填空题 What Is Happiness? 1. The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, pain-free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness, then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true: mostly things that lead to happiness involve some pain. 2. As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such things as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment and self-improvement. 3. Ask a bachelor why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment (应承担的义务), for commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, and excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features. 4. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole nights sleep or three-day vacation. I don't know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild. 5. Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all. A．The Reasons of Marriage B．Pain and Happiness C．Kinds of Liberating Realizations D．Joys of Raising a Child E．Fear to True Happiness F．Seeking Happiness

填空题1. Too Dangerous for College On Tuesday, the Associated Press reported that beer maker Anheuser-Busch has scaled back a promotion called" Fan Cans" in which the company targeted college students by painting cans of Bud Light in school colors. (46) In response, the company agreed to stop selling the special-edition cans where colleges objected. A number of colleges had complained about the campaign, on the grounds that, among other things, it sends the wrong message about drinking. "We think it's an ill-conceived and inappropriate campaign that runs counter to our collective efforts to combat underage drinking," a spokesman for Boston College told the Associated Press. On its face, restricting the ability of beer makers to target college students directly seems like a fine idea. After all, the logic seems to go, these people are old enough to be away from home, but not quite old enough to make responsible decisions. (47) I fwe're going to treat college kids like kids, then beer isn't the only product that ought to have its marketing wings clipped by those who know what's best. Actually there is a list of products that gel marketed to college students every day all across the country, such as cigarettes. Last year, the American Lung Association reported that after 1998, when the tobacco industry signed an agreement with 46 states that restricted tobacco advertising, the industry began targeting college students by spending more money on promotions in bars and nightclubs where those students spend time. (48) Moreover, those promotions seem to work. (49) Should society be concerned about Big Tobacco targeting college kids? You bet: according to the ALA, fully half of occasional college smokers were still smoking four years later. Smoking is arguably as dangerous to students'well-being as alcohol. (50) If we're going to be paternalistic(家长式作风的), let's at least be consistent.A. But if college students area't quick-witted(机敏的) enough to see past colored beer cans. can we really trust them to navigate the slick (狡猾的) marketing campaigns of other dangerous products?B. Yet all of them are marketed at college students.C. Anheuser-Busch got a push front the Federal Trade Commission, which was" concerned that cans will be marketed to fans under the legal age of 21. "D. It is more dangerous for college students nowadays than previous years.E. According to a 2004 paper by researchers at Harvard, students who were exposed to those promotions were more likely to smoke than those who didn't.F. In a 2000-01 survey, students at 115 of the 119 schools studied said they saw tobacco promotions at a bar or nightclu

填空题Financial Risks Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing; the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk. 1 They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills. The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing. 2 Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld. One company, for example, shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany. 3 The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost. Political risk relates to the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility, expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses. 4 Management information systems and effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk. As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk, so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in particular market. Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years, most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects. 5 International Business Machine Corportaion, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981. Before rates were permitted to float, devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs. A. Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses. B. One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments. C. Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business. D. The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards. E. Floating exchange rates of the world"s major currencies have forced all marketers to be especially aware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning. F. Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.

填空题Fish Ears Tell Fish Tales Fish have ears. Really. They"re quite small and have no opening to the outside world carrying sound through the body. For the past seven years, Simon Thorrold, a university professor, has been examining fish ears, small round ear bones called otoliths (耳石). Eager to learn about his technology, fish scientists are now lending Thorrold their ears. As fish grow, so do their otoliths. Each day, their otoliths gain a ring of calcium carbonate (碳酸钙). By looking through a microscope (显微镜) and counting these rings, Thorrold can determine the exact age of a young fish. As a fish gets older, its otoliths no longer get daily rings. Instead, they get yearly rings, which can also be counted, giving information about the fish"s age, just like the growth rings of a tree. Ring counting is nothing new to fish scientists, but Thorrold has turned to a new direction. They"re examining the chemical elements (元素) of each otolith ring. The daily ring gives us the time, but chemistry tells us about the environment in which the fish swam on any given day. These elements tell us about the chemistry of the water that the fish was in. It also says something about water temperature, which determines how much of these elements will gather within each otolith ring. Thorrold can tell, for example, if a fish spent time in the open ocean before entering the less salty water of coastal areas. He can basically tell where fish are spending their time at any given stage of history. In the case of the Atlantic croaker (石首鱼), a popular saltwater food fish, Thorrold and his assistant have successfully followed the travelling of young fish from mid-ocean to the coast, a journey of many hundreds of miles. This is important to managers in the fish industry, who know nearly nothing about the whereabouts of the young fish for most food fish in the ocean.

