填空题 Intelligence: a Changed View 1. Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity (存在，实体), some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements. Its value therefore, was as a predictor of children's future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious. Intelligence tests could be used for streaming (分组) children according to ability at an early age; and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education. 2. Today, we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years, research has thrown doubt on the view that innate (内在的) intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself. There is considerable evidence now which shows a great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates. 3. There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence (习得智利). Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment is. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, whereas we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction (相互作用) of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment. Researchers have been investigating what happens in this interaction. 4. Two major findings have emerged from these researches. Firstly, the greatest part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated that 50 percent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship. Much of the difference in measured intelligence between "privileged" and "disadvantaged" children may be due to the latter's lack of appropriate verbal stimulation (激发，促进) and the poverty of their perceptual experiences. 5. These research findings have led to a revision m our understanding of the nature of intelligence. Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind, we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and, indeed, one of them is learning how to learn. 6. The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. In one respect a change is already occurring. With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes, fewer children will be given the label "low IQ" which must inevitably condemn a child in his own, if not society's eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people. A．Effect of Environment on Intelligence B．Difference Between Genetic Intelligence and Observed Intelligence C．Main Results of Recent Researches D．Environment and Achievement E．Impact on School Education F．A Changed View of Intelligence

填空题Verne"s Accurate Preview of the Future Since the beginning of time, man has been interested in the moon. The Romans designed a special day to show admiration and respect to the moon. They called it "Moonday", or "Monday", as we know it today. Later, the great mind of Leonardo da Vinci studied the moon and designed a machine to carry a human to the moon. Leonardo said that one day a great machine bird would take a person to the moon and bring great honor to the home where it was born. Four and a half centuries later, Leonardo"s idea was realized. Apollo Ⅱ took three Americans Collins, Aldrin, and Armstrong to the moon. The mission (任务) did fill the whole world with great surprise, as Leonardo had said it would. Numerous essays, articles, and books were written about man"s first moon mission. But perhaps the most interesting story was one written before the event over 100 years before. In 1865, French author Jules Verne wrote a story about the first journey to the moon. His story was very similar to the 1969 Apollo Ⅱ mission. Verne"s spacecraft also contained three men—two Americans and a Frenchman. The spacecraft was described as being almost the same size as Apollo Ⅱ. The launch (发射) site in Verne"s story was also in Florida. The spacecraft in Verne"s story was named the "Columbiad". The Apollo Ⅱ command ship was called "Columbia". His account of sending the spacecraft into the space could easily have been written about how Apollo Ⅱ was sent into the space. Verne"s story was the same as the actual event in several other respects. The speed of Verne"s spacecraft was 36,000 feet per second; Apollo"s was 35,533 feet per second. Verne"s spacecraft took 97 hours to reach the moon; Apollo"s time was 103 hours. Like Apollo"s spacemen, Verne"s spacemen took pictures of the moon"s surface, relaxed on their seats, cooked with gas, and experienced weightlessness. They too came down in the Pacific and were picked up by an American warship. What were the reasons for Jules Verne"s extreme accuracy in describing an event 100 years or more before it actually occurred? He based his writings on the laws of physics and astronomy (天文学). Nineteenth-century science and the vivid Verne"s imagination gave people an unbelievably accurate preview of one of the greatest events of the 20th century.

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 The World's Longest Bridge Rumor has it that a legendary six-headed monster lurks in the deep waters of the Tyrhenian Sea between Italy and the island of Sicily. {{U}}(46) {{/U}}When completed in 2010, the world's longest bridge will weight nearly 300,000 tons—equivalent to the iceberg that sank the Titanic—and stretch 5 kilometers long. "That's nearly 50 percent longer than any other bridge ever built," says structural engineer Shane Rixon. {{U}} (47) {{/U}}They're suspension bridges, massive structures built to span vast water channels or gorges. A suspension bridge needs just two towers to shoulder the structure's mammoth weight, thanks to hefty supporting cables slung between the towers and anchored firmly in deep pools of cement at each end of the bridge. The Messina Strait Bridge will have two 54,100-ton towers, which will support most of the bridge's load. The beefy cables of the bridge, each 1.2 meter in diameter, will hold up the longest and widest bridge deck ever built. When construction begins on the Messina Strait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be to erect two 370 meter-tall steel towers. {{U}}(48) {{/U}}. Getting these cables up will be something. It's not just their length—totally 5.3 kilometers—but their weight. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} After lowering vertical "suspender" cables from the main cables, builders will erect a 60 meter-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck—wide enough to accommodate 12 lanes of traffic. The deck's weight will pull down on the cables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, the cables yank up against their firmly rooted anchors with a force of 139,000 tons—equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars. Those anchors are essential. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} A. Some environmentalists are against the project on biological grounds. B. What do the world's longest bridges have in common? C. If true, one day you might spy the beast while zipping (呼啸而过) across the Messina Strait Bridge. D. They're what will keep the bridge from going anywhere. E. The second job will be to pull two sets of steel cables across the strait, each set being a bundle of 44,352 individual steel wires. F. They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tons—more than half the bridge's total mass.

