填空题A. Kripke's research toolB. Dangers of habitual shortages of sleepC. Criticism on Kripke's reportD. A way of overcoming insomniaE. Sleep problems of long and short sleepersF. Classification of sleep problems

填空题Agitated Sunspot Cause If the lights in your house keep flickering, blame frequent sunspots. A sunspot is actually charged particles flying at the speed of 3 million kilometers an hour out of the surface of the sun to form sun storms. Every 11 years, the sun, as its energy accumulates inside up to a certain point, will send out streams of charged particles. (46) . One is that the magnetic field of the earth is much disturbed because of the sun's interference in the ionosphere, which is 80 to 500 kilometers above the earth. Wireless short-wave communication, which depends on the wave's reflection against this layer of atmosphere, is likely to be jammed. (47) . Scientists also say that the active movement of the charged sun storm also has earthquakes. According to a research conducted by the Russian scientists from 1957 to 1960, the frequency of earthquakes can be linked to the movement of the sunspots. Little research has been carried out so far about how exactly the sunspot will negatively harm the health of the people. (48) . So, scientists warn that people going outdoors should be careful to protect their exposed skin and eyes with clothes, umbrellas and sunglasses from the strong sunlight rich in ultraviolet rays. Besides, the nervous system is also affected. (49) . It is hard to say when the sunspots are most violent during their active year, but generally one active period is believed to last possibly eight days, Not long ago there were two violent sun storms breaking out, which seriously affected mobile phone communication, etc. in many parts of the world. (50) .A. Ionosphere is important to wireless and mobile communication.B. But the communication situation in each case returned to normal in about 24 hours.C. Statistics show that traffic accidents are more frequent when sunspots are active.D. A pager published by a North Korea observatory, however, says that sun storms may cause an increase in the incidence of heart disease and skin disease.E. It is said that mobile phone communication may be affected too.F. These charged particles affect the earth, which is directly energized by the sun, in a number of ways.

填空题Supermarket Supermarket is a type of retailing institution that has a moderately broad product assortment spanning groceries and some nonfood lines that ordinarily emphasizes price in either an offensive or defensive way. As a method, supermarket retailing features several related product lines, a high degree of self-service, largely centralized checkout, and competitive prices. The supermarket approach to retailing is used to sell various kinds of merchandise, 1 . The term supermarket usually refers to an institution in the grocery retailing field. Most supermarkets emphasize price. Some use price offensively by featuring low prices in order to attract customers. Other supermarkets use price more defensively by relying on leader pricing to avoid a price disadvantage. Since supermarkets typically have very thin gross margins, they need high levels of inventory turnover to achieve satisfactory returns on invested capital. Supermarkets originate in the early 1930s. They were established by independents 2 . Supermarkets were an immediate success, and the innovation was soon adopted by chain stores. In recent decades supermarkets have added various nonfood lines to provide customers with one-stop shopping convenience and to improve overall gross margins. Today stores using the supermarket method of retailing are dominant in grocery retailing. However, different names are used to distinguish these institutions 3 : A superstore is a larger version of the supermarket. It offers more grocery and nonfood items 4 . Many supermarket chains are emphasizing superstores in their new construction. Combination stores are usually even larger than superstore. They, 5 , offer more groceries and non foods than a supermarket but also most product lines found in a large drugstore. Some combination stores are joint ventures between supermarkets and drug chains such as Kroger and Save-on. A. by size and assortment B. than a conventional supermarket does C. including building materials, office products, and, of course, groceries D. attracting more customers with their low prices E. primarily in either of two ways F. to compete with grocery chains