填空题Ha! The Science of When We Laugh and Why It"s certainly possible to over-analyze a joke. 1 Considering the abundant research on the topic, maybe not. Scott Weems, a neuroscientist, takes readers on a wide-ranging tour that explains what humor is and why readers should care. 2 Humor improves interpersonal relationships, and studies show that simply watching a funny movie can lower stress, improve immune system response and even help viewers better solve problems. The complexity of the human brain makes humor possible, Weems argues, and it also helps explain how some people can find a joke hilarious while others deem it grossly offensive. Humor takes many forms—as many as 44 by one researcher"s count—but shares certain traits and themes. From puns and riddles to slapstick (打闹剧), humor is inherently subversive, Weems says, often treating serious subjects with frivolity (轻浮) or even rudeness. 3 Ha! Isn"t a self-help guide to being funny, though a careful reader can find useful nuggets (块金) throughout? 4 Surprise helps, too, whether it"s the incongruity (不协调) of an elephant hiding in a cherry tree or the absolute improbability of Raquel Welch and the pope ending up in the same lifeboat. The final chapter divulges (透露) Weems"s semi-successful attempt at stand-up comedy. He got a few laughs, he says, but not where he expected them. 5 The joke that got Weems the most laughs, and judged by one website"s readers as the best in the world, is a story that he had practiced many dozens, maybe hundreds, of times. A. Prisoners of war and others in dire situations, for instance, often turn to dark humor. B. It turns out that humor influences health and social well-being in many ways. C. The funniest jokes carry a little edginess (急躁), but not too much. D. But can the same be said for humor as a whole? E. Maybe practice does make perfect. F. Laughter is the bridge between dreams and reason, and every good bridge needs abutments.

补全短文Sleep Sleep is part of a persons daily activity cycle. There are several different stages of sleep, and they too occur in cycles._________(46). When you first drift off into slumber, your eyes will roll about a bit, your temperature will drop slightly, your muscles will relax, and your breathing will slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves slow down a bit too, with the alpha rhythm of rather fast waves predominating for first few minutes._________(47). For the next half hour or so, as you relax more and more, you will drift down through stage 2 and stage 3 sleep._________(48 ). Then, about 40 to 60 minutes after you lose consciousness, you will have reached the deepest sleep of all. Your brain waves will show the large slow waves that are known as the delta rhythm. This is stage 4 sleep. You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long._________(49). The delta rhythm will disappear, to be replaced by the activity pattern of brain waves. Your eyes will begin to dart around under your closed eyelids as if you were looking at something occurring in front of you. This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep._________(50). Provided that you do not wake up during the first REM sleep period, your body will soon relax again, your breathing will grow slow and regular once more, and you will slip gently back from stage 1 to stage 4 sleep—only to rise once again to the surface of near consciousness some 80 minutes later. A. But instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber, your brain activity level will increase again slightly. B. The lower your stage of sleep, the slower your brain waves will be. C. Your brain is still working when you are sleeping. D. If you are an average sleeper, your sleep cycle is as follows. E. It is during REM sleep that most dreams seem to occur. F. This is called stage 1 sleep.

补全短文The Function of Adrenocorticotriopin Some people can quite accurately time the end of their night''s sleep at will, without using an alarm clock, demonstrating that it is possible to voluntarily control a state of consciousness that is characterized by a loss of volition and attentional guidance. Here we show that the expectation that sleep will come to an end at a certain time induces a marked increase in the concentration of the hormone adrenocorticotriopin(促肾上腺皮质激素) in the blood one hour before waking. The regulation of adrenocorticotropin release during nocturnal sleep is therefore not confined to daily rhythms._________(46). _________(47). Normally, the release of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol(皮质醇) increases during late stages of sleeping, reaching a daily maximum at the time of spontaneous waking. Adrenocorticotropin and Cortisol are also released from the pituitary-adrenal system in a major adaptive response to stress, and are secreted in anticipation of stressful events. We investigated whether the increase in the secretion of pituitary-adrenal hormones during the late stages of sleeping in part reflects anticipation of the stress’ of the waking phase. _________( 48 ). We made recordings of electroencephalogram, electrooculogram and electromyogram throughout the night, and took blood samples every 15 minutes to determine plasma concentrations of adrenocorticortropin and Cortisol. Lights were turned off at midnight, after subjects had been told they would be woken at eight 6:00 ( ''short sleep’, on one night) or 9:00(''long sleep'', on the other two nights). On one of the long-sleep nights they were woken at 9:00 as they expected, but on the other night they were instead woken at 6:00 (''surprise'') under the pretence of a technical problem._________(49). We interviewed the volunteers at the end of the experiments, and found that all but one of the subjects had expected to be woken up at the specified time. The order of the three experimental nights was balanced across subjects, with five subjects starting with short sleep, five with long sleep, and five with the surprise condition. The increase in adrenocorticotropin release before the expected time of waking indicates that anticipation, which is generally considered to be unique characteristic of the regulation of conscious action, pervades sleep_________(50). The regulation of adrenocorticotropin release points to a mechanism that quickly adjusts endocrine activity to sharp changes in the duration. A. The regulation of sleep termination has been thought to be embedded in a daily rhythm controlling in paralleling the release of pituitary and adrenal hormones. B. Fifteen healthy volunteers with regular sleep-wake rhythms were studied during three nights. C. It also reflects a preparatory process in anticipation of the end of sleep. D. After being woken, subjects stayed in bed for another three hours. E. The anticipatory adrenocorticotropin increase may also facilitate spontaneous waking. F. About 10 million Americans consult doctors sleep problems each year.