填空题 The Caribbean Islands What would you see if you took a cruise to the Caribbean Islands? Palm trees and coconuts (椰子)? White beaches and clear, blue ocean? Colorful corals (珊瑚) and even more colorful fishes and birds? You bet. There are thousands of islands in the Caribbean Sea. They are famous for their arm, tropical climate and great natural beauty. The Caribbean Islands form a chain that separates the Caribbean Sea from the rest of the Atlantic Ocean. Some of the islands were formed by the eruption (爆发) of ancient volcanoes (火山). {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} The Caribbean Islands are known by several names. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}The explorer Christopher Columbus called the islands the Indies in 1492 because he thought he was near the coast of India. Later, Spain and France called the islands the Antilles. There are four large islands in the Caribbean Sea. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}These four islands are often called the Greater Antilles Together, they account for about 90 percent of the land area of the Caribbean Islands. The rest of the Caribbean Islands are much smaller. Some of these islands are no more than tiny slivers (小片) of exposed coral. You can see why pirates (海盗) such as the famous Blackbeard sailed these waters. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}The weather of the Caribbean Sea is almost always warm and sunny. Sandy beaches line the coasts of many islands. This is why millions of tourists visit the islands each year. A. But life on the Caribbean Islands is not always painful B. The earliest name used by Europeans is the Indies, later changed to the West Indies C. Others are low-lying coral islands that gradually rose from the ocean D. They are Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Hispaniola E. Many tourists arrive on cruise ships F. There are countless small islands to bury treasure or hide on

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)1～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为第 2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第5～8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案写在相应的横线上。 {{B}}The Magic Io Personal Digital Pen{{/B}} Check out the personal digital pen by Logitech: It's a magic pen that can store everything you write and transfer it to your computer. And you don't have to lug a hand-held device along with you for it to work. Logitech's technology works like this: the pen writes normally, using normal ballpoint pen ink. But while you are writing, a tiny camera inside the pen is also taking 100 snapshots per second of what you are doing, mapping your writing via a patchwork of minute dots printed on the paper. All this information —the movement of your pen on the paper, basically —s then stored digitally inside the pen, whether you are writing notes or drawing complex diagrams. You can store up to 40 pages worth of doodles in the pen's memory. As far you are concerned, you are just using a normal pen. It is only when you drop the pen into its PC-connected cradle (支架 that the fun begins. Special software on your PC will figure out what you have done, and begin to download any documents you have written since the last time it was there. Depending on whether you have ticked (打上记号)rtain boxes on the special notepad (记事本)t can also tell whether the document is destined to be an e-mail, a "to do" task, or a diagram to be inserted into a word-processing document. Once the documents are downloaded you can view them, print them out or convert them to other formals. The io personal digital pen is a neat and simply solution to the problem of storing, sharing and retrieving handwritten notes, as well as for handling diagrams, pictures and other non-text doodling. You don't have to carry a laptop along with you. All you have to do is just whip out the pen and the special paper and you are off. It is a great product because it does not force you to work differently —alking around with a screen strapped to your arm, or carrying with you extra bits and pieces. The pen is light and workslike a normal pen if you need it to, while the special notepads look and feel like notepads. The only strange looks will be from people who are curious about why your are writing with a cigar. The io personal digital pen also has potential elsewhere. Fedex, for example, is introducing a version of the pen so that customers can fill out forms by hand — instead of punching letter into cumbersome devices. Once that data is digital more or less anything can be done with it — transferring it wirelessly to a central computer, for example, or via a hand-phone. Doctors could transmit their prescriptions direct to pharmacies, reducing fraud; policemen could send their reports back to the station, reducing paper work.

