填空题 A. be costly B. harmful C. save a life D. still open to debate E. reduce the risk of radiation triggering a cancer F. reduced to the minimum

填空题 下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} Mind Those Manners on the Subway{{/B}} So, there you are, just sitting there in the subway car, enjoying that book you just bought. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} Or, the person sitting next to you takes out a nail clipper (指甲刀) and begins cutting his or her nails. Annoying? Many of us have to spend some time every day on public transportation. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} So, to make the trip more pleasant, we suggest the following: Let passengers get off the bus or subway car before you can get on.{{U}} (48) {{/U}} Stand away from the doors when they are closing. Don't talk loudly on a bus or subway. Chatting loudly with your friends can be annoying to others.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. Don't think your bags and suitcases (手提箱) deserve a seat of their own. Use a tissue whenever you cough or sneeze (打喷嚏). An uncovered sneeze can spread germs (细菌), especially in crowded places. Don't cut your nails or pick your nose on public transportation. Don't read over other people's shoulder. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} It can make people uncomfortable. They might think you're too stingy (小气的) even to buy a newspaper. Or they might think you're' judging their behavior.A．Don't eat food in your car.B．Don't shout into your mobile phone on a bus or subway.C．We all know that some behaviors are simply unacceptable.D．Many people do this on subways, but it's really annoying.E．Getting off and on in an orderly manner can save time for all.F．Suddenly, you feel someone leaning over your shoulder reading along with you.

填空题The Weight Experiment Nicola Waiters has been taking part in experiments in Scotland to discover why humans gain and lose weight. Being locked in a small room called a "calorimeter" (热量测量室) is one way to find out . 1．The signs above the two rooms read simply "Chamber One" and "Chamber Two". These are the calorimeters: 4m by 2m white-walled rooms where human volunteers are locked up in the name of science. Outside these rooms another sign reads "Please do not enter—work in progress" and in front of the rooms advanced machinery registers every move the volunteers make. Each day, meals measured to the last gram are passed through a hole in the wall of the calorimeter to the resident volunteer. 2．Nicola Waiters is one of twenty volunteers who, over the past eight months, have spent varying periods inside the calorimeter. Tall and slim, Nicola does not have a weight problem, but thought the strict diet might help with her training and fitness programme. A self-employed community dance worker, she was able to fit the experiment in around her work. She saw an advert for volunteers at her local gym and as she is interested in the whole area of diet and exercise, she thought she would help out. 3．The experiment on Nicola involved her spending one day on a fixed diet at home and the next in the room. This sequence was repeated four times over six weeks. She arrived at the calorimeter at 8:30 am on each of the four mornings and from then on everything she ate or drank was carefully measured. Her every move was noted too, her daily exercise routine timed to the last second. At regular intervals, after eating, she filled in forms about how hungry she felt and samples were taken for analysis. 4．The scientists help volunteers impose a kind of order on the long days they face in the room. "The first time, I only took one video and a book, but it was OK because I watched TV the rest of the time," says Nicola. And twice a day she used the exercise bike. She pedaled (踩踏板) for half an hour, watched by researchers to make sure she didn't go too fast. 5．It seems that some foods encourage you to eat more, while others satisfy you quickly. Volunteers are already showing that high-fat diets are less likely to make you feel full. Believing that they may now know what encourages people to overeat, the researchers are about to start testing a high-protein weight-loss diet. Volunteers are required and Nicola has signed up for further sessions.

填空题Home Schooling All children in the United States have to receive an education, but the law does not say they have to be educated at school. A number of parents prefer not to send their children to school. (46) There are about 300,000 home-schoolers in the United States today. Some parents prefer teaching their children at home because they do not believe that public schools teach the correct religious values; others believe they can provide a better educational experience for their children by teaching them at home. (47) David Guterson and his wife teach their three children at home. Guterson says that his children learn very differently from children in school. (48) For example, when there is heavy snowfall on a winter day, it may start a discussion or reading about climate, snow removal equipment, Alaska, polar bears and winter tourism. Or a spring evening when the family is out watching the stars is a good time to ask questions about satellites and the space program. (49) Home schooling is often more interesting than regular schools, but critics say that home-schoolers are outsiders who might be uncomfortable mixing with other people in adult life. (50) However, most parents do not have the time or the desire to teach their children at home, so schools will continue to be where most children get their formal education.A. Interestingly, results show that home-schooled children quite often do better than average on national tests in reading and math.B. Critics also say that most parents are not well qualified to teach their children.C. Learning starts with the children's interests and questions.D. Children who are educated at home are known as "home-schoolers".E. In some countries, there are children who are educated by their parents at home instead of by teachers at school.F. If the Brazilian rain forests are on the TV news, it could be a perfect time to talk about how rain forests influence the climate, how deserts are formed, and how the polar ice caps affect ocean level.

