单选题Anxiety about financial matter Ulessened/U somewhat when, in 1910, the United States accepted responsibility for Liberia's survival.

单选题The room was filled with the scent, of flowers.A. atmosphereB. potC. featureD. odor

单选题{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} Cough is a normal physiologic reflex(生理反射) mediated by the "cough center" of the brain. The function of this reflex is to clear airways of inhaled irritants, debris(碎屑), or secretions that have accumulated as a result of bacterial or viral infection. Cough may also occur in response to irritation of inflame respiratory epithelium(呼息道上皮), as is commonly seen with some viral infections. Irritant-initiated cough often has little effect on clearance of secretions and is called "nonproductive cough"(咳痰). APPROACHES TO TREATMENT Cough accompanies many different disorders. Suppressing a productive cough(千咳)can interfere with normal defense mechanisms and be potentially harmful. Suppression of nonproductive cough is safer but is not essential. Antitussive(镇咳的) use is justifiable in severe cases in which nonproductive cough is causing emesis, exhaustion, or significant loss of sleep. ANTITUSSIVE AGENTS Three antitussive agents are commonly used: Codeine. Codeine suppresses the cough reflex by acting directly on the medullary(延髓的) cough center of the brain. Its drying effect on the respiratory mucosa can increase the viscosity of bronchial secretions. Antitussive effects of codeine are dose dependent in adults, but complete cough suppression may not be possible at nontoxic doses. Although codeine is the standard against which other antitussive medications are compared, it may be less effective in children than in adults. The recommended dosage for children is 1mg/kg/day in four divided doses(maximum of 60 mg/day). Antitussive effects are greatest at one to two hours and persist for about four hours. Nausea, vomiting, constipation, and dizziness are the most common side effects. In over doses, toxicity consists primarily of respiratory depression and narcosis. Limited data suggest that single doses of more than 5 mg/kg may be lethal in children. Infants may be more sensitive to codeine' s effects and may have decreased ability to metabolize the drug, thus, use of codeine in children less than one year old should be discouraged. Dextromethorphan(美沙芬). Like codeine, dextromethorphan has antitussive activity but a very low addictive potential. In adults, the two drugs are considered equipotent. Dextromethorphan's antitussive effect can begin as early as 15 to 30 minutes after a dose is taken, and its duration of action is between three and six hours. Because the drug is metabolized through oxidative pathways, infants metabolize dextromethorphan slowly and are at greater risk of dose-dependent side effects, particularly if given multiple doses. Dextromethorphan and codeine both act at the same central nervous system(CNS)site. Although CNS depression can be seen with either agent, dextromethorphan has a wider margin of safety. Overdoses of up to 100 times the usual adult dose have not resulted in any fatalities. Treatment of overdose should include supportive measures and use of naloxone(纳洛酮), if respiratory depression occurs. Minor adverse effects (副作用) sometimes seen in nonintoxicated patients include nausea, dizziness, and slight drowsiness. Diphenhydramine(苯海拉明). The antihistamine diphenhydramine has weak anti tussive effects. These effects may often be incomplete, however, and cough suppression may not be achived without side effects. In addition to acting on medullary cough centers, diphenhydramine has peripheral anticholinergic(抗胆碱能的) effects that may contribute to its cough-suppressing action. The anticholinergic effects may also help to dry the respiratory tract and thicken secretions—undesirable effects in patients with productive cough. In adults, 25 to 50 mg of diphenhydramine has produced cough suppression equivalent to that of 15 mg of codeine. Similar data in children are not available. GUIDELINES FOR USE OF ANTITUSSIVES ·Remember that cough is a sign of a disorder, and it does not always require an antitussive. If it is caused by another disorder (e. g., foreign body, allergy, or asthma), therapy is more appropriately directed at the underlying cause. ·Do not suppress productive cough associated with chronic pulmonary diseases such as cystic fibrosis, asthma, or chronic bronchitis. Concentrate on good fluid intake, to help mobilize pulmonary secretions, and treatment of the underlying disorder. ·Remember that suppression of mild cough that commonly accompanies a cold or uncomplicated respiratory tract infection has not been proven to be either safe or harmful. ·Teach parents that cough is a protective mechanism—not something to be stopped. Stress that the expectorants, anti-histamines, and decongestants contained in many cough preparations have not been shown to be more effective than an antitussive agent used alone. ·Centrally acting cough suppressants are specifically contraindicated in the acute phases of pertussis(百日咳) and acute bronchial asthma because they can contribute to plugging(堵塞) of mucus and lead to clinical deterioration(恶化).