填空题 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第3～6段每段选择1个最佳标题：(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Intelligence: a Changed View 1. Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity(存在，实体), some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements. Its value therefore, was as a predictor of children's future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious. Intelligence tests could be used for streaming(分组) children according to ability at an early age; and at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education. 2. Today, we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years, research has thrown doubt on the view that innate intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself. There is considerable evidence now which shows ~e great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates. 3. There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence. Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment. We cannot observe and measure innate(内在的) intelligence, whereas we can measure the effects of the interaction(相互作用) of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment. Researches have been investigation what happens in this interaction. 4. Two major findings have emerged from these researches. Firstly, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predicable by the age of four. Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship. Much of the difference in measured intelligence between "privileged" and "disadvantaged" children may be due to the latter's lack of appropriate verbal stimulation (激发，促进) and the poverty of their perceptual experiences. 5. These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence. Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind, we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and, indeed, one of them is learning how to learn. 6. The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. In one respect a change is already occurring. With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes, fewer children will be given the label "low IQ" which must inevitably condemn a child in his own, if not society's eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people. A. Effect of Environment on Intelligence B. Difference Between Genetic Intelligence and Observed Intelligence C. Main Results of Recent Researches D. Environment and Achievement E. Impact on School Education F. A changed View of Intelligence

填空题What Is a Dream? For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person"s mind and emotions. Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. 1 The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. The Swiss psychiatrist (精神病学家) Carl Jung was once a student of Freud"s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. 2 For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves. Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person"s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. 3 Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop. He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. 4 This is not true of women"s dreams. Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones. Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. 5 The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It"s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world. A. For example, the people in men"s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting. B. Men and women dream about different things. C. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime. D. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn"t panic. E. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. F. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams.

填空题 A．1959 constitutional amendment B．southeast Asia C．1960s D．rainy E．1991 constitutional amendment F．1980s

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} Car Maintenance{{/B}} Once it was considered good practice to let the car engine idle a minute or two following cold starts. Today with modern technology, the opposite is true. An engine operating under road conditions will warm up faster and run more efficiently than one that is idling.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. When you have a full tank of gas, park the car facing downhill if possible; this will prevent any gas from coming out of the tank.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}. Your car will stay cooler, too, and that means less gas-eating work for the air conditioner once the engine is started. {{U}} (48) {{/U}}. Narrow-track tires produce less friction and thus less rolling resistance. The same effect is achieved by adding three to five pounds above the recommended pressure to each tire, without exceeding 32 p. s. i.; while this won't noticeably affect your car's riding quality, it will increase tire life and gas mileage. Check tire pressure often, especially when the weather turns cold.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. This could Cost you two miles per gallon. Fuel-economy tests show that radial tires improve gas mileage. A car that gets 15 miles per gallon with conventional tires would get 16 miles per gallon with radials. Snow tires should be fixed no sooner than necessary and removed as soon as weather permits. {{U}}(50) {{/U}},and you pay a one-to-three-mile-per-gallon loss when you have "snows" on.A Stay away from popular widetrack tires if you want mileageB Idling just burns gas(on average, about a gallon an hour)C They commonly are harmful to other parts of the carD They generate more rolling resistance than conventional tiresE Parking in areas of less or no sunlight helps prevent the gas from steaming that would occur if you parked in the hot sunF The difference between winter and summer tire pressures can be as much as eight pounds

填空题 A．rarely is success so mysterious B．large rewards follow C．I eliminate the candidate D．we should drop them and move to something else E．judge the importance of every task F．because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal

填空题You Need Courage! Shortly after I began a career in business, I learned that Carl Weatherup, president of Pepsi Co (百事可乐公司), was speaking at the University of Colorado. I tracked down the person handling his schedule and managed to get myself an appointment. 1 So there I was sitting outside the university"s auditorium, waiting for the president of Pepsi Co. I could hear him talking to the students... and talking, and talking. 2 He was now five minutes over, which dropped my time with him clown to 10 minutes decision time. I wrote a note on the back of my business card, reminding him that he had a meeting. "You have a meeting with Jeff Hoye at 2:30 pm." I took a deep breath, pushed open the doors of the auditorium and walked straight up the middle aisle (过道) toward him as he talked. Mr. Weatherup stopped. 3 Just before I reached the door, I heard him tell the group that he was running late. He thanked them for their attention, wished them luck and walked out to where I was now sitting, holding my breath. He looked at the card and then at me. "Let me guess." he said. "You"re Jeff." He smiled. 4 He spent the next 30 minutes offering me his time, some wonderful stories that I still use, and an invitation to visit him and his group in New York. But what he gave me that I value the most was the encouragement to continue to do as I had done. 5 When things need to happen, you either have the nerve to act or you don"t. A. I began breathing again and we grabbed (霸占) an office right there at school and closed the door. B. As I sat listening to him, I knew that I could trust him, and that he deserved every bit of loyalty I could give to him. C. I became alarmed: his talk wasn"t ending when it should have. D. He said that it took nerve for me to interrupt him, and that nerve was the key to SUCCESS in the business world. E. I was told, however, that he was on a tight schedule and only had 15 minutes available after his talk to the business class. F. I handed him the card then I turned and walked out the way I came.

