单选题The example was Ufundamental/U to the argument.

单选题Technology Transfer in Germany When it comes to translating basic research into industrial success, few nations can match Germany. Since the 1940s, the nation"s vast industrial base has been fed with a constant stream of new ideas and expertise from science. And though German prosperity (繁荣) has faltered (衰退) over the past decade because of the huge cost of unifying east and west as well as the global economic decline, it still has an enviable record for turning ideas into profit. Much of the reason for that success is the Fraunhofer Society, a network of research institutes that exists solely to solve industrial problems and create sought-after technologies. But today the Fraunhofer institutes have competition. Universities are taking an ever larger role in technology transfer, and technology parks are springing up all over. These efforts are being complemented by the federal programmes for pumping money into start-up companies. Such a strategy may sound like a recipe for economic success, but it is not without its critics. These people worry that favouring applied research will mean neglecting basic science, eventually starving industry of fresh ideas. If every scientist starts thinking like an entrepreneur (企业家), the argument goes, then the traditional principles of university research being curiosity-driven, free and widely available will suffer. Others claim that many of the programmes to promote technology transfer are a waste of money because half the small businesses that are promoted are bound to go bankrupt within a few years. While this debate continues, new ideas flow at a steady rate from Germany"s research networks, which bear famous names such as Helmholtz, Max Planck and Leibniz. Yet it is the fourth network, the Fraunhofer Society, that plays the greatest role in technology transfer. Founded in 1949, the Fraunhofer Society is now Europe"s largest organisation for applied technology, and has 59 institutes employing 12,000 people. It continues to grow. Last year, it swallowed up the Heinrich Hertz Institute for Communication Technology in Berlin. Today, there are even Fraunhofers in the US and Asia.

单选题 Scientists Make Sweet Discovering Good news for chocoholics: the treat preferred by millions all over the world is good for you, according to American researchers at the University of California. Chocolate contains substances called flavonoids that can help maintain a healthy heart and good circulation. The researchers have discovered that cocoa acts like aspirin and that eating a bar of chocolate has also been shown to release endorphins in the body: these chemicals help to reduce pain and stress and make you feel happy. The Olmec Indians of Mexico and Central America were the first to grow cocoa beans, in aboutlS00 B.C., and the Mayas were drinking unsweetened coca hundreds of years before it became fashionable in Europe. In 1544, a delegation of Mayan nobles visited Philip of Spain and gave him jars of cocoa as a gift. Cocoa soon became fashionable in Spain and Portugal. The Spanish were the first to add sugar to their cocoa drink. By the middle of the century, solid chocolate was becoming familiar. In 1765, James Baker and John Hanan opened the first chocolate mill in the United States, introducing chocolate to the average citizen. In 1896, in Switzerland, Daniel Peter had the idea of adding milk in the chocolate-making process and produced the first milk chocolate. Since then, chocolate has grown enormously in popularity. One of the biggest chocolate-eating nations is Britain where the average man, women, and child eats nine kilos of chocolate a year. In fact, chocolate is the number one comfort food and there are more chocoholics in Britain than any where else in the world. Researchers warn that although chocolate is good for you, it should be eaten in small quantities and with no added milk.

单选题Which of the following statements DOES NOT answer the question "What caused the "life-saving effect" to occur in the early 1990s?"

单选题The towers of a suspension bridge serve as a rigid framework to which the cables are attached.

单选题I was most surprised to hear Susan"s marriage.

单选题Star Quality A new anti-cheating system for counting the judges'scores in ice skating is flawed, according to leading sports specialists. Ice skating's governing body announced the new rules last week after concerns that a judge at the Winter Olympics may have been unfairly influenced. Initially the judges in the pairs figure-skating event at the Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City voted 5 to 4 to give the gold medal to a Russian pair, even though they had a fall during their routine. But the International Skating Union suspended the French judge for failing to reveal that she had been put under pressure to vote for the Russians. The International Olympics Committee then decided to give a second gold to the Canadian runners-up (亚军). The ISU, skating's governing body, now says it intends to change the rules. In future 14 judges will judge each event, but only 7 of their scores—selected at random—will count. The ISU won't finally approve the new system until it meets in June but already UK Sport, the British Government's sports body, has expressed reservations. "I remain to be convinced that the random selection system would offer the guarantees that everyone concerned with ethical sport is looking for", says Jerry Bingham, UK Sport's head of ethics (伦理). A random system can still be manipulated, says Mark Dixon, a specialist on sports statistics from the Royal Statistical Society in London. "The score of one or two judges who have been nobbled (收到贿赂) may still be in the seven selected." Many other sports that have judges, including diving, gymnastics, and synchronized swimming, have a system that discards the highest and lowest scores. If a judge was under pressure to favour a particular team, they would tend to give it very high scores and mark down the opposition team, so their scores wouldn't count. It works for diving, says Jeff Cook, a member of the international government body's technical committee. "If you remove those at the top and bottom you're left with those in the middle, so you're getting a reasonable average." Since the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, diving has tightened up in its system still further. Two separate panels of judges score different rounds of diving during top competitions. Neither panel knows the scores given by the other. "We have done this to head off any suggestion of bias," says Cook. Bingham urged the ISU to consider other options. "This should involve examining the way in which other sports deal with the problem of adjudicating (裁定) on matter of style and presentation," he says.