单选题Other women seemed contented and they even exhibited their bellies with pride.A. demonstratedB. uncoveredC. spreadD. showed

单选题She was one of the leading writers in her age.______

单选题The fire dance is the {{U}}climax of {{/U}}the ceremony of the Navajo night chants.

单选题Much more countries have signed the FCTC that those that__________

单选题In the two weeks leading up to my grandmother's death from lung cancer last January - hree months shy of her 92nd birthday - she was transferred through four separate health - care facilities and six different beds. First, there was a hospice, where she was not allowed to receive more than just "respite" care. Next, she was moved to an assisted - living facility, where she fell, twice. After her second fall, she was strapped to a gumey and pulled along a bumpy sidewalk through a snowstorm to an awaiting ambulance. She was taken to the emergency room at New York's Lenox Hill Hospital. Ten hours later, she was assigned to a bed. She stayed for three days before being transferred to another hospice, where she died minutes after she arrived. If my father hadn't redirected the ambulance driver who took her from Lenox Hill to the second hospice, she would have died in the back of a van headed in the wrong direction. My grandmother died.A. two weeks ago.B. last January.C. on her 92nd birthday.D. three months ago.

单选题 Egypt Felled by Famine Even ancient Egypt's mighty pyramid builders were powerless in the face of the famine that helped bring down their civilisation around 2180 BC. Now evidence gleaned from mud deposited by the River Nile suggests that a shift in climate thousands of kilometres to the south was ultimately to blame -- and the same or worse could happen today. The ancient Egyptians depended on the Nile's annual floods to irrigate their crops. But any change in climate that pushed the African monsoons southwards out of Ethiopia would have diminished these floods. Dwindling rains in the Ethiopian highlands would have meant fewer plants to stablise the soil. When rain did fall it would have washed large amounts of soil into the Blue Nile and into Egypt, along with sediment from the White Nile4. The Blue Nile mud has a different isotope signature from that of the White Nile. So by analysing isotope differences in mud deposited in the Nile Delta, Michael Krom of Leeds University worked out what proportion of sediment came from each branch of the river. Krom reasons that during periods of drought, the amount of the Blue Nile mud in the river' would be relatively high. He found that one of these periods, from 4,500 to 4,200 years ago, immediately predates the fall of the Egypt's Old Kingdom. The weakened waters would have been catastrophic for the Egyptians. "Changes that affect food supply don't have to be very large to have a ripple effect in societies," says Bill Ryan of the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory in New York. Similar events today could be even more devastating, says team member Daniel Stanley, a geoarchaeologist from the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C. "Anything humans do to shift the climate belts would have an even worse effect along the Nile system today because the populations have increased dramatically./

单选题It is my privilege to introduce again an annual report of the work of Our Lady's Hospice. Our Lady's Hospice, the first of its kind in these western islands, has centered the second century of caring for those with terminal illness. It was first opened in Milltown and its opening was the realization of a long cherished(心中怀着)dream. For years the Sisters(修女)had longed for a place where poor, lonely, friendless dying persons--no longer fit subjects for hospital wards(病房)--could find care, comfort and peacefulness in their last days of life. In December 1879 these hopes were fulfilled when Our Lady's formally welcomed the first patients--35 in number. So great were the applications for admission that six years later the foundation stone of the present Hospice was laid on 18th July 1886 and completed in August 1888. Much has been written about the spirit of the Hospice and much will continue to be written with present increasing interest in the Hospice was opened in a spirit that regarded neither race, nor belief, nor class but looked simply to the need of the person for help and for peace in the last days of life. We hope the same spirit born out of love, care and respect for the dignity and worth of each human person, will comfort all, both patients and their loved ones, who seek our help in the Hospice today.

单选题Which approach was recommended by Judy Waxman?

单选题Smoking will he banned in all public places here.A. forbiddenB. allowedC. permittedD. promoted