填空题下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Transport and Trade 1 Transport is one of the aids to trade. By moving goods from places where they are plentiful to places where they are scarce, transport adds to their value. The more easily goods can be brought over the distance that separates producer and consumer, the better for trade. When there were no railways, no good roads, no canals, and only small sailing ships, trade was on a, small scale. 2 The great advances made in transport during the last two hundred years were accompanied by a big increase in trade. Bigger and faster ships enabled a trade in meat to develop between Britain and New Zealand, for instance. Quicker transport makes possible mass-production and big business, "drawing supplies from, and selling goods to, all parts of the globe. Big factories could not exist without transport to carry the large number of workers they need to and from their homes. Big city stores could not have developed unless customers could travel easily from the suburbs and goods delivered to their homes. Big cities could not survive unless food could be brought from a distance. 3 Transport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on what is produced locally. Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living. 4 By moving fuel, raw materials, and even power, as, for example, through electric cables, transport has led to the establishment of industries and trade in areas where they would have been impossible before. Districts and countries can concentrate on making things which they can do better and more cheaply than others and can then exchange them with one another. The cheaper and quicker transport becomes, the longer the distance over which goods can profitably be carried. Countries with poor transport have a lower standard of living. 5 Commerce requires not only the moving of goods and people but also the carrying of messages and information. Means of communication, like telephones, cables and radio, send information about prices, supplies, and changing conditions in different parts of the world. In this way, advanced communication systems also help to develop trade. A. Higher living standard B. Importance of transport in trade C. Various means of transport D. Birth of transport-related industries and trade E. Role of information in trade F. Public transportation

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}Who is Uncle Sam?{{/B}} "Uncle Sam", of course, stands for the United States. It is the nickname(绰号) of the country. It is hard to believe that this nickname arose quite by accident and there was a man called "Uncle Sam "{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. The man was called Uncle Sam Wilson. He was bore in Arlington, Massachusetts (麻萨诸塞州), September 13,1766. At the age of 14 Sam joined the American Revolutionary War, and served in the army under George Washington until the end of the war. He then moved to Troy New York State and begar a meat-packing business in the year 1812 war broke our between the United States and Great Britain.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}. Among them was Governor Daniel Tompkings of New York State. He noticed the capitalized letters EAUS on the packages of meat and asked what they stood for. A workman replied that EA stood for Elbert Anderson, the businessman for whom Sam was working.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. In May 1813, this story appeared in a newspaper published in New York.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. By the end of the War of 1812, "Uncle Sam ' had come to symbolize (象征)the character of the nation and the government.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}.A And he added jokingly that US (actually it was the short form for the United States stood for Uncle Sam Wilson.)B However, not many people have ever heard of such a man. Not even most young Americans.C He did his bit to support the American army.D In 1961 the US Congress(国会) made a decision that "Uncle Sam" is the America's national symbol.E On October 2 that year, a group of visitors came to Sam's meal packing plant.F Since Uncle Sam was an example of a hard-working man and a lover of America, the idea of "Uncle Sam" as the name for this kind of man became well-known rapidly.

填空题A. a stranger's less mature type of thinking B. the most complex areas of our cortex C. the immature form of thinking of a very young child D. the meaning of incoming sensory information E. the sights and sounds of the world F. an opportunity to analyze different forms of thinking

