单选题3.Born to be Big In 2006 scientists at the Harvard School of Public Health reported that the prevalence of obesity (肥胖) in infants under 6 months had risen 73 percent since 1980. "This epidemic of obese 6 - month - olds," as Robert Lustig of the University of California, San Francisco, calls it, poses a problem for conventional explanations of the fattening of America. "Since they' re eating only formula (配方奶) or breast milk, and never exactly got a lot of exercise, the obvious explanations for obesity don't work for babies," he points out. "You have to look beyond the obvious. " The search for the non - obvious has led to an early - life exposure to Paces of chemicals in the environment. Evidence has been steadily accumulating that certain hormone - mimicking pollutants (污染物质), ubiquitous (到处存在的) in the food chain, have two previously effects. They act on genes in the developing fetus (胎儿) and newborn to turn more precursor (前体) cells into fat cells, which stay with you for life. And they may alter metabolic (新陈代谢的) rate, so that the body saves calories rather than burning them. "The evidence now emerging says that being overweight is not just the result of personal choices about what you eat, combined with inactivity," says Retha Newbold of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS). " Exposure to environmental chemicals during development may he contributing to the obesity epidemic. "They are not the cause of extra pounds in every person who is overweight but environmental chemicals may well account for a good part of the current epidemic, especially in those under 50. The new thinking about obesity comes at a critical time politically. As the debate over health care shines a light on the country's unsustainable spending on doctors, hospitals, and drugs, the obese make tempting scapegoats (替罪羊). About 60 percent of Americans are overweight or obese, and their health - care costs are higher: $3,400 in annual spending for a normal- weight adult versus $ 4,870 for an obese adult, mostly due to their higher levels of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and other conditions. If those outsize costs inspire greater efforts to prevent and treat obesity, fine. But if they lead to demonizing (妖魔化) the obese - caricaturing (画成漫画讽刺) them as lazy pigs raising insurance premiums (保险费) for the rest of us -that' s a problem, and not only for ethical reasons: it threatens to obscure (使不明显) that one potent cause of weight gain may be largely beyond an individual's control.

单选题Thirsty in Karachi After two weeks in Karachi, I'm not sure whether to laugh or to cry. Either way, it involves water-or rather the lack of it. In Western Europe or the US, you only have to turn on the tap and you'll see a jet of cold water, ready to drink, cook and bathe in, or wash the car. Turn on the tap in Karachi and you'll be lucky to fill a few buckets. Until 1947 the city was part of British India, whose engineers built and maintained a modest water supply network for the city's 500,000 inhabitants. Today, Karachi is home to around 12 million people. Half of them live in slum townships, with little or no water through the mains. Even the "rich" Half usually have to wait days before anything tickles through their pipes. And the coloured liquid that finally emerges is usually too contaminated to drink. According to the state-owned Karachi Water and Sewerage Board, the city needs more than 2,500 million litres of water each day. The board currently supplies 1,650 million litres of which nearly 40 per cent is lost from leaks-and theft. Leaks are dime a dozen to water utilities the world over, but theft? Karachi's unlikely water pirates turn out to be ordinary families struggling to get adequate supplies of one of life's necessities. Stealing water takes many forms. The simplest is to buy a suction pump and get it attached to the water pipe that feeds your house from the mains. This should maximize your share of water every time the board switches on the supply. When the practice started 20 years ago, the pumps would be carefully hidden or disguised as garden ornaments. These days people hardly bother. The pumps are so widespread and water board inspectors so thin on the ground that when officials do confiscate a pump its owner simply buy a replacement. Insisting that people obey the law won't work because most households have little alternative hut to steal. For its part, the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board says it would dearly like to make life easier, but finds itself mired in debt because most residents either won't pay water charges or can't afford to the Urban Resource Centre, a Karachi-based think tank, of the 1.2 million known consumers of water only 750,000 are billed, of whom just 163,000 actually pay for their supplies. The board makes a perpetual loss, and there is no money to improve the system or even plug the leaks. Worse, the board increasingly relies on international loans from institutions such as the Asian Development Bank, which only makes its debt worse. The joke is that the owners of the suction pumps end up with little-if any-extra water. You house is in a line with 20 other households all tapping into one horizontal pipeline. All you can end up doing, given you have pumps of equal strength, is redistribute each other's entitlement and pay higher electricity bills into the bargain. Back home in London, I'll remember not to complain about the water meter, or the hosepipeban.

单选题I don"t quite follow what she is saying.

单选题The report says that steps could be taken to reduce about

单选题Grain was the agricultural base for each of the ancient civilizations.