填空题The Mir Space Station 1. The Russian Mir Space Station, which came down in 2001 at last after 15 years of pioneering the concept of long-term human space flight, is remembered for its accomplishments in the human space flight history. It can be credited with many firsts in space. 2. During Mir"s lifetime, Russia spent about US $4.2 billion to build and maintain the station. 3. The Soviet Union launched Mir, which was designed to last from three to five years, on February 20, 1986, and housed 104 astronauts over 12 years and seven months, most of whom were not Russian. In fact, it became the first international space station by playing host to 62 people from 11 countries. From 1955 through 1998, seven astronauts from the United States took turns living on Mir for up to six months each. They were among the 37 Americans who visited the station during nine stopovers by space shuttles. 4. The more than 400 million the United States provided Russian for the visits not only kept Mir operating, but also gave the Americans and their partners in the international station project valuable experience in long-term flight and multinational operations. 5. A debate continues over Mir"s contributions to science. During its existence, Mir was the laboratory for 23, 000 experiments and carried scientific equipment, estimated to be worth $80 million, from many nations. Experiments on Mir are credited with a range of findings, from the first solid measurement of the ration of heavy helium atoms in space to how to grow wheat in space. But for those favouring human space exploration, Mir showed that people could live and work in space long enough for a trip to Mars. The longest single stay in space is the 437.7 days that Russian astronaut Valery Polyakov spent on Mir from 1994 to 1995. And Sergie Avdeyev accumulated 747.6 days in space in three trips to the space station. The longest American stay was that of Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days aboard Mir in 1996. 6. Despite the many firsts Mir accomplished, 1997 was a bad year out of 15 for Mir. In 1997, an oxygen generator caught fire. Later, the main computer system broke down, causing the station to drift several times and there were power failures. 7. Most of these problems were repaired, with American help and suppliers, but Mir"s reputation as a space station was ruined. 8. Mir"s setbacks are nothing, though, when we compare them with its accomplishments. Mir was a tremendous success, which will be remembered as a milestone in space exploration and the space station that showed long-term human habitation in space was possible. But it"s time to move on to the next generation. The International Space Station being built will be better, but it owes a great debt to Mir.

填空题A. Harm Screening May Do to a Younger Woman B. Investigating the Effect of Screening C. Effects Predicted by Two Different Models D. Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from Radiation E. Treatment of Cancers F. Factors That Trigger Cancers

填空题Goal of American Education Differences in American schools compared with those found in the majority of other countries lie in the fact that education here has long been intended for everyone - not just for a privileged elite. Schools are expected to meet the needs of every child, regardless of ability, and also the needs of society itself. (46) It surprises many people when they come here to find high schools offering such courses as typing, sewing, radio repair, computer programming or driver training, along with traditional academic subjects such as mathematics, history, and languages. (47) The underlying goal of American education is to develop every child to the utmost of his or her own possibilities, and to give each one a sense of civic and community consciousness. (48) Schools still play a large role in the community, especially in the small towns. The approach to teaching may seem unfamiliar to many, not only because it is informal, but also because there is not much emphasis on learning facts. (49) Students spend much time, learning how to use resource materials, libraries, Statistics and computers. Americans believe that if children are taught to reason well and to research well, they will be able to find whatever facts they need throughout the rest of their lives. (50) This is America' s answer to the searching question that thoughtful parents all over the world are asking themselves in the fast - moving time: "How can one prepare today' s child for a tomorrow that one can neither predict nor understand?"A. Knowing how to solve problems is considered more important than the accumulation of facts.B. Students choose their curricula (课程) depending on their interests, future goals, and level of ability.C. Instead, Americans try to teach their children to think for themselves and to develop their own intellectual and creative abilities.D. This means that public schools offer more than academic subjects.E. Schools have traditionally played an important role in creating national unity and "Americanizing" the millions of immigrants' who have poured into this country from many different backgrounds and origins.F. Education is an enormous and expensive part of American life. Its size is matched by its variety.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Scientists working on a problem do not know and sometimes can't even guess what the final result will be. Late on Friday, 8 November, 1895, Professor Rontgen, a German physicist, was doing an experiment in his laboratory when he noticed something extraordinary. He had covered an electric bulb with black cardboard, and when he switched on the current he saw little dancing lights on his table.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}; how then could any ray penetrate? On the table there were some pieces of paper which had been covered with metal salts.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}. Professor Rontgen took a piece of this paper and held it at a distance from the lamp. Between it and the lamp he placed a variety of objects, a books, a pack of cards, a piece of wood and a door key. The ray penetrated every one of them except the key. He called his wife into the laboratory and asked her to hold her hand between the lamp and a photographic plate.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}, but she held up her hand for a quarter of an hour, and when the plate was developed there was a picture of the bones of her hand and of the ring on one finger. The mysterious ray could pass through the flesh and not through the bone or the ring. At a scientific meeting, Professor Rontegen called this new ray "the unknown", the X-ray.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}, and soon there were X-ray machines in all the big hospitals. The most obvious use for this discovery was to enable doctors to see exactly how a bone was fractured. Other uses came later. It was found that these rays could be used to destroy cancer cells, just as they destroyed the healthy cells of the doctors who first used the machines.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}, and the lungs could be X-rayed to show if there was any tuberculosis present. A. It was on this paper that the lights were shining B. She was very surprised by this request C. Now the bulb was completely covered D. It was a great invention E. Methods were found later by which ulcers in the stomach could be located F. Doctors quickly saw how this could be used

