填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}Who is Uncle Sam?{{/B}} "Uncle Sam", of course, stands for the United States. It is the nickname(绰号) of the country. It is hard to believe that this nickname arose quite by accident and there was a man called "Uncle Sam "{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. The man was called Uncle Sam Wilson. He was bore in Arlington, Massachusetts (麻萨诸塞州), September 13,1766. At the age of 14 Sam joined the American Revolutionary War, and served in the army under George Washington until the end of the war. He then moved to Troy New York State and begar a meat-packing business in the year 1812 war broke our between the United States and Great Britain.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}. Among them was Governor Daniel Tompkings of New York State. He noticed the capitalized letters EAUS on the packages of meat and asked what they stood for. A workman replied that EA stood for Elbert Anderson, the businessman for whom Sam was working.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. In May 1813, this story appeared in a newspaper published in New York.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. By the end of the War of 1812, "Uncle Sam ' had come to symbolize (象征)the character of the nation and the government.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}.A And he added jokingly that US (actually it was the short form for the United States stood for Uncle Sam Wilson.)B However, not many people have ever heard of such a man. Not even most young Americans.C He did his bit to support the American army.D In 1961 the US Congress(国会) made a decision that "Uncle Sam" is the America's national symbol.E On October 2 that year, a group of visitors came to Sam's meal packing plant.F Since Uncle Sam was an example of a hard-working man and a lover of America, the idea of "Uncle Sam" as the name for this kind of man became well-known rapidly.

填空题A. a stranger's less mature type of thinking B. the most complex areas of our cortex C. the immature form of thinking of a very young child D. the meaning of incoming sensory information E. the sights and sounds of the world F. an opportunity to analyze different forms of thinking

填空题Why Would They Falsely Confess? Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn"t seem logical. But it is logical, say expels, if you understand what Call happen in a police interrogation (审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people"s minds are susceptible (易受影响的) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grillings (盘问) is enormous. 1 "The pressure is important to understand, because otherwise it"s impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn"t do. The answer is: to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess." Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn"t do. 2 The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility. Redlich"s findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed. 3 Of the 15-to 16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12-to 13-year-olds. "There"s no question that young people are more at risk," says Saul Kassin, Professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results. 4 a psychology Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation—not hours of aggressive questioning—and still, most participants falsely confessed. Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation. 5 A. In her experiment, participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing so would crash the systems. B. "In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision." C. "It"s a little like somebody"s working on them with a dental (牙齿的) drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley. D. "But adults are highly vulnerable too." E. How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn"t do? F. Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}The World's Longest Bridge{{/B}} Rumor has it that a legendary six-headed monster lurks in the deep waters of the Tyrrhenian Seabetween Italy and the island of Sicily.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}When completed in 2010, the world's longest bridge will weigh nearly 300,000 tons — equivalent to the iceberg that sank the Titanic — and stretch 5 kilometers long. "That's nearly 50 percent longer than any other bridge ever built," says structural engineer Shane Rixon. {{U}}(2) {{/U}}They're suspension bridges, massive structures built to span vast water channels or gorges. A suspension bridge needs just two towers to shoulder the structure's mammoth weight, thanks to hefty supporting cables slung between the towers and anchored firmly in deep pools of cement at each end of the bridge. The Messina Strait Bridge will have two 54,100-ton towers, which will support most of the bridge's load. The beefy cables of the bridge, each 1.2 meter in diameter, will holdup the longest and widest bridge deck ever built. When construction begins on the Messina Strait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be to erect two 370 meter-tall steel towers.{{U}} (3) {{/U}}Getting these cables up will be something. It's not just their length — totally 5.3 kilometers — but their weight.{{U}} (4) {{/U}}After lowering vertical "suspender" cables from the main cables, builders will erect a 60-meter-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck — wide enough to accommodate 12 lanes of traffic. The deck's weight will pull down on the cables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, the cables yank up against their firmly rooted anchors with a force of 139,000 tons — equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars. Those anchors are essential.{{U}} (5) {{/U}} A. Some environmentalists are against the project on biological grounds. B. What do the world's longest bridges have in common? C. If true, one day you might spy the beast while zipping (呼啸而过) across the Messina Strait Bridge. D. They're what will keep the bridge from going anywhere. E. The second job will be to pull two sets of steel cables across the strait, each set being a bundle of 44,352 individual steel wires. F. They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tons -- more than half the bridge's total mass. legendary adj.传说中的 lurk v.潜伏 Sicily 西西里岛(意大利南部) Tyrrhenian Sea 第勒尼安海 Messina Strait 墨西拿海峡 Gorge n .峡谷 mammoth v.巨大的 hefty adj.高强度的 sling v.用县带吊挂(slung, slung) beefy adj.结实的 yank v.拽