单选题Each member of the committee helped to gather the information contained in the report.A. surmountB. consignC. compileD. devise

单选题This is not typical of English, but is a feature of the Chinese language.

单选题The curious look from the strangers around her made her feel uneasy. A. difficult B. worried C. anxious D. unhappy

单选题The health care system in the US takes care of everyone in the country.

单选题{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} The National Trust in Britain The National Trust in Britain plays an increasingly important part in the preservation for public enjoyment of the best that is left unspoiled of the British countryside. Although the Trust has received practical and moral support from the Government, it is not rich Government department. It is a charity which depends for its existence on voluntary support from members of the public. The attention of the public was first drawn to the dangers threatening the great old houses and castles of Britain by the death of Lord Lothian, who left his great seventeenth-century house to the Trust together with the 4,500-acre park and estate surrounding it. This gift attracted wide publicity and started the Trust's "Country House Scheme". Under this scheme, with the help of the Government and the general public, the Trust has been able to save and open to the public about one hundred and fifty of these old houses. Last year about one and three quarters of a million people paid to visit these historic houses, usually at a very small charge. In addition to country houses and open spaces the Trust now owns some examples of ancient wind and water mills, nature reserves, five hundred and forty farms and nearly two thousand five hundred cottages or small village houses, as well as some complete villages. In these villages no one is allowed to build, develop or disturb the old village environment in any way and all the houses are maintained in their original sixteenth-century style. Over four hundred thousand acres of coastline, woodland, and hill country are protected by the Trust and no development or disturbance of any kind are permitted. The public has free access to these areas and is only asked to respect the peace, beauty and wildlife. So it is that over the past eighty years the Trust has become a big important organization and an essential and respected part of national life, preserving all that is of great natural beauty and of historical significance not only for future generations of Britons but also for the millions of tourists who each year invade Britain in search of a great historical and cultural heritage.

单选题The construction of the railway is said to have been terminated .

单选题He had finally achieved success.

单选题Shark Attack! Craig Rogers was sitting on his surfboard, scanning the distance for his next wave, when his board suddenly stopped moving. He looked down and was terrified to see a great white shark biting the front of his board. "I could have touched its eye with my elbow," says Craig. The shark had surfaced so quietly that he hadn"t heard a thing. In his horror and confusion, he waved his arms and accidentally cut two of his fingers on the shark"s teeth. He then slid off the opposite side of his surfboard into the water. Then, with Craig in the water and blood flowing from his fingers, the five-meter-long shark simply swam away, disappearing into the water below. Although sharks are often categorized as killers that hunt and eat as many humans as they can, this is factually inaccurate. Sharks very rarely kill humans. A person has a greater chance of being struck by lightning or drowning in a bath than of being killed by a shark. Only 74 people have been reported killed by great whites in the last century. But great white sharks can reach six meters in length and weigh 2,200 kilograms or more. With frightening jaws that can hold up to 3,000 teeth arranged in several rows, they could very easily kill and eat a helpless human in the water. Why is it, then, that most people survive attacks by great whites? Shark researchers are trying to comprehend the reasons that allow people to escape without being eaten. The most common explanation is that great whites don"t see well. It has been thought that they mistake people for the seals or sea lions which make up a large part of their diet. There is reason to doubt this, however. Recent information shows that great whites can actually see very well. Also, when attacking seals, great whites shoot up to the surface and bite with great force. When approaching humans, however, they most often move in slowly and bite less hard. They soon discover that humans are not a high-fat meal. "They spit us out because we"re too bony," says Aidan Martin, director of Reef Quest Center for Shark Research. Shark researchers like Martin hypothesize that great whites are actually curious animals that like to investigate things. It"s possible that they use their bite not only to kill and eat, but also to gather information. Although such an experience is unlucky for people like Craig Rogers, when sharks bite surfboards or other objects or people, they are likely just trying to learn what they are.

单选题George Strong was a very creative engineer.

单选题The book made a great impact on its readers.