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 1 Americans this year will swallow 15,000 tons of aspirin, one of the safest and most effective drugs invented by man. The most popular medicine in the world today, it is an effective pain reliever. Its bad effects are relatively mild, and it is cheap.2 For millions of people suffering from arthritis(关节炎), it is the only thing that works. Aspirin, in short, is truly the 20th-century wonder drug. It is also the second largest suicide drug and is the leading cause of poisoning among children. It has side effects that, although relatively mild, are largely unrecognized among users.3 Although aspirin was first sold by a German company in 1989,it has been around much longer than that. Hippocrates, in ancient Greece, understood the medical value of the leaves and tree bark which today are known to contain salicylates(水杨酸盐) ,the chemical in aspirin. During the 19th century, there was a great deal of experimentation in Europe with this chemical, and it led to the introduction of aspirin. By 1915, aspirin tablets were available in the United States.4 A small quantity of aspirin (two five-grain tablets)relieves pain and inflammantion(炎症). It also reduces fever by interfering with some of the body's reactions. Specifically, aspirin seems to slow down the formation of the acids involved in pain and the complex chemical reactions that cause fever. The chemistry of these acids is not fully understood, but the slowing effect of aspirin is well known.5 Aspirin is very irritating to the stomach lining and many aspirin takers complain about upset stomach. There is a right way and a wrong way to take aspirin. The best way is to chew the tablets before swallowing them with water, but few people can stand the bitter taste. Some people suggest crushing the tablets in milk or orange juice and drinking that.

填空题Some Unusual Celebrations Some holidays are well-known all around the world. Among them are New Year"s Eve celebrations. Also common are days in honor of love and friendship, like Valentine"s Day. Each country has its own special holidays, too, often to mark important events in its history. Schools, banks, and government offices all close on days like these. 1 A few of them are really very strange. Of course, they are not strange to the people who celebrate them. Perhaps that is because the celebrations have long traditions. Consider April Fool"s Day, for example, no one knows when or why it began. Today it is celebrated in many countries—France, England, and Australia, among others. On this day, people play practical jokes. 2 The ones who laugh are the ones playing the jokes. People they fool often get angry. Does celebrating this day make sense to you? Dyngus Day in Poland seems strange, too. On this day, it is traditional for boys to pour water over the heads of girls. Here is the strangest part: They do it to girls they like. Other unusual celebrations take place in a single city or town. A holiday called La Tomatina is celebrated in Bunol, Spain. Every year, in late August, big trucks carry more than 200,000 pounds of tomatoes into this little town. 3 For two hours, people in the streets throw tomatoes at each other. Everyone ends up red from head to toe. August 10 marks the start of the Puck Fair, an Irish festival with a very unusual tradition. People from the town of Killorglin go up into the mountains and catch a wild goat. 4 There are also some celebrations that are really strange. In the United States, sometimes one person gets an idea or a new holiday and tries to get others to accept it. Whose idea was Public Sleeping Day? That one is on February 28. It may seem strange, but it sounds like more fun than the one on February 9. 5 Do you like the idea of inventing a new holiday.9 If you do, then you will want to March 26 on your calendar. That is Make Up Your Own Holiday Day. A. Some people have fun imagining new holidays. B. That is supposed to be Toothache Day. C. Then begins the world"s biggest food fight. D. They bring him back to town, put a crown on his head, and make him a king fourteen days. E. Jokes are supposed to be funny, but these jokes do not make everyone laugh. F. Some of the days people celebrate, however, are less serious.