单选题I was impressed by the way he formulated his ideas.

单选题I have no alternative but to report him to the local police.

单选题 下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项。{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} {{B}}Urban Rainforest{{/B}} On the west side of the island of Manhattan in New York City, tree by tree, leaf by leaf, a 2,500 square foot sector of the Central African Republic's Dzanga Ndoki Rainforest has been transported to, or recreated at, the American Museum of Natural History's new hall of biodiversity. When the hall opens this May, visitors will visit one of the world's biggest and most accurate reproduction of one of nature's most threatened creations. To bring the rainforest to New York, a team of nearly two dozen scientists — the largest collecting expedition the museum has ever organized for an exhibit — spent five weeks in the African rainforest collecting soil, plants, and leaves: recording and documenting species; studying trees; shooting videotape and still photos: and interviewing local people. "This area has been explored very little," says Hoel Cracraft who estimates that the museum will eventually collect 150 to 180 mammals, more than 300 species of birds, hundreds of butterflies, and hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of organisms. The exhibition may even have produced a special prize — scientists suspect they have uncovered several new species. To give the forest a sense of realness, the back wall of the exhibit is an enormous ,video screen, sounds will come out from hidden speakers, and plans even call for forest smells. Computer controls will vary the effects so that no two walkthroughs will ever be exactly the same. After the team returned to New York, the forest was reproduced with the help of the computer. Computer Modelling programmes plotted distances and special relationships. Artists studied photos and brought what they saw to life. Plaster trees were made. Recreated animals began to stand in the rainforest of the hall. Flying creatures will hang from the ceiling. The light in the forest — one of the exhibit's cleverest re-creations — will seem real. Long tube lights will have the correct colour and temperature to produce a natural effect. The plants and animals exhibited throughout the hall exist naturally in a perfect balance — remove one, and the whole is imperfect if not endangered. The exhibit is proof to the hope that the world's rainforests will never exist solely as a carefully preserved artifact. {{B}}Urban Rainforest{{/B}} On the west side of the island of Manhattan in New York City, tree by tree, leaf by leaf, a 2,500 square foot sector of the Central African Republic's Dzanga Ndoki Rainforest has been transported to, or recreated at, the American Museum of Natural History's new hall of biodiversity. When the hall opens this May, visitors will visit one of the world's biggest and most accurate reproduction of one of nature's most threatened creations. To bring the rainforest to New York, a team of nearly two dozen scientists — the largest collecting expedition the museum has ever organized for an exhibit — spent five weeks in the African rainforest collecting soil, plants, and leaves: recording and documenting species; studying trees; shooting videotape and still photos: and interviewing local people. "This area has been explored very little," says Hoel Cracraft who estimates that the museum will eventually collect 150 to 180 mammals, more than 300 species of birds, hundreds of butterflies, and hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of organisms. The exhibition may even have produced a special prize — scientists suspect they have uncovered several new species. To give the forest a sense of realness, the back wall of the exhibit is an enormous ,video screen, sounds will come out from hidden speakers, and plans even call for forest smells. Computer controls will vary the effects so that no two walkthroughs will ever be exactly the same. After the team returned to New York, the forest was reproduced with the help of the computer. Computer Modelling programmes plotted distances and special relationships. Artists studied photos and brought what they saw to life. Plaster trees were made. Recreated animals began to stand in the rainforest of the hall. Flying creatures will hang from the ceiling. The light in the forest — one of the exhibit's cleverest re-creations — will seem real. Long tube lights will have the correct colour and temperature to produce a natural effect. The plants and animals exhibited throughout the hall exist naturally in a perfect balance — remove one, and the whole is imperfect if not endangered. The exhibit is proof to the hope that the world's rainforests will never exist solely as a carefully preserved artifact.