填空题A. the timely(及时的) discoveryB. convenienceC. sex equalityD. its connection with humansE. the huge powerF. its uncertainly

填空题A. Earthquakes forecastB. Historical records of earthquakesC. Intensities of earthquakesD. Cause of earthquakesE. Indications of earthquakesF. Damaging earthquakes

填空题阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2—5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}}Alaska{{/B}}1. In 1868 Americans welcomed Alaska into the Union as the 49th state, symbolizing a change of attitude from that held in 1867, when the peninsula was purchased from Russia. Then, most Americans had little interest in 1,500,000 square kilometers “of icebergs and polar bears”— beyond Canada’s western borders, far from the settled areas of the United States.2. In those sections of the state which lie above the Arctic Circle, Alaska still is a land of icebergs and polar bears. Ice masses lie buried in the earth, which is permanently frozen to a depth of 90 or more meters. From early May until early August, the midnight sun never sets on this flat, treeless region, but the sun cannot melt the icy soil more than two-thirds of a meter down.3. Alaska is America’s largest state, but only about 325,000 people live there. According to estimates, 800,000 hectares of its land area are fit for plowing but only about 640,000 hectares are being cultivated.4. Arctic Alaska has been the home of Eskimos for countless centuries. It is believed that the Eskimos moved there from Mongolia or Siberia, probably crossing Bering Strait, named for Vitus Bering, the Danish sea captain who discovered Alaska on his voyage for Russia in 1741. The Eskimos are the state’s earliest known inhabitants. Russian fur traders established settlements but, by the time Alaska was sold to the United States, most of the traders had departed.5. In 1896 gold was discovered near the Klondike River in Canada just across the Alaskan border. Thousands of Americans rushed to the region on their way to Klondike; some never returned. Alaska was never completely cut off again, although even today transportation is a major problem. There are only two motor routes from the U. S. mainland, and within the state, every town has its own airfield. Planes fly passengers, mail and freight to the most distant villages.6. The gold that changed life so suddenly for Alaska was soon ended, and although many stories about mining camps have become part of American literature, the gold from Alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from Alaskan waters. The fish caught in a single year range in value from $ 80 million to $ 90 million. Fur-bearing animals are plentiful in the forests and streams, and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters. After fishing, the state’s chief industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp. In recent years, Alaska’s single most important resource has become oil. The state also has large deposits of coal, copper,gold and other minerals.

填空题 False Fear of Big Fish Many people believe sharks (鲨鱼) are dangerous and will always try to hurt or even kill humans. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} A shark exhibition at the National Aquarium (水族馆) in Baltimore, U.S., proves this. Visitors can touch young sharks, see their eggs develop and watch a dozen different species swim smoothly around a huge tank. Most people fail to realize that shark attacks don't happen very often. Humans are more likely to be killed by lightning than by a shark. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}There, kids can learn, from an early age, not to fear sharks. "People fear what they don't know," said Nancy Hotchkiss, an organizer of the exhibition. "Sharks have been around for 400 million years and play Qn important role in the ocean's food chain. We want people to discover that sharks are amazing animals that need our respect and protection." {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}A study, published in January in the U.S. magazine, Science, found that almost all recorded shark species have fallen by half in the past 8 to 15 years. Thousands of sharks are hunted in Asia for special foods, such as shark fin (鱼翅) soup. And many others get caught in nets, while fishermen are hunting other fish. 49 "Some fishing methods are actually cleaning out the ocean for sharks," said Dave Schofield, the manager of the aquarium's ocean health programme. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} A. They can watch them develop inside their eggs and fee! B. A shocking 100 million sharks are killed every year around the world by humans. C. In fact, 94 percent of the world's 400 species are harmless to humans. D. It is a worrying situation and some areas have put measures in order to protect these special fish. E. And to make this point clear, the museum has set up a special touching pool for children. F. More than half of the sharks caught are smaller than 1 meter long.