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Houses of the Future What will houses be like in thirty years' time? No one really knows, but architects are trying to predict. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} Future houses will have to be flexible. In thirty years' time even more of us will be working from home. So we will have to be able to use areas of the house for work for part of the day and for living for the rest. Families grow and change with children arriving, growing up and leaving home. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} Nothing will be as fixed as it is now. The house will always be changing to meet changing needs. Everyone agrees that in thirty years' time we will be living in "intelligent" houses. We will be able to talk to our kitchen machines and discuss with them what to do. Like this: "We'll be having a party this weekend. What food shall we cook?" {{U}}(48) {{/U}} We will be able to leave most of the cooking to the machines, just tasting things from time to time to check. The house of the future will be personal -- each house will he different. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} You won't have to paint them -- you'll be able to tell the wall to change the color! And if you don't like the color the next day, you will be able to have a new one. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} A. You will be able to change the color of the wall easily. B. The only thing you won't be able to do is move the house somewhere else! C. And the machine will tell us what food we will have to buy and how to cook it. D. What will our home be like then? E. The house of the future will have to grow and change with the family. F. The kids might take their bedrooms with them as they leave.

填空题False Fear of Big Fish Many people believe sharks (鲨鱼)are dangerous and will always try to hurt or even kill humans. (46) A shark exhibition at the National Aquarium (水族馆) in Baltimore, US, proves this. Visitors can touch young sharks, see their eggs develop and watch a dozen different species swim smoothly around a huge tank. Most people fail to realize that shark attacks don't happen very often. Humans are more likely to be killed by lightning than by a shark. (47) There, kids can learn, from an early age, not to fear sharks. "People fear what they don't know,"said Nancy Hotchkiss, an organizer of the exhibition. "Sharks have been around for 400 million years and play an important role in the ocean's food chain. We want people to discover that sharks are amazing animals that need our respect and protection. " (48) A study, published in January in the US magazine, Science, found that almost all recorded shark species have fallen by half in the past 8 to 15 years. Thousands of sharks are hunted in Asia for special foods, such as shark fin (鱼翅) soup. And many others get caught in nets, while fishermen are hunting other fish. (49) "Some fishing methods are actually cleaning out the ocean for sharks,"said Dave Schofield, the manager of the aquarium's ocean health programme. (50) A. They can watch them develop inside their eggs and feel the skin of the older swimmers.B. A shocking 100 million sharks are killed every year around the world by humans.C. In fact, 94 percent of the world's 400 species are harmless to humans.D. It is a worrying situation and some areas have put measures in place to protect these special fish.E. And to make this point clear, the museum has set up a special touching pool for children.F. More than half of the sharks caught are smaller than 1 metre lon

