Mobile Phones Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated, he said. "Nobody's going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information," Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. (46) . A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill-effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3.3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day. (47) . As well, there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas. (48) . The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 meter radius of school grounds, child care centers, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children, (49) He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates. (50) . According to Robert bell, it is reasonable for tire major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the Government to set up a wide-ranging inquiry into possible health effects.A. He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults.B. By the year 2000 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones: nearly one for every two people.C. "If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised," he saidD. Then who finances the research?E. For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard the need of the community.F. The conclusion is that mobile phones bring more harm than benefit.

填空题Each day we get a lot of messages from ______.

填空题下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23-26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2-5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27-30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Even Intelligent People Can Fail 1 The striking thing about the innovators who succeeded in making our modern world is how often they failed. Turn oil a light, take a photograph, watch TV, search the web, jet across the Pacific Ocean, talk on a cell phone (手机). The innovators who left us these things had to find the way to success through a maze(错综复杂) of wrong turn. 2 We have just celebrated the 125th anniversary of American innovator Thomas Edison's success in heating in thin line to white, hot heat for 14 hours in his lab in New Jersey, US. He did that on October 22,1879 and followed up a month later by keeping a thread of common cardboard alight (点亮着的) in an airless space for 45 hours. Three years later he went on to light up half a square mile of downtown Manhattan, even though only one of the six power plants in his design worked when he turned it on, on September 4, 1882. 3 "Many of life's failures," the supreme innovator said," are people who did not realize how close they were to success when they gave up. " Before that magical moment in October 1879, Edison had worked out no fewer than 3,000 theories about electric light. But in only two cases did his experiments work. 4 No one likes failure, but the smart innovators learn from it. Mark Gumz, the head of the camera maker Olympus America Inc. , attributes some of the company's successes in technology to understanding failure. His popular phrase is, "You only fail when you quit". 5 Over two centuries, the most common quality of the innovators has been persistence. That is another way of saying they had the emotional ability to keep up what they were doing. Walt Disney, the founder of Disneyland, was so broke after a succession of financial failures that he was left shoeless in his office because he could not afford the US $ 1.50 to get his shoes from the repair shop. Pioneering Car maker Henry Ford failed with one company and was forced out of another before he developed the Model T Car. 6 Failure is harder to bear in today's open, accelerated world. Hardly any innovation works the first time. But an impatient society and the media want instant success. When American music and movie master David Geffen had a difficult time, a critic said nastily that the only difference between Geffen Records (Geffen's company)and the Titanic (the ship that went down) was that the Titanic had better music. Actually, it wasn't. After four years of losses, Geffen had so many hits (成功的) he could afford a ship as big as the Titanic all to himself.A．Importance of Learning from FailureB．Quality Shared by Most InnovatorsC．Edison's InnovationD．Edison's Comment on FailureE. Contributions Made by InnovatorsF. Miseries Endured by Innovators