填空题Crop Circle Mysteries They are giant geometric patterns, which appear over-night in a field of crops. Many people believe that they are made by aliens. (46) . "Crop circle", as the mysterious patterns are called, became a hot phrase this month. (47) . It's believed to be the world's first three-dimensional crop circle. The giant crop circle gives an impression of looking down on skyscrapers from above. (48) . Crop circles were first widely noticed in the late 1970s as many mysterious circles began appearing-in crop fields throughout the English countryside. People were intrigued by these giant patterns. They were huge (at least tens of meters in diameters) and popped up over-night. (49) . Various scientific and pseudo-scientific explanations were put forward to explain the phenomenon. Some hold that they were left by alien spaceships. Others say that they are simply an elaborate prank. (50) . To date, thousands of circles have been discovered all over the globe, from the former Soviet Union to Japan to Canada.A. A strange pattern 360 feet (110 meters) in diameter was discovered earlier this month in a wheat field in Oxfordshire, England.B. Others call them hoaxes.C. No one knew how or by whom they were made.D. The design's discovery immediately generated a new tide of public interest in this mysterious phenomenon.E. Farmers often make crop circles for fun.F. But rather than discovering the truth, people saw increasingly complicated circles appear worldwid

填空题 A. fall asleep again. B. become more energetic the following day C. sleep less than 7 hours D. confirm those serious consequences E. suffer sleep problems F. sleep more than 8 hours

填空题The machinery outside the calorimeters records everything ______.

填空题Traffic Jams—No End in Sight 1 Traffic congestion (拥堵) affects people throughout the world. Trifle jams cause smog in dozens of cities across both the developed and developing world. In the U.S., commuters (通勤人员) spend an average of a full working week each year sitting in traffic jams, according to the Texas Transportation Institute. While alternative ways of getting around are available, most people still choose their cars because they are looking for convenience, comfort and privacy. 2 The most promising technique for reducing city traffic is called congestion pricing, whereby cities charge a toll to enter certain parts of town at certain times of day. In theory, if the toll is high enough, some drivers will cancel their trips or go by bus or train. And in practice it seems to work: Singapore, London and Stockholm have reduced traffic and pollution in city centers thanks to congestion pricing. 3 Another way to reduce rush-hour traffic is for employers to implement flexitime, which lets employees travel to and from work at off-peak traffic times to avoid the rush hour. Those who have to travel during busy times can do their part by sharing cars. Employers can also allow more staff to telecommute (work from home) so as to keep more cars off the road altogether. 4 Some urban planners still believe that the best way to ease traffic congestion is to build more roads, especially roads that can take drivers around or over crowded city streets. But such techniques do not really keep ears off the road; they only accommodate more of them. 5 Other, more forward-thinking, planners know that more and more drivers and cars are taking to the roads every day, and they are unwilling to encourage more private automobiles when public transport is so much better both for people and the environment. For this reason, the American government has decided to spend some $7 billion on helping to increase capacity on public-transport systems and upgrade them with more efficient technologies. But environmentalists complain that such funding is tiny compared with the $50 billion being spent on roads and bridges.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}Cars Are Good for the Environment{{/B}} Britain's motor industry is planning a major publicity campaign to counter what it sees as an official anti-car bias and to improve the environmental image of the cars, according to documents leaked to the pressure group, Friends of the Earth (FOE).{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. The internal document which was produced last month by the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders, says that the "ultimate objective of the campaign must be to protect the long term commercial freedom of the motor industry and the lifestyle freedom of car users!". {{U}}(47) {{/U}}. European car manufacturers have already agreed with the European Commission to reduce CO2 emissions from new cars by 25 per cent to target of 140 grams per kilometre by 2008. However, the document also reveals that the industry is some way from meeting the target. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} To help control these emissions, the government has proposed replacing the flat rate annual tax on cars with a tax related to engine size so that owners of large gas-guzzler (耗油量大的汽车)would pay more than owners of small cars.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. Richard Barnet, the society's media manager, says: "We will work with the government to practise a practical system."{{U}} (50) {{/U}}.A The campaign will highlight the motor industry's efforts to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide(二氧化碳).B But the motor industry opposes taxes on persons owning cars preferring taxes on useC The five-year campaign could cost up to ￡12 millionD The reason why cars are good for the environment is obviousE But Ian Willmore of FOE says the industry "may pose as partners of the government, but its real intention is to frustrate serious attempts to reduce traffic levels"F For example, last year's new cars exceed an average of 192 grams per kilometre --some 37 percent above the target