补全短文Prison Systems _________(46). A long time ago, prisons were established for detention only. People were kept in prison to wait for torture, death, or other cruel punishment. Near the end of the Middle Ages the people of Europe became angry about the cruel acts of that system, and disagreed strongly. Therefore, less cruel techniques of punishment were used. ______ (47). The early settlers of America brought with them the idea of isolating prisoners._________(48). After a long isolation, the prisoners could be allowed to go because they would not do any more wrong acts. At the end of the 18th century, however, a religious stopped that system. About the time of the American Civil War, a new place for young offenders was built in N.Y. _________(49). At the end of the 19th century, a new idea was introduced. It allowed prisoners to work together during the day. It also reduced problems of administration._________(50). A. For example, people were sent away from their country and were never allowed to come back or they were kept in prison. B. They could not see or talk to each other and could only read and exercise by themselves. C. This prison system has been employed in our country. D. Later many prisons were built in America and abroad which operated on this idea. E. In the history of the human race, prisons have only recently been used to punish people for wrong acts. F. This new system worked on the principles of classifying prisoners on the basis of age, giving them an education and training them.

补全短文Optimistic Prognosis Most doctors are too optimistic in predicting how long dying patients have to live, and this has a negative effect on the care they receive in their final days, American researchers said Friday. A study by scientists at the University of Chicago Medical Center in Illinois showed that of the survival estimates for 486 terminally ill patients given by 343 doctors, _________(46). _________ (47). And in some cases doctors predicted patients had five time longer to live than proved to be the case. "Doctors are inaccurate in their prognoses (预后) for terminally ill patients and the error is systematically optimistic," professor Nicholas Christakis and Dr Elizabeth Lamont said in a report in The British Medical Journal. The researchers added that doctors who knew their patients best were more likely to get it wrong. "_________(48) ,the type of systematic bias toward optimism that we have found in doctors’ objective prognostic assessments may be adversely(不利地)affecting patient care, "the researchers added. Instead of receiving three months of hospice care, which is considered to be the ideal,_________(49 ). Patients who thought they had longer to live also opted for more aggressive treatment instead of palliative (治标的)care, the report said. The researcher suggested doctors should get second opinions from colleagues_________( 50 ) , before giving a prognosis. "Reliable prognostic information is a key determinant in both doctors’ and patients’ decision making," they said. A. many patients received only one month''s care because of the optimistic prognosis. B. Although some error is unavoidable. C. a lot of patients are eager to leave the hospital. D. only 20 percent were accurate. E. Particularly if they know a patient well. F. Sixty three percent of the predictions overestimated the time patients had left.

补全短文Body Cells People are the most complex of all organisms._________(46). The specialized cells of the body depend upon each other for such things as nourishment and the removal of the waste matter._________(47). Or if the excreting cells did not take away poisonous waste, the cells of the body would be poisoned and die. Under a microscope, a cell looks like a bit of clear jelly with a thin wall round it._________(48 ). In every cell there is a part like a little ball. This is the nucleus, which organizes the work of the cell. Though cells were discovered two and a half centuries ago, it is only in the last hundred years that knowledge of the work of the nucleus has developed._________ (49). All cells reproduce their own kind and grow. In performing their work, cells become tired, worn-out and die. If the tissue of the organ is to maintain its health, new cells are required to replace the old ones. The healthy cells accomplish this by splitting their bodies so that one cell becomes two cells and the two cells four, and so on. These cells are young and small, but, they get nourishment and they grow into adult cells, and so carry on the function of the organ. It is plain, therefore, that each organ of the body must perform its work well if the other organs are to maintain their health. When they are all functioning well, the body is healthy. When any organ fails to do its work, all the organs are liable to become affected; changes take place in their cells and their functions are disordered. _________ (50). Then the body is said to be diseased. A. The cells in the human body work together in various ways. B. And very small openings in the walls of the cell let food in and waste out. C. It is this nucleus which keeps the cell working. D. Such changes give rise to sensations of sickness, pain, loss of strength, bad appetite, fever and so on. E. A man would die, if the millions of cells did not work together in their different ways. F. For example, if the digestive cells of the food canal did not perform their function properly, the muscle cells would not receive nourishment.