填空题 A. teach children to be intelligent B. whatever stimulation has been received from the environment C. and because of the lack of communication with his classmates D. a predictor of children's future learning E. taught to be more intelligent F. language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship

填空题Podcast Recently a group of second-graders visited our school library to work on a "holidays around the world" project. The children created pictures showing holiday customs and then created voice recordings explaining what they drew. The incident showed very clearly the effectiveness of student-created voice recordings. Now imagine taking things one step further and creating Podcasts in a classroom setting. The term Podcast (播客) refers to an audio recording, linked to the Web, that can be downloaded to a personal MP3 player. The word is created from broadcast and from iPod—the wildly popular MP3 player from Apple. Using audio with students isn"t new, of course. Teachers have used audiobooks at listening centers and recorded student voice on tape or CD. Voice and music are the original media for teaching. Podcasts, however, can reach a much wider audience in a time frame outside the school days. Booktalking, an old way of getting kids excited about books, gets a tech assistance with Podcasting. Students can do some booktalking themselves; book review Podcasts seem to be another natural way for students to share what they know, providing an alternative to the book report. There are a number of excellent reasons for using Podcasting. Teachers made audio Podcasts, including visuals or video clips for any content area instruction and review. Some teachers have begun to record themselves teaching important concepts; this creates an account of information online for kids to access when they"re stuck on a homework assignment. Audio and video files can also function as assessment tools. Imagine being a classroom teacher in September who can actually hear how his or her students were reading in June the school year before. You don"t need an iPod to make a Podcast. If you have a computer, a microphone, and some free software, you can make a Podcast.

填空题 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Unlocking the Human Genome (基因组) 1 A project to unlock secrets--what scientist could resist that challenge? This is what many scientists are doing as they work on the Human Genome Project. The aim of the project is to decode (破译) all of the some 100,000 genes in the human body. Scientists are using DNA fingerprinting techniques to do the decoding. 2 DNA is the substance found in the chromosomes(染色体)of a cell. A chromosome is a chain of genes. Each gene carries a piece of genetic information. At any one moment in a cell, thousands of genes are turned on and off to produce proteins (蛋白质). The challenge for scientists is to find out what role each gene plays in protein production. At some point this decoding will be complete. Then scientists will have a map of an ideal genome, or a picture of the total genetic nature of a human being. The ideal genome is called a consensus(交感)genome. Everything works well in a consensus genome. 3 But no one in the world has a consensus genome. Everyone's genome is different from the ideal. These differences are referred to as genetic mutations(突变). Genetic mutations in a person's genome mean that the person has a greater than average chance of suffering from health problems. Some problems are not life-threatening. These would include things like colorblindness, or mild headaches. Other problems are serious, such as heart disease or cancer. 4 It will take years to identify the role of each of the 100,000 genes. The short-term goal of the project is to find the physical and mental health problems a person is likely to encounter during his or her lifetime. The long-term goal is to have each person live a longer, healthier life. A. How does DNA work? B. What is the Human Genome Project about? C. How are the DNA samples collected? D. What are the goals of the Human Genome Project? E. What is the role of each gene? F. What are the consequences of genetic mutations?