单选题Electronic communication, due to its speed and broadcasting ability, is fundamentally different from paper-based communication such as letters and memos. (51) the other person's response time capability is (52) fast, email is more "conversational" than traditional methods of communication. In a paper document, it is absolutely (53) to make everything completely clear and unambiguous because your audience may not have a chance to ask for (54) . With email documents, however, your (55) can ask question immediately. Email, therefore like conversational speech, tends to be much informal and more ambiguous. This is not always bad. It might not be a (56) expenditure of energy to slave (57) a message, making sure that your spelling is (58) , your words eloquent, and that your grammar and punctuation are (59) reproach, if the point of the message is simply to inform the recipient that your are ready to go to lunch. Granted, you should put some effort into ensuring that your subjects (60) with your verbs, words are spelled correctly, avoid the mixing of metaphors, and so on. Because of the (61) of vocal variation, gestures, and a shared environment, email is not as (62) a communication method as a face-to-face or even a telephone conversation. Your recipient may have difficulty (63) if you are being serious or joking, frustrated or euphoric. Thus, your email compositions should be different from both your speech and paper compositions. With email, you cannot (64) anything about your correspondent's location, time, mood, marital (65) or age, This means, among other things, that you need to be very, very careful in phrasing your communications in order to prevent misunderstanding.

单选题When you are invited, you are supposed to be punctual.A. in timeB. on timeC. politeD. courteous

单选题He demolished my argument in minutes.A. supportedB. disprovedC. disputedD. accepted

单选题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后列出7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断。 {{B}} Lifetime Employment in Japanese Companies{{/B}} In most large Japanese companies, there is a policy of lifetime employment. What this means is that when people leave school or university to join an enterprise, they can expect or remain with that organization until they retire. In effect, the employee gets job security for life, and can only be fired for serious mistakes in work. Even in times of business recession, he or she is free from the fear of being laid off. One result of this practice is that the Japanese worker identifies closely with his company and feels strong loyalty to it. By working hard for the company, he believes he is safeguarding his own future. It is not surprising that devotion to one's company is considered a great virtue in Japan. A man is often prepared to put his firm's interests before those of his immediate family. The job security guaranteed by this system influences the way employees approach their work. They tend to think in terms of what they can achieve throughout their career. This is because they are not judged on how they are performing during a short period of time. They can afford to take a longer perspective than their western counterparts. This marriage between the employee and the company--the consequence of lifetime employment-- may explain why Japanese workers seem positively to love the products their company is producing and why they are willing to stay on after work, for little overtime pay, to participate in earnest discussions about the quality control of their products.

单选题Car Thieves Could Be Stopped Remotely(遥远地) Speeding off(超速行驶) in a stolen car, the thief thinks he has got a great catch. But he is in a nasty surprise. The car is fitted with a remote immobilizer(使车辆不能调动的装置), and a radio signal from a control center miles away will ensure that once the thief switches the engine 1 , he will not be able to start it again. For now, such devices 2 only available for fleets of trucks and specialist vehicles used on construction sites. But remote immobilization(使车辆不能调动) technology could soon start to trickle (慢慢地移动) down to ordinary cars, and 3 be available to ordinary cars in the UK 4 two months. The idea goes like this. A control box fitted to the car incorporates 5 iniature cellphone(移动电话，手机), a microprocessor and memory, and a GPS satellite positioning receiver. 6 the car is stolen, a coded cellphone signal will tell the unit to block the vehicles engine management system and prevent the engine 7 restarted. There are even plans for immobilizers 8 shut down vehicles on the move, though there are fears over the safety implications of such a system. In the UK, an array of technical fixes is already making 9 harder for car thieves. The pattern of vehicles crime has changed, says Martyn Randall of Thatcham, a security research organization based in Berkshire that is funded in part 10 the motor insurance industry. He says it would only take him a few minutes to 11 a novice(新手，初学者) how to steal a car using a bare minimum of tools. But only if the car is more than 10 years old. Modern cars are a far tougher(艰苦的) proposition(任务), as their engine management computer will not 12 them to start unless they receive a unique ID code beamed out by the ignition(点火) key. In the UK, technologies like this 13 achieve a 31 percent drop in vehicle-related crime since 1997. But determined criminals are still managing to find other ways to steal cars. Often by getting hold of the owners keys in a burglary (夜窃行为；盗窃). In 2000, 12 percent of vehicles stolen in the UK were taken using the owners keys double the previous years figure. Remote-controlled immobilization system would 14 a major new obstacle in the criminals way by making such thefts pointless. A group that includes Thatcham, the police, insurance companies and security technology firms have developed standards for a system that could go on the market sooner than the 15 expects.