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Most doctors are too optimistic in predicting how long dying patients have to live, and this has a negative effect on the care they receive in their final days, American researchers said Friday. A study by scientists at the University of Chicago Medical Center in Illinois showed that of the survival estimates for 486 terminally ill patients given by 343 doctors,{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. {{U}} (47) {{/U}}, and in some cases doctors predicted patients had five time longer to live than proved to be the case. "Doctors are inaccurate in their prognoses(预后)for terminally ill patients and the error is systematically optimistic," professor Nicholas Christakis and Dr Elizabeth Lamont said in a report in The British Medical Journal. The researchers added that doctors who knew their patients best were more likely to get it wrong. "{{U}} (48) {{/U}}...the type of systematic bias toward optimism that we have found in doctors' objective prognostic assessments may be adversely(不利地)affecting patient care," the researchers added. Instead of receiving three months of hospice care, which is considered to be the ideal,{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. Patients who thought they had longer to live also opted for more aggressive treatment instead of palliative(治标的)care, the report said. The researcher suggested doctors should get second opinions from colleagues,{{U}} (50) {{/U}}, before giving a prognosis. "Reliable prognostic information is a key determinant in both doctors' and patients' decision making," they said. A. many patients received only one month's care because of the optimistic prognosis. B. Although some error is unavoidable C. a lot of patients are eager to leave the hospital. D. only 20 percent were accurate E. particularly if they know a patient well. F. Sixty three percent of the predictions overestimated the time patients had left.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} Attention to the Details{{/B}}1 Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do—especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come across his desk every day. "It's amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves , "he says.2 "Resumes(简历)arrive with stains. Some candidates don't bother to spell the company's name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate, "Crossley concludes. "if they cannot take care of these details, why should we trust them with a job?"3 Can we pay too much attention to details? Absolutely. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger they work toward. "To keep from losing the forest for the trees," says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, "we must constantly ask ourselves how the details we're working on fit into the larger picture. If they don't, we should drop them and move to something else."4 Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA. "The Apollo moon launch was slightly off-course 90 percent of the time." says Garfield. "But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary. "Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake.5 Too often we believe what accounts for others' success is some special secret or a lucky break (机遇). But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow.

填空题2. Missing the 9 - To - 5 Routine Jonathan Harris was determined to be part of the migration to the enticing (诱人的) land of high tech. (46) He lasted just seven months. He admits he was "seduced by the glamour. " realizing only later that "the fundamental economics were not good. " Translation: instead of running a rapidly growing start--up, his company was constantly short of cash and manpower. He spent his days trolling for (搜索) investment money and new employees to replace the defective old ones. Last July, Harris, 37, left the company and went back to Los Angeles--and is now looking for a job in a traditional, non--techie company. Like so many prospectors of a different epoch, workers such as Harris are discovering that "risking everything" actually involves... risk. (47) " I' ve really started to appreciate a situation where one has significant resources," Harris says. "I think folks who are blindly jumping to start--ups are undervaluing what they have. " (48) Russell Reynolds Associates, an executive--search firm, says you should have experience launching new products, be comfortable with technology and have an ability to make decisions based on incomplete information in order to succeed at an Internet firm. Otherwise, it might be wise to stay put (原位不动). Still, it' s the stock options that typically keep employees working long and faithfully at Internet start - ups, virtually handcuffed to their workstations. Author Bill Lessard, who co - wrote "Netslaves, "a firsthand account about the travails of working in Webville, says options are "basically used as a carrot to get people to give up their lives and work like lunatics (疯子) for the promise of getting rich. " (49) Gray, for example, had 20 shares of stock when she left - worth only around $ 250. Increasingly, new hires at Web firms are distressed to learn that the numbers of options they get are so paltry (不足取的) as to be insignificant. (50) A. With most market watchers predicting an eventual tech shakeout (股票市场震动), such tales of frustration and disappointment could become far more common.B. Most tech converts (皈依者) simply roll their eyes when asked about going back to what are now called "legacy" industries.C. If the promise isn' t kept, the carrot looks less tasty.D. Last year Harris left the hair - accessories firm he' d co - founded to manage a high - tech design firm called Brilliant Media in San Francisco.E. Increasingly, recruiters (招聘人员) are telling job candidates that the Web isn' t for everyone.F. They enter into a web venture with high hopes, only to find a grim reality of taxing hours, lack of support staff, greenhorn (缺乏经验的) bosses and worthless stock options.