填空题阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务；(1)第23～26题要求．从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}}The Mir Space Station{{/B}} 1 The Russian Mir Space Station, which came down in 2001 at last after 15 years of pioneering the concept of long-term human space flight, is remembered for its accomplishments in the human space flight history. It can be credited with many firsts in space. 2 During Mir's lifetime, Russia spent about US ＄4.2 billion to build and maintain the station. 3 The Soviet Union launched Mir, which was designed to last from three to five years, on February 20, 1986, and housed 104 astronauts over 12 years and seven months, most of whom were not Russian. In fact, it became the first international space station by playing host to 62 people from 11 countries. From 1995 through 1998, seven astronauts from the United States took turns living on Mir for up to six months each. They were among the 37 Americans who visited the station during nine stopovers by space shuttles. 4 The more than 400 million the United States provided Russian for the visits not only kept Mir operating, but also gave the Americans and their partners in the international station project valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations. 5 A debate continues over Mir's contributions to science. During its existence, Mir was the laboratory for 23,000 experiments and carried scientific equipment, estimated to be worth ＄80 million, from many nations. Experiments on Mir are credited with a range of findings, from the first solid measurement of the ration of heavy helium atoms in space to how to grow wheat in space. But for those favouring human space exploration, Mir showed that people could live and work in space long enough for a trip to Mars. The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995. And Sergie Avdeyev accumulated 747.6 days in space in three trips to the space station. The longest American stay was that of Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days aboard Mir in 1996. 6 Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished, 1997 was a bad year out of 15 for Mir. In 1997, an oxygen generator caught fire. Later, the main computer system broke down, causing the station to drift several times and there were power failures. 7 Most of these problems were repaired, with American help and suppliers, but Mir's reputation as a space station was ruined. 8 Mir's setbacks are nothing, though, when we compare them with its accomplishments. Mir was a tremendous success, which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration and the space station that showed long-term human habitation in space was possible. But it's time to move on to the next generation. The International Space Station being built will be better, but it owes a great debt to Mir.

填空题A they are useless B in paper chase C that it is easily reached D that different people have different requirements E they are not comfortable F in investing in coupons

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择 5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} Caribbean Islands{{/B}} What would you see if you took a cruise to the Caribbean Islands? Palm trees and coconuts (椰子)? White beaches and clear, blue ocean? Colorful corals (珊瑚) and even more colorful fishes and birds? You bet. There are thousands of islands in the Caribbean Sea. They are famous for their warm, tropical climate and great natural beauty. The Caribbean Islands form a chain that separates the Caribbean Sea from the rest of the Atlantic Ocean. Some of the islands were formed by the eruption (爆发) of ancient volcanoes (火山). {{U}}(46) {{/U}}. The Caribbean Islands are known by several names. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} The explorer Christopher Columbus called the islands the Indies in 1492 because he thought he was near the coast of India. Later, Spain and France called the islands the Antilles. There are four large islands in the Caribbean Sea. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} These four islands are often called the Greater Antilles. Together, they account for about 90 percent of the land area of the Caribbean Islands. The rest of the Caribbean Islands are much smaller. Some of these islands are no more than tiny slivers (小片) of exposed coral. You can see why pirates (海盗) such as the famous Blackbeard sailed these waters.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. The weather of the Caribbean Sea is almost always warm and sunny. Sandy beaches line the coasts of many islands. This is why millions of tourists visit the islands each year.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}.A. But life on the Caribbean Islands is not always painful.B. The earliest name used by Europeans is the Indies, later changed to the West Indies;C. Others are low-lying coral islands that gradually rose from the ocean.D. They are Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Hispaniola.E. Many tourists arrive on cruise ships.F. There are countless small islands to bury treasure or hide on.

填空题A. fall asleep againB. become more energetic the following dayC. sleep less than 7 hoursD. confirm those serious consequencesE. suffer sleep problemsF. sleep more than 8 hours

填空题Mobile Phones Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be build until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic (电磁的) radiation they emit is scientifically evaluated, he said. "Nobody's going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information," Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation. (46) A report widely circulated (传播) among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are no ill effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3.3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 32, 000 a day. (47) As well, there are 2, 000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density (密度) residential areas. (48) The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby. Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centres, hospitals, sports playing fields (隔离屏) and residential areas with a high percentage of children. (49) He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected to electromagnetic waves the growth rate of the disease accelerates (加速，加快). (50) According to Robert Bell, it is reasonable for the major telephone companies to fund it. Besides, he also urges the Government to set up a wide ranging inquiry into possible health effects.A. He says there is emerging evidence that children absorb low-level radiation at a rate more than three times that of adults.B. By the year 2004 it is estimated that Australia will have 8 million mobile phones: nearly one for every two people.C. "If mobile phones are found to be dangerous, they should carry a warning label until proper shields can be devised," he said.D. Then who finances the research?E. For example, Telstra, Optus and Vodaphone build their towers where it is geographically suitable to them and disregard (不顾) the need of the community.F. The conclusion is that mobile phones brings more harm than benefit.