单选题Spoilt for Choice Choice, we are given to believe, is a right. In daily life, people have come to expect endless situations about which they are required to make decisions one way or another. In the main, these are just irksome moments at work which demand some extra energy or brainpower, or during lunch breaks like choosing which type of coffee to order or indeed which coffee shop to go to. But sometimes selecting one option as opposed to another can have serious or lifelong repercussions. More complex decision-making is then either avoided, postponed, or put into the hands of the army of professionals, lifestyle coaches, lawyers, advisors, and the like, waiting to lighten the emotional burden for a fee. But for a good many people in the world, in rich and poor countries, choice is a luxury, not a right. And for those who think they are exercising their right to make choices, the whole system is merely an illusion, created by companies and advertisers wanting to sell their wares. The main impact of endless choice in people's lives is anxiety. Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of consumer goods induces a sense of powerlessness, even paralysis, in many people, ending in the shopper giving up and walking away or just buying an unsuitable item that is not really wanted in order to solve the problem and reduce the unease. Recent surveys in the United Kingdom have shown that a sizeable proportion of electrical goods bought per household are not really needed. The advertisers and the shareholders of the manufacturers are, nonetheless, satisfied. It is not just their availability that is the problem, but the speed with which new versions of products come on the market. Advances in design and production mean that new items are almost ready by the time that goods hit the shelves. Products also need to have a short lifespan so that the public can be persuaded to replace them within a short time. The classic example is computers, which are almost obsolete once they are bought. At first, there were only one or two available from a limited number of manufacturers, but now there are many companies all with not only their own products but different versions of the same machine. This makes selection a problem. Gone are the days when one could just walk with ease into a shop and buy one thing: no choice, no anxiety. The plethora of choice is not limited to consumer items. With the greater mobility of people around the world, people have more choice about where they want to live and work a fairly recent phenomenon. In the past, nations migrated across huge swathes of the earth in search of food, adventure, and more hospitable environments. Whole nations crossed continents and changed the face of history. So the mobility of people is nothing new. The creation of nation states and borders effectively slowed this process down, but what is different now is the speed at which migration is happening:

单选题Which of the following is NOT a correct view on stress?

单选题This kind of animals is on the verge of {{U}}extinction{{/U}}. A. dying of B. dying out C. dying off D. dying away

单选题Before the supper, my morn asked me to lay the table.A. cleanB. dustC. setD. move

单选题The HIV virus has caused more deaths in developed countries.

单选题Bacteria Bacteria are extremely small living things. While we measure our own sizes in inches or centimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. One micron is a thousand of a millimeter: a pinhead is about a millimeter across. Rod-shaped bacteria are usually from two to four microns long, while rounded ones are generally one micron in diameter. Thus if you enlarged a rounded bacterium a thousand times, it would be just about the size of a pinhead. An adult human magnified by the same amount would be over a mile (1. 6 kilometers) tall. Even with an ordinary microscope, you must look closely to see bacteria. Using a magnification of 100 times, one finds that bacteria are barely visible as tiny rods or dots. One cannot make out anything of their structure. Using special stains, one can see that some bacteria have attached to them wavy-looking " hairs" called flagella. Others have only one flagellum. The flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria through the water. Many bacteria lack flagella and cannot move about by their own power, while others can glide along over surfaces by some little-understood mechanism. From the bacterial point of view, the world is a very different place from what it is to humans. To a bacterium water is as thick as molasses is to us. Bacteria are so small that they are influenced by the movements of the chemical molecules around them. Bacteria under the microscope, even those with no flagella, often bounce about in the water. This is because they collide with the water molecules and are pushed this way and that. Molecules move so rapidly that within a tenth of a second the molecules around a bacterium have all been replaced by new ones; even bacteria without flagella are thus constantly exposed to a changing environment.

单选题In their productions, choreographers of modem dance have introduced humor, protested social injustice, and Uprobed/U psychological problems.

单选题Pushbike Danger Low speed bicycle crashes can badly injure or even kill children if they fall onto the ends of the handlebars (车把). So a team of engineers is redesigning it to make it safer. Kristy Arbogast, a bioengineer at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, began the project with her colleagues. The cases they reviewed about serious abdominal injuries in children in the past 30 years showed that more than a third were caused by bicycle accidents. "The task was to identify how the injuries occurred and come up with seine countermeasures," she says. By interviewing the children and their parents, Arbogast and her team were able to reconstruct many of the accidents and identified a corrosion cause for serious injuries. They discovered that most cases occur when children hit an obstacle at slow speed, causing them to topple (摇摆) over. To maintain their balance the children turn the handlebars through 90 degrees but their momentum (冲力) forces them into the end of the handlebars. The bike then falls over and the other end of the handlebars hits the ground, pushing it in to their abdomen. The solution the group came up with is a handgrip (握柄) fitted with a spring and damping (减速) system. The spring absorbs up to 50 percent of the forces transmitted through the handlebars in all impact. The group hopes to cormmercialize the device, which should add only a few dollars to the cost of a bike. "But our task has been one of education because up until now, bicycle manufacturers were unaware of the problem," says Arbogast.