填空题 A. how much someone wants it to succeed B. a form of deep thought C. a condition similar to sleep D. have increased self-control and a reduced sense of pain E. hypnosis can't reduce or end a patient's pain F. persons can't be forced to do something they would normally oppose

填空题 下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}Watching Microcurrents Flow{{/B}} We can now watch electricity as it flows through even the tiniest circuits. By scanning(扫描)the magnetic field (磁场) generated as electric currents flow through objects (物体), physicists have man aged{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. The technology will allow manufacturers to scan microchips for faults, as well as revealing microscopic defects in anything from aircraft to banknotes. Gang Xiao and Ben Schrag at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, visualize the current h measuring subtle (细微的) changes in the magnetic field of an object and{{U}} (47) {{/U}}. Their sensor is adapted from an existing piece (现有配件) of technology that is used to measure larg magnetic fields in computer hard drives. "We redesigned the magnetic sensor to make it capable of meas uring (测量) very weak changes in magnetic fields," says Xiao. The resulting device is capable of detecting (测定) a current as weak as 10 microamperes, even whe: the wire is buried deep within a chip, and it shows up features (图案)as small as 40 nanometers across. At present, engineers looking for defects (缺陷) in a chip have to peel off (剥开) the layers and ex amine the circuits visually; this is one of the obstacles{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. But the new magnetic microscope i sensitive enough to look inside chips and reveal faults such as short circuits, nicks in the wires or electro migration (电迁移)—where a dense area of current picks up surrounding atoms and moves them along "It is like watching a river flow," explains Xiao. As well as scanning tiny circuits, the microscope can be used to reveal the internal structure of an: object capable of conducting electricity. For example, it could look directly at microscopic cracks in a: airplane's fuselage,{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. The technique cannot yet pick up electrical activity in the human: brain because the current there is too small, but Xiao doesn't rule it out (排除……的可能性) in the future. "I can never say never," he says. Although the researchers have only just made the technical details of the microscope public, it is al ready on sale, (上市) from electronics company Micro Magnetics in Fall River, Massachusetts. It is currently the size of a refrigerator and takes several minutes to scan a circuit, but Xiao and Schrag are work ing{{U}} (50) {{/U}}. A. to shrink it to the size of a desktop computer and cut the scanning time to 30 seconds B. to making chips any smaller C. to take tiny chips we require D. to picture the progress of the currents E. converting the information into a color picture showing the density of current at each point F. faults in the metal strip of a forged banknote or bacteria in a water sample

填空题Lowering the Risk of Heart Disease Like millions of other Americans, I come from a family with a history of heart disease. My father had his first three heart attacks when he was only thirty-one. (46) I grew up with heart disease. It was there, but I didn't take it seriously. When I was thirty-one, my blood cholesterol (胆固醇) level was measured for the first time. It was 311 mg/dl, the doctor told me — an extremely high level that put me at a very high risk of heart disease, especially with my family history. He sent me to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to be screened for participation in a clinical trial. (47) At NIH, physicians explained the degree of risk associated with my blood cholesterol level and the nature of the experiment. This test involves putting a tube through a leg artery (动脉) up to the heart. (48) Learning about the risks of the experiment as well as the risk associated with my raised blood cholesterol level scared the life out of me. Although I was excluded from participating in the study, the experience may well have saved my life. For the first time, I began to realize the seriousness of high blood cholesterol. (49) But equally important, I got a taste of what it is like to be a patient, to have tests done on me and to think of myself as sick. This was hard to take. This experience taught me two lifesaving lessons. First, although I felt fit and strong, I was actually at high risk for heart disease because of my high blood cholesterol level. And with my family history, it could not be ignored. (50) A．The death rate for the test was only 1 in 100, I was assured.B．Second, I could lower my blood cholesterol level simply by changing what I ate.C．I was three years old at that time.D．There is not enough oxygen in the blood.E．It was a heart attack just waiting to happen.F．The trial was designed to test the effect of lowering blood cholesterol on the risk of heart disease.