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Every Dog Has Its Say Kimiko Fukuda, a Japanese girl, always wondered what her dog was trying to say. Whenever she put on makeup, it would pull at her sleeve. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} When the dog barks, she glances at a small electronic gadget (装置). The following" human" translation appears on its screen:" Please take me with you. " "I realized that's how he was feeling. "said Fukuda. The gadget is called Bowlingual, and it translates dog barks into feelings. People laughed when the Japanese toymaker Takara Company made the world's first dog-human translation machine in 2002. But 300,000 Japanese dog owners bought it. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} "Nobody else had thought about it," said Masahiko Kajita, who works for Takara "We spend so much time training dogs to understand our orders; what would it be like if we could understand dogs?" Bowlingual has two parts. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} The translation is done in the gadget using a database (资料库) containing every kind of bark. Based on animal behaviour research, these noises are divided into six categories: happiness, sadness, frustration, anger, declaration and desire. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} In this way, the database scientifically matches a" bark to an emotion, which is then translated into one of 200 phrases. When a visitor went to Fukuda's house recently, the dog barked a loud" bow wow". This translated as" Don't come this way" {{U}}(50) {{/U}} The product will be available in US pet stores this summer for about US $120 It can store up to 100 barks, even recording the dog's emotions when the owner is away. A. A wireless microphone is attached to the dog's collar, which sends information to the gadget held by the owner. B. Nobody really knows how a dog feels. C. It was followed by" I'm stronger than you" as the dog growled(嗥叫)and sniffed(嗅) at the visitor. D. More customers are expected when the English version is launched this summer. E. Now, the Japanese girl thinks she knows. F. Each one of these emotions is then linked to a phrase like "Let's play"," Look at me", or "Spend more time with me".

填空题Why Would They Falsely Confess? Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn't seem logical. But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what can happen in a police interrogation (审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people's minds are susceptible (易受影响的) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grillings (盘问) is enormous. (1) "The pressure is important to understand, because otherwise it's impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn't do. The answer is: to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess. " Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory study to determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn't do. (2) The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility. Redlich's findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed. (3) Of the 15-to-16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12-to-13-year-olds. "There's no question that young people are more at risk," says Saul Kassin. a psychology professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results. Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation—not hours of aggressive questioning—and still, most participants falsely confessed. Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation. (5) A．In her experiment, participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing so would crash the systems. B．"In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision. " C．"It's a little like somebody's working on them with a dental (牙齿的) drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley. D．"But adults are highly vulnerable too. " E．How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn't do? F．Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.

填空题Icy Microbes In ice that has sealed a salty Antarctic lake for more than 2,800 years, scientists have found frozen bacteria and algae that returned to life after thawing. The research may help in the search for life on Mars, which is thought to have subsurface lakes of ice. A research team led by Peter Doran of the University of Illinois at Chicago drilled through more than 39 feet ice to collect samples of bacteria and algae. When Doran"s team brought them back and warmed them up a bit, they sprang back to life. Doran said the microbes have been age-dated at 2,800 years old, but even older microbes may live deeper in the ice sheet sealing the lake, and in the briny water below the ice. That deeper ice and the water itself will be cautiously sampled in a later expedition that will test techniques may one day be used on Mars. Called Lake Vida, the 4.5 square-kilometer body is one of a series of lakes located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, some 2,200 kilometers due south of New Zealand. This lake has been known since the 1950s, but people ignored it because they thought it was just a big block of ice. While at the site for other research in the 1990s, Doran and his colleagues sent radar signals into the clear ice covering the lake and were surprised to find that 62 feet below there was a pool of liquid water that was about seven times more salty than seawater. That prompted the researchers to return in 1996 with equipment to drill a hole down to within a few feet of the water layer. At the bottom of this hole, researchers harvested specimens of algae and bacteria. The searchers will return in 2004 equipped with instruments that are sterilized. They will then drill through the full 62 feet of ice and sample some of the briny water from the lake for analysis. The water specimen will be cultured to see if it contains life. Specimens from the water are expected to be even older than the life forms extracted from the ice covering.