单选题The newspaper did not mention the degree of the damage caused by the fire.

单选题It has taken many years to adopt internationally recognized standards for the licensing of aircraft pilots.

单选题Centers of the Great European Cities The centers of the great cities of Europe are meeting places by tradition. People gather there to drink coffee and chat late into the night. A mixture of locals and tourists make for an exciting, metropolitan atmosphere. Squares, plazas(广场) and arcades(拱廊) form the heart of Europe"s cities. Venice in Italy has the Piazza San Marco-a beautiful square surrounded by shops, churches, restaurants and cafes. In Barcelona, Spain, La Bosqueria is a lively market with hundreds of stalls selling all kinds of goods. London"s Covent Garden is filled with fruit and vegetable stalls by day and musicians, acrobats(杂技演员) and artists by night. The government buildings at the center of many cities often are architecturally impressive. In London, they serve as a beautiful backdrop(背景) to the coffee tables that line the streets and the banks of the Thames. These vibrant(有活力的) hearts are the product of centuries of evolution, social historian Joel Garreau told US News and World Report recently. "The reason people think Venice is so great today is you don"t see all the mistakes," said Garreau, "those have all been removed." Most European cities were laid out before the invention of the car, so bars, restaurants and cafes were near to people"s homes. Today, the focus of many Europeans" life has moved away from the centers. They live in the suburbs and outskirts, driving to supermarkets to get their supplies. But on a continent where people treasure convention, there are still those who hold onto traditional ways, living and shopping locally. These people, together with tourists, provide the city centers with their reason for existence. Coffee culture plays a part in keeping these city centers flourishing. This is particularly true of Paris whose citizens are famous enthusiastic conversationalists. This skill is developed over many hours spent chatting over espressos(浓咖啡) and cigarettes. Religion also plays a role in developing sociable atmosphere. People in Roman Catholic countries used to visit the Church on an almost daily basis. Entire communities would gather in the same building and then move out to the markets, cafes and bars in the surrounding streets. An enormous example of this relationship between church and society is the Duomo. The huge marble cathedral in Florence, Italy is surrounded by bakeries and coffee shops, and caters not only to the tourist crowds, but also the local community.

单选题 Explorer of the Extreme Deep Oceans cover more than two-thirds of our planet. Yet, just a small fraction of the underwater world has been unexplored. Now, Scientists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Massachusetts are building an underwater vehicle that will carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters (21,320 feet). The new machine, known as a manned submersible (潜艇) or human-operated vehicle (HOV), will replace another one named Alvin which has an amazing record of discovery, playing a key role in various important and famous undersea expeditions. Alvin has been operating for 40 years but can go down only 4,500 meters (14,784 feet). "It's about time for an upgrade", WHOI researchers say. "Alvin was launched (发动) in 1964. Since then, Alvin has worked between 200 and 250 days a year", says Daniel Fornari, a marine geologist (地址学者) and director of the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute at WHOI. During its lifetime, Alvin has carried some 12,000 people on a total of more than 3,000 dives. "A newer, better versions of Alvin is bound to reveal even more surprises about a world that is still full of mysteries", Fornari says. It might also make the job of exploration a little easier. "We take so much for granted on land," Fornari says. "We can walk around and see with our eyes how big things are. We can see colors, special arrangements." Size-wise, the new HOV will be similar to Alvin. It'll be about 37 feet long. The setting area inside will be a small sphere, about 8 feet wide, like Alvin. It'll carry a pilot and two passengers. It will be just as maneuverable (机动的). In most other ways, it will give passengers more opportunities to enjoy the view, for one thing. Alvin has only three windows, the new vehicle will have five, with more overlap so that the passengers and the pilot can see the same thing. Alvin can go up and down at a rate of 30 meters every second, and its maximum speed is 2 knots (about 2.3 miles per hour), while the new vehicle will be able to ascend and descend at 44 meters per second. It'll reach speeds of 3 knots, or 3.5 miles per hour.

单选题All the students in our sports teams are very Uathletic/U.