填空题A. Langmir and Schaefer's work for the GE Company B. Langmir and Schaefer's discovery of rain-forming C. Men's knowledge of rain-forming E. Schaefer's discovery by accident D. Schaefer's several unsuccessful experiments F. Langmir and Schaefer's successful cooperation

填空题Optimists Really Do Live Longer, Say Scientists 1. For the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer optimism was fundamentally wrong, banal and corrupting, while the father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud simply declared it to be neurotic. 2. Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health. In other words optimists live longer. 3. That was the conclusion reached by experts at the Mayo Clinic in the US State of Minnesota who evaluated answers given by people to a set of questions in the l960s. Of the 729 candidates, 200 had died and according to scientists, there were a disproportionate number of pessimists among them. 4. Ten points more on the pessimism scale — that was the difference between "slightly pessimistic" and "averagely pessimistic" — were enough to boost a person's chances of dying by 19 percent, according to the study by prominent psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania. 5. The study does not say why pessimists die but an older survey taken among children in San Francisco and Los Angeles makes it clear that personal attitude towards the world is a key factor in the longevity equation. 6. The latest evidence to support the theory that optimists tend to cope better with illness of all kinds has been provided by Professor Ralf Schwarzer of Berlin's Free University who questioned 600 heart and lung patients. His conclusion: Optimists recover more swiftly from operations than their pessimistic counterparts, tend to be happier after treatment and return to work more swiftly. 7. There have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health. Numerous surveys have taken into account a person's state of health at the outset and the effect remains the same. 8. Studies have shown that optimists do not blind themselves to reality either. They thus interpret it in a positive way. "Sublimating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light, " said Californian psychology professor Shelley Taylor. 9. German science journal Bild der Wissenschaft, which carries a major article on the topic in its current March issue, commented on "the right attitude" to having a tumor. 10. It seems psychotherapy can go some way towards extending the life span and life quality of a sick person although a complete recovery using psychological technique alone is unlikely. 11. Doctors like, however, to point to the example of US cycling professional Lance Armstrong, who was seriously ill with cancer, but whose unshakeable optimism helped him to take the top trophy twice at cycling's premier Tour de France. 12. The magazine also quoted a study by Sheldon Cohens of the Carnegie-Mellon-University in Pittsburgh : 420 volunteers were deliberately infected with strains of various common cold viruses. A day later checks were carried out to see who had caught a cold. 13. The results showed that in the case of people who had satisfactory, long-term relations with friends, neighbors or colleagues, the virus was less likely to trigger a cold. Of people with three or fewer firm relationships 62 percent became ill compared with only 35 percent of those who had six or more close human links.

填空题1. Psychologist George Spilich and colleagues at Washington College in Chestertown, Maryland, decided to find out whether, as many smoker say, smoking helps them "think and concentrate." Spilich put young non-smokers, active smokers and smokers deprived(被剥夺)of cigarettes through a series of tests. 2. In the first test, each subject(试验对象)sat before a computer screen and pressed a key as soon as he or she recognized a target letter among a grouping of 96. In this simple test, smokers, deprived smokers and non-smokers performed equally well. 3. The next test was more complex, requiring all to see sequences of 20 identical letters and respond the instant one of the letters transformed into a different one. Nonsmokers were faster, but under the stimulation of nicotine(尼古丁), active smokers were faster than deprived smokers. 4. In the third test of short-term memory, non-smokers made the fewest errors, but deprived smokers committed fewer errors than active smokers. 5. The fourth test required people to read a passage, then answer questions about it, Non-smokers remembered 19 percent more of the most important information than active smokers, and deprived smokers bested those who had smoked a cigarette just before testing. Active smokers tended not only to have poorer memories but also had trouble separating important information from insignificant details. 6. "As our tests became more complex." Sums up Spilich, "non--smokers performed better than smokers by wider and wider margins." He predicts, "smokers might perform adequately at many jobs--until they got complicated. A smoking airline pilot could fly adequately if no problems arose, but if something went wrong, smoking might damage his mental capacity./