填空题 A Star Is Born 1. The VLT(Very Large Telescope)is the world's largest telescope (望远镜) and is taking astronomers (天文学家) further back to the Big Bang than they ever thought possible. Located 2,600 metres up to the Chilean Andes, it has four huge mirrors, each about the size of a London bus. The VLT is so powerful it can spot a burning match 10,000 kilometres away. 2. This astonishing power will allow astronomers to see events in space from the birth of stars to the collision (碰撞) of galaxies (星系) on the edge of the cosmos (宇宙). The VLT is giving astronomers their best-ever view of the cosmos. The power of the VLT to see the smallest detail at the furthest distances makes its designers amazed. 3. Take the case of Eta Carinae, one of the most explosive stars in the universe. This star produces ultraviolet laser rays (紫外线) and it will destroy itself in a few million years' time. It is five times brighter than the sun and when it explodes it is going to be a sight worth waiting for! 4. But it is at distances of millions, even billions, of light years that the VLT really shows its power. The VLT can detect light that set out on its journey before the earth even existed. This gives astronomers their first—ever detailed views of events that took place in the earliest days of the cosmos. 5. In other words, the VLT is a kind of a time machine. It takes astronomers back to a time when complete galaxies crashed into each other. The effects of these past collisions can now be seen by scientists, and astronomers believe the telescope will reveal more about these exciting events in the years to come. One day, we might be able to say we have traveled back to the beginning of time, and we will have a much clearer picture of how our planet was born.

填空题Little Lady Starts Big War Harriet Beecher Stowe had poured her heart into her anti-slavery book "Uncle Tom"s Cabin". 1 The publisher was so doubtful that he wanted her to split the publishing costs with him, and all she hoped was that it would make enough money for her to buy a new silk dress. But when the first 5,000 copies were printed in 1852, they sold out in two days. In a year the book had sold 300,000 copies in the United States and 150,000 in England. 2 Within six months of its release, a play was made from the book which ran 350 performances in New York and remained America"s most popular play for 80 years. It might appear that "Uncle Tom"s Cabin" was universally popular, but this was certainly not true. Many people during those pre-Civil War day—particularly defenders of the slavery system—condemned it as false propaganda and poorly written melodrama (传奇剧作品). Harriet did have strong religious views against slavery (When asked how she came to write the hook, she replied: "God wrote it."), and she tried to convince people slavery was wrong, so perhaps the book could be considered propaganda. 3 Though she was born in Connecticut in 1832, as a young woman she moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, when her father accepted the presidency of newly founded Lane Theological Seminary (神学院). Ohio was a free state, but just across the Ohio River in Kentucky, Harriet saw slavery in action. 4 In 1851, Harriet Beecher Stowe began her book. Its vast influence strengthened the anti-slavery movement and angered defenders of the slavery system. 5 In fact, when Abraham Lincoln met Harriet at the White House during the Civil War, he said, "So, this is the little lady who started this big war." A. She had read a lot about the slavery system. B. Today some historians (历史学家) think that it helped bring on the American Civil War. C. But if so, it was true propaganda, because it accurately described the evils of slavery. D. For a while it outsold every book in the world, except The Bible. E. But neither she nor her first publisher thought it would be a big success. F. She lived 18 years in Cincinnati, marrying Calvin Stowe, professor of a college.

填空题 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给出的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给出的6个选项中为每个句子确1个最佳选项。 Intelligence: A Changed View 1. Intelligence was believed to be a fixed entity (存在，实体), some faculty of the mind that we all possess and which determines in some way the extent of our achievements. Its value, therefore, was as a predictor of children's future learning. If they differed markedly in their ability to learn complex tasks, then it was clearly necessary to educate them differently and the need for different types of school and even different ability groups within school was obvious. Intelligence tests could be used for streaming(分流，分组) children according to ability at an early age. And at 11 these tests were superior to measures of attainment for selecting children for different types of secondary education. 2. Today, we are beginning to think differently. In the last few years, research has thrown doubts on the view that innate (内在的) intelligence can ever be measured and on the very nature of intelligence itself. There is considerable evidence now shows the great influence of environment both on achievement and intelligence. Children with poor home backgrounds not only do less well in their school work and intelligence tests but their performance tends to deteriorate gradually compared with that of their more fortunate classmates. 3. There are evidences that support the view that we have to distinguish between genetic intelligence and observed intelligence(习得智力). Any deficiency in the appropriate genes will restrict development no matter how stimulating the environment is. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, whereas we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment. Researchers have been investigating what happens in this interaction(相互作用). 4. Two major findings have emerged from these researches. Firstly, the greatest part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated that 50 percent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship. Much of the difference in measured intelligence between "privileged" and "disadvantaged" children may be due to the latter's lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual (感性的) experiences. 5. These research findings have led to a revision in our understanding of the nature of intelligence. Instead of it being some largely inherited fixed power of the mind, we now see it as a set of developed skills with which a person copes with any environment. These skills have to be learned and, indeed, one of them is learning how to learn. 6. The modern ideas concerning the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. In one respect a change is already occurring. With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes, fewer children will be given the label "low IQ(智商,Intelligence Quotient)" which must inevitably condemn a child in his own, if not society's eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that we canteach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people. A. Main Results of Recent Researches B. Popular Doubt about the New View C. Effect of Environment on Intelligence D. Intelligence and Achievement E. Impact on School Education F. A Changed View of Intelligence