填空题Why Would They Falsely Confess? Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn"t seem logical. But it is logical, say expels, if you understand what Call happen in a police interrogation (审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people"s minds are susceptible (易受影响的) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grillings (盘问) is enormous. 1 "The pressure is important to understand, because otherwise it"s impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn"t do. The answer is: to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess." Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn"t do. 2 The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility. Redlich"s findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed. 3 Of the 15-to 16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12-to 13-year-olds. "There"s no question that young people are more at risk," says Saul Kassin, Professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results. 4 a psychology Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation—not hours of aggressive questioning—and still, most participants falsely confessed. Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation. 5 A. In her experiment, participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing so would crash the systems. B. "In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision." C. "It"s a little like somebody"s working on them with a dental (牙齿的) drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley. D. "But adults are highly vulnerable too." E. How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn"t do? F. Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}The World's Longest Bridge{{/B}} Rumor has it that a legendary six-headed monster lurks in the deep waters of the Tyrrhenian Seabetween Italy and the island of Sicily.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}When completed in 2010, the world's longest bridge will weigh nearly 300,000 tons — equivalent to the iceberg that sank the Titanic — and stretch 5 kilometers long. "That's nearly 50 percent longer than any other bridge ever built," says structural engineer Shane Rixon. {{U}}(2) {{/U}}They're suspension bridges, massive structures built to span vast water channels or gorges. A suspension bridge needs just two towers to shoulder the structure's mammoth weight, thanks to hefty supporting cables slung between the towers and anchored firmly in deep pools of cement at each end of the bridge. The Messina Strait Bridge will have two 54,100-ton towers, which will support most of the bridge's load. The beefy cables of the bridge, each 1.2 meter in diameter, will holdup the longest and widest bridge deck ever built. When construction begins on the Messina Strait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be to erect two 370 meter-tall steel towers.{{U}} (3) {{/U}}Getting these cables up will be something. It's not just their length — totally 5.3 kilometers — but their weight.{{U}} (4) {{/U}}After lowering vertical "suspender" cables from the main cables, builders will erect a 60-meter-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck — wide enough to accommodate 12 lanes of traffic. The deck's weight will pull down on the cables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, the cables yank up against their firmly rooted anchors with a force of 139,000 tons — equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars. Those anchors are essential.{{U}} (5) {{/U}} A. Some environmentalists are against the project on biological grounds. B. What do the world's longest bridges have in common? C. If true, one day you might spy the beast while zipping (呼啸而过) across the Messina Strait Bridge. D. They're what will keep the bridge from going anywhere. E. The second job will be to pull two sets of steel cables across the strait, each set being a bundle of 44,352 individual steel wires. F. They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tons -- more than half the bridge's total mass. legendary adj.传说中的 lurk v.潜伏 Sicily 西西里岛(意大利南部) Tyrrhenian Sea 第勒尼安海 Messina Strait 墨西拿海峡 Gorge n .峡谷 mammoth v.巨大的 hefty adj.高强度的 sling v.用县带吊挂(slung, slung) beefy adj.结实的 yank v.拽

填空题 A. teach children to be intelligent B. whatever stimulation has been received from the environment C. and because of the lack of communication with his classmates D. a predictor of children's future learning E. taught to be more intelligent F. language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship

填空题Podcast Recently a group of second-graders visited our school library to work on a "holidays around the world" project. The children created pictures showing holiday customs and then created voice recordings explaining what they drew. The incident showed very clearly the effectiveness of student-created voice recordings. Now imagine taking things one step further and creating Podcasts in a classroom setting. The term Podcast (播客) refers to an audio recording, linked to the Web, that can be downloaded to a personal MP3 player. The word is created from broadcast and from iPod—the wildly popular MP3 player from Apple. Using audio with students isn"t new, of course. Teachers have used audiobooks at listening centers and recorded student voice on tape or CD. Voice and music are the original media for teaching. Podcasts, however, can reach a much wider audience in a time frame outside the school days. Booktalking, an old way of getting kids excited about books, gets a tech assistance with Podcasting. Students can do some booktalking themselves; book review Podcasts seem to be another natural way for students to share what they know, providing an alternative to the book report. There are a number of excellent reasons for using Podcasting. Teachers made audio Podcasts, including visuals or video clips for any content area instruction and review. Some teachers have begun to record themselves teaching important concepts; this creates an account of information online for kids to access when they"re stuck on a homework assignment. Audio and video files can also function as assessment tools. Imagine being a classroom teacher in September who can actually hear how his or her students were reading in June the school year before. You don"t need an iPod to make a Podcast. If you have a computer, a microphone, and some free software, you can make a Podcast.

填空题 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Unlocking the Human Genome (基因组) 1 A project to unlock secrets--what scientist could resist that challenge? This is what many scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project. The aim of the project is to decode (破译) all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding. 2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes(染色体)of a cell. A chromosome is a chain of genes. Each gene carries a piece of genetic information. At any one moment in a cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins (蛋白质). The challenge for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production. At some point this decoding will be complete. Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome, or a picture of the total genetic nature of a human being. The ideal genome is called a consensus(交感)genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome. 3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome. Everyone's genome is different from the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations(突变). Genetic mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of suffering from health problems. Some problems are not life-threatening. These would include things like colorblindness, or mild headaches. Other problems are serious, such as heart disease or cancer. 4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes. The short-term goal of the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter during his or her lifetime. The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer, healthier life. A. How does DNA work? B. What is the Human Genome Project about? C. How are the DNA samples collected? D. What are the goals of the Human Genome Project? E. What is the role of each gene? F. What are the consequences of genetic mutations?