单选题I have to go at once. A. soon B. immediately C. now D. early

单选题 阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。 Rope skipping has many advantages for someone looking for an inexpensive and convenient form of exercise. It{{U}} (51) {{/U}}to all the components of physical fitness,{{U}} (52) {{/U}}in the area of cardiorespiratory(心和肺的)endurance. Rope skipping can be done{{U}} (53) {{/U}}or in pairs. The ends of the rope are held loosely in the fingers. Elbows should be{{U}} (54) {{/U}}the sides and the arms pointed away from the body. The arms and shoulders move in circular motion; as the rope follows a circular motion,{{U}} (55) {{/U}}momentum (力量，势头)can be provided by rotating the wrists.{{U}} (56) {{/U}}by pushing off from the toes just{{U}} (57) {{/U}}enough to allow the rope to pass under your feet. Some physical educators{{U}} (58) {{/U}}that rope skipping expends as much energy as running. Another{{U}} (59) {{/U}}is the relatively short time it takes to perform the activity. Some people rope skip for 10 minutes and feel that this is{{U}} (60) {{/U}}to jogging for 30 minutes, at least{{U}} (61) {{/U}}terms of energy expenditure (消耗). An added advantage of rope skipping{{U}} (62) {{/U}}an activity for many students is that they do not have to skip on hard surfaces. Some students find jogging difficult because of the need to{{U}} (63) {{/U}}on hard surfaces. Rope skipping, on the other hand,{{U}} (64) {{/U}}be performed indoors or outdoors on a hard or{{U}} (65) {{/U}}surface. Rope skip- ping can be done almost anywhere at anytime, providing there is space enough for the rope to make a complete revolution.

单选题 阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。 {{B}}Better Control of TB Seen If a Faster Cure Is Found{{/B}} The World Health Organization estimates that about one-third of all people are infected with bacteria that cause tuberculosis. Most times, the infection remains inactive. But each year about eight million people develop active cases of TB, usually in their{{U}} (51) {{/U}}. Two million people die{{U}} (52) {{/U}}it. The disease has{{U}} (53) {{/U}}with the spread of AIDS and drug-resistant forms of tuberculosis. Current treatments take at least six months. Patients have to{{U}} (54) {{/U}}a combination of several antibiotic drugs daily. But many people stop (55) they feel better. Doing that can{{U}} (56) {{/U}}to an infection that resists treatment. Public health experts agree that a faster-acting cure for tuberculosis would be more effective. Now a study estimates just how{{U}} (57) {{/U}}it might be. A professor of international health at Harvard University led the study. Joshua Salomon says a shorter treatment program would likely mean not just more patients{{U}} (58) {{/U}}. It would also mean{{U}} (59) {{/U}}infectious patients who can pass on their infection to others. The researchers developed a mathematical model to examine the effects of a two-month treatment plan. They{{U}} (60) {{/U}}the model with current TB conditions in Southeast Asia. The scientists found that a two-month treatment could prevent about twenty percent of new cases. And it might{{U}} (61) {{/U}}about twenty-five percent of TB deaths. The model shows that these{{U}} (62) {{/U}}would take place between two thousand twelve and two thousand thirty. That is, if a faster cure is developed and in wide use by two thousand twelve. The Word Health Organization{{U}} (63) {{/U}}the DOTS program in nineteen ninety. DOTS is Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course. Health workers watch tuberculosis patients take their daily pills to make{{U}} (64) {{/U}}they continue treatment. Earlier this year, an international partnership of organizations announced a plan m expand the DOTS program. The ten-year plan also aims to finance research{{U}} (65) {{/U}}new TB drugs. The four most common drugs used now are more than forty years old. The Global Alliance for TB Drug Development says its long-term goal is a treatment that could work in as few as ten doses.

单选题This latest injury must surely mean that her tennis career is now at an end .

单选题Continuing Medical Education There is increasing recognition of the need for health workers to continue their education throughout their careers. Not only do health workers themselves wish to improve their own skills and competence, but the introduction of new techniques and equipment and the changes taking place in health needs and health care policies necessitate continued training. The phrase "health care" is intended to mean not just curative treatment for the sick but the whole range of provision for promoting health and preventing disease. In virtually every situation some response to this need has been made, so continuing education does take place—even though it may in many instances be ineffective or insufficient. Continuing education may be initiated by the health workers themselves, by their supervisors, by the managers of the health system, or by other agencies such as professional associations, publishers, and drug companies. The form of the continuing education may be written materials (journals, books, advertisements), meetings, courses, supervisory visits, or a variety of other methods. With this diversity of approach it is not surprising that the effectiveness of the continuing education should be variable. So it is natural that in many countries there is a concern that more continuing education should be provided and that it should be more effective. The approach suggested that to achieve this aim is to develop a "system" of continuing education. This term needs some explanation as it is capable of being interpreted in many ways. A system is not the same thing as an organization that provides continuing education. It is much more than that. It is the sum of the educational activities, the organizational structure that supports and manages those activities, the management, and the external agencies involved in the provision of health care. The system should comprise a nationwide coordinated program in which technology and resources are optimally used.