填空题Einstein Named "Person of the Century" Albert Einstein, whose theories on space time and matter helped unravel (解决) the secrets of the atom and of the universe, was chosen as "Person of the Century" by Time magazine on Sunday. A man whose very name is synonymous (同义的) with scientific genius, Einstein has come to represent more than any other person the flowering of 20th century scientific though that set the stage for the age of technology." The world has changed far more in the past 100 years than in any other century in history. The reason is not political or economic, but technological—technologies that flowed directly from advances in basic science, "wrote theoretical physicist Stephen Hawking in a Time essay explaining Einstein's significance. (46) Time chose as runner-up President Franklin Roosevelt to represent the triumph of freedom and democracy over fascism, and Mahatma Gandhi as an icon (象征) for a century when civil and human rights became crucial factors in global politics. "What we saw was Franklin Roosevelt embodying the great theme of freedom's fight against totalitarianism, Gandhi personifying (象征，体现) the great theme of individuals struggling for their rights, and Einstein being both a great genius and a great symbol of a scientific revolution that brought with it amazing technological advances that helped expand the growth of freedom," said Time Magazine Editor Walter Isaacson. Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. (47) . He was slow to learn to speak and did not do well in elementary school. He could not stomach organized learning and loathed taking exams. In 1905, however, he was to publish a theory which stands as one of the most intricate examples of human imagination in history. (48) . Everything else—mass, weight, space, even time itself—is a variable (变量). And he offered the world his now-famous equation (方程式): energy equals mass times the speed of light squared—E=mc2. (49) . "There was less faith in absolutes, not only of time and space but also of truth and morality." Einstein's famous equation was also the seed that led to the development of atomic energy and weapons. In 1939, six years after he fled European fascism and settled at Princeton University, Einstein, an avowed pacifist, signed a letter to President Roosevelt urging the United States to develop an atomic bomb before Nazi Germany did. (50) . Einstein did not work on the project. Einstein died in Princeton, New Jersey in 1955.A. "Indirectly, relativity paved the way for a new relativism in morality, art and politics," Isaacson wrote in an essay explaining Time's choices.B. How he thought of the relativity theory influenced the general public's view about Albert Einstein.C. "Clearly, no scientist better represents those advances than Albert Einstein."D. Roosevelt heeded the advice and formed the "Manhattan Project" that secretly developed the first atomic weapon.E. In his early years, Einstein did not show the promise of what he was to become.F. In his "Special Theory of Relativity," Einstein described how the only constant in the universe is the speed of light.

填空题Why do People Shrink? Did you ever see the movie Honey, I shrunk the kids? It"s about a wacky dad (who"s also a scientist) who accidentally shrinks his kids with his homemade miniaturizing invention. Oops! 1 For older people, shrinking isn"t that dramatic or sudden at all. It takes place over years and may add up to only one inch or so of their adult height (maybe a little more, maybe less), and this kind of shrinking can"t be magically reversed, although there are things that can be done to stop it or slow it down. 2 There are a few reasons. As people get older, they generally lose some muscle and fat from their bodies as part of the natural aging process. Gravity (the force that keeps your feet on the ground) takes hold, and the bones in the spine, called vertebrae, may break down or degenerate, and start to collapse into one another. 3 But perhaps the most common reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis occurs when too much spongy bone tissue (which is found inside of most bones) is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. 4 Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured. Older people—especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin with—are more likely to develop osteoporosis. As years go by, a person with osteoporosis shrinks a little bit. Did you know that every day you do a shrinking act? You aren"t as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning. That"s because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed (squeezed) due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. Don"t worry, though. 5 A. They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter. B. Once you get a good night"s rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you"re standing tall again. C. Over time, bone is said to be lost because it"s not being replaced. D. Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking. E. The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size. F. But why does shrinking happen at all?