填空题阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务；(1)第23～26题要求．从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}}The Mir Space Station{{/B}} 1 The Russian Mir Space Station, which came down in 2001 at last after 15 years of pioneering the concept of long-term human space flight, is remembered for its accomplishments in the human space flight history. It can be credited with many firsts in space. 2 During Mir's lifetime, Russia spent about US ＄4.2 billion to build and maintain the station. 3 The Soviet Union launched Mir, which was designed to last from three to five years, on February 20, 1986, and housed 104 astronauts over 12 years and seven months, most of whom were not Russian. In fact, it became the first international space station by playing host to 62 people from 11 countries. From 1995 through 1998, seven astronauts from the United States took turns living on Mir for up to six months each. They were among the 37 Americans who visited the station during nine stopovers by space shuttles. 4 The more than 400 million the United States provided Russian for the visits not only kept Mir operating, but also gave the Americans and their partners in the international station project valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations. 5 A debate continues over Mir's contributions to science. During its existence, Mir was the laboratory for 23,000 experiments and carried scientific equipment, estimated to be worth ＄80 million, from many nations. Experiments on Mir are credited with a range of findings, from the first solid measurement of the ration of heavy helium atoms in space to how to grow wheat in space. But for those favouring human space exploration, Mir showed that people could live and work in space long enough for a trip to Mars. The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995. And Sergie Avdeyev accumulated 747.6 days in space in three trips to the space station. The longest American stay was that of Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days aboard Mir in 1996. 6 Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished, 1997 was a bad year out of 15 for Mir. In 1997, an oxygen generator caught fire. Later, the main computer system broke down, causing the station to drift several times and there were power failures. 7 Most of these problems were repaired, with American help and suppliers, but Mir's reputation as a space station was ruined. 8 Mir's setbacks are nothing, though, when we compare them with its accomplishments. Mir was a tremendous success, which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration and the space station that showed long-term human habitation in space was possible. But it's time to move on to the next generation. The International Space Station being built will be better, but it owes a great debt to Mir.

填空题A they are useless B in paper chase C that it is easily reached D that different people have different requirements E they are not comfortable F in investing in coupons

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择 5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} Caribbean Islands{{/B}} What would you see if you took a cruise to the Caribbean Islands? Palm trees and coconuts (椰子)? White beaches and clear, blue ocean? Colorful corals (珊瑚) and even more colorful fishes and birds? You bet. There are thousands of islands in the Caribbean Sea. They are famous for their warm, tropical climate and great natural beauty. The Caribbean Islands form a chain that separates the Caribbean Sea from the rest of the Atlantic Ocean. Some of the islands were formed by the eruption (爆发) of ancient volcanoes (火山). {{U}}(46) {{/U}}. The Caribbean Islands are known by several names. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} The explorer Christopher Columbus called the islands the Indies in 1492 because he thought he was near the coast of India. Later, Spain and France called the islands the Antilles. There are four large islands in the Caribbean Sea. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} These four islands are often called the Greater Antilles. Together, they account for about 90 percent of the land area of the Caribbean Islands. The rest of the Caribbean Islands are much smaller. Some of these islands are no more than tiny slivers (小片) of exposed coral. You can see why pirates (海盗) such as the famous Blackbeard sailed these waters.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. The weather of the Caribbean Sea is almost always warm and sunny. Sandy beaches line the coasts of many islands. This is why millions of tourists visit the islands each year.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}.A. But life on the Caribbean Islands is not always painful.B. The earliest name used by Europeans is the Indies, later changed to the West Indies;C. Others are low-lying coral islands that gradually rose from the ocean.D. They are Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Hispaniola.E. Many tourists arrive on cruise ships.F. There are countless small islands to bury treasure or hide on.

填空题A. fall asleep againB. become more energetic the following dayC. sleep less than 7 hoursD. confirm those serious consequencesE. suffer sleep problemsF. sleep more than 8 hours

填空题Mobile Phones Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be build until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic (电磁的) radiation they emit is scientifically evaluated, he said. "Nobody's going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information," Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. (46) A report widely circulated (传播) among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3.3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 32, 000 a day. (47) As well, there are 2, 000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density (密度) residential areas. (48) The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby. Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centres, hospitals, sports playing fields (隔离屏) and residential areas with a high percentage of children. (49) He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates (加速，加快). (50) According to Robert Bell, it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the Government to set up a wide ranging inquiry into possible health effects.A. He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults.B. By the year 2004 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones: nearly one for every two people.C. "If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised," he said.D. Then who finances the research?E. For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard (不顾) the need of the community.F. The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit.

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Every Dog Has Its Say Kimiko Fukuda, a Japanese girl, always wondered what her dog was trying to say. Whenever she put on makeup, it would pull at her sleeve. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} When the dog barks, she glances at a small electronic gadget (装置). The following" human" translation appears on its screen:" Please take me with you. " "I realized that's how he was feeling. "said Fukuda. The gadget is called Bowlingual, and it translates dog barks into feelings. People laughed when the Japanese toymaker Takara Company made the world's first dog-human translation machine in 2002. But 300,000 Japanese dog owners bought it. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} "Nobody else had thought about it," said Masahiko Kajita, who works for Takara "We spend so much time training dogs to understand our orders; what would it be like if we could understand dogs?" Bowlingual has two parts. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} The translation is done in the gadget using a database (资料库) containing every kind of bark. Based on animal behaviour research, these noises are divided into six categories: happiness, sadness, frustration, anger, declaration and desire. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} In this way, the database scientifically matches a" bark to an emotion, which is then translated into one of 200 phrases. When a visitor went to Fukuda's house recently, the dog barked a loud" bow wow". This translated as" Don't come this way" {{U}}(50) {{/U}} The product will be available in US pet stores this summer for about US $120 It can store up to 100 barks, even recording the dog's emotions when the owner is away. A. A wireless microphone is attached to the dog's collar, which sends information to the gadget held by the owner. B. Nobody really knows how a dog feels. C. It was followed by" I'm stronger than you" as the dog growled(嗥叫)and sniffed(嗅) at the visitor. D. More customers are expected when the English version is launched this summer. E. Now, the Japanese girl thinks she knows. F. Each one of these emotions is then linked to a phrase like "Let's play"," Look at me", or "Spend more time with me".

填空题Why Would They Falsely Confess? Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn't seem logical. But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what can happen in a police interrogation (审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people's minds are susceptible (易受影响的) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grillings (盘问) is enormous. (1) "The pressure is important to understand, because otherwise it's impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn't do. The answer is: to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess. " Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory study to determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn't do. (2) The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility. Redlich's findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed. (3) Of the 15-to-16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12-to-13-year-olds. "There's no question that young people are more at risk," says Saul Kassin. a psychology professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results. Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation—not hours of aggressive questioning—and still, most participants falsely confessed. Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation. (5) A．In her experiment, participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing so would crash the systems. B．"In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision. " C．"It's a little like somebody's working on them with a dental (牙齿的) drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley. D．"But adults are highly vulnerable too. " E．How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn't do? F．Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.

填空题Icy Microbes In ice that has sealed a salty Antarctic lake for more than 2,800 years, scientists have found frozen bacteria and algae that returned to life after thawing. The research may help in the search for life on Mars, which is thought to have subsurface lakes of ice. A research team led by Peter Doran of the University of Illinois at Chicago drilled through more than 39 feet ice to collect samples of bacteria and algae. When Doran"s team brought them back and warmed them up a bit, they sprang back to life. Doran said the microbes have been age-dated at 2,800 years old, but even older microbes may live deeper in the ice sheet sealing the lake, and in the briny water below the ice. That deeper ice and the water itself will be cautiously sampled in a later expedition that will test techniques may one day be used on Mars. Called Lake Vida, the 4.5 square-kilometer body is one of a series of lakes located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, some 2,200 kilometers due south of New Zealand. This lake has been known since the 1950s, but people ignored it because they thought it was just a big block of ice. While at the site for other research in the 1990s, Doran and his colleagues sent radar signals into the clear ice covering the lake and were surprised to find that 62 feet below there was a pool of liquid water that was about seven times more salty than seawater. That prompted the researchers to return in 1996 with equipment to drill a hole down to within a few feet of the water layer. At the bottom of this hole, researchers harvested specimens of algae and bacteria. The searchers will return in 2004 equipped with instruments that are sterilized. They will then drill through the full 62 feet of ice and sample some of the briny water from the lake for analysis. The water specimen will be cultured to see if it contains life. Specimens from the water are expected to be even older than the life forms extracted from the ice covering.