填空题How We Form First Impression We all have first impression of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her—aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits? The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in how a person"s eyes, ears, nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other make you see him or her as different. In fact, your brain continuously processes incoming sensory information—the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex (大脑皮层) system to determine what these new signals "mean". If you see someone you know and like at school, your brain says "familiar and safe". If you see someone new, it says, "new—potentially threatening". Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other "known" memories. The height, weight, dress, ethnicity, gestures and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics, the more your brain may say, "This is new. I don"t like this person." Or else, "I am intrigued." Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes, ethnicity, gestures—like your other friends; so your brain says. "I like this person." But these preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong. When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking, like the immature thinking of a very young child that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people—their history, interest, values, strengths, and true character—we categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks. However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams, and become aware of the person"s character, we use a different, more mature style of thinking—and the most complex areas of our cortex.

填空题When I was a child, one of my favorite authors was Marguerite Henry. ______ Chincoteague is an island off the coast of Virginia and Maryland. For hundreds of years, wild ponies have lived on Chincoteague's neighboring island, Assateague. The ponies, like the ones in Henry's book, get to Chincoteague each year by swimming across the channel between the two islands.A. I was so glad I was able to see them in person.B. She wrote about wild ponies that live on the Island of Chincoteague.C. The ponies are a significant part of the history of the islands of Chincoteague and Assateague.D. They forage for food in the salty marshlands eating marsh grasses, seaweed and evenpoison ivy.E. You too can begin learning about these beautiful, wild horses by reading Misty of Chincoteague.F. Because it was so dark, no one in my family realized we had parked next to a paddock that held a herd of horses.

填空题Exercising your brain every day is beneficial ______.

填空题 Every Dog Has Its Say Kimiko Fukuda, a Japanese girl, always wondered what her dog was trying to say. Whenever she put on makeup, it would pull at her sleeve. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}When the dog barks, she glances at a small electronic gadget (装置). The following "human" translation appears on its screen: "Please take me with you." "I realized that's how he was feeling." said Fukuda. The gadget is called Bowlingual, and it translates dog barks into feelings. People laughed when the Japanese toymaker Takara Company made the world's first dog-human translation machine in 2002. But 300000 Japanese dog owners bought it. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}"Nobody else had thought about it," said Masahiko Kajita, who works for Takara, "We spend so much time training dogs to understand our orders; what would it be like if we could understand dogs?" Bowlingual has two parts. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}The translation is done in the gadget using a database (资料库) containing every kind of bark. Based on animal behavior research, these noises are divided into six categories: happiness, sadness, frustration, anger, declaration and desire. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}In this way, the database scientifically matches a bark to an emotion, which is then translated into one of 200 phrases. When a visitor went to Fukuda's house recently, the dog barked a loud "bowwow". This translated as "Don't come this way." {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} The product will be available in US pet stores this summer for about US $120 It can store up to 100 barks, even recording the dog's emotions when the owner is away. A. A wireless microphone is attached to the dog's collar, which sends information to the gadget held by the owner. B. Nobody really knows how a dog feels. C. It was followed by "I'm stronger than you" as the dog growled (嗥叫) and sniffed (嗅) at the visitor. D. More customers are expected when the English version is launched this summer. E. Now, the Japanese girl thinks she knows. F. Each one of these emotions is then linked to a phrase like "Let's play", "Look at me", or "Spend more time with me".

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择 5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 The Story of Lani Five-year-old Lani still takes seven medicines with her breakfast every morning. "She's very good about it," says her father David. Lani is alive today because of her father David, in more than one way; when she was one year old she received part of her father's liver in a liver-transplant operation. Lani was born with a liver illness.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}Doctors advised that a transplant was the only way in which she would live. The operation lasted 12 hours and needed two teams, one for the father and one for the daughter.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}In these cases, the donor's liver grows to normal size in about eight weeks, and the child's liver becomes smaller. Lani spent three weeks in hospital after the operation. Because the receiver's body tries to reject the new organ, the patient has to be given special drugs.{{U}} (48) {{/U}} Although David left hospital after 10 days, he didn't return to work until after three months. In order to reach the liver, the doctors have to cut through the stomach wall, which is strong and full of muscle. It therefore takes a long time to recover after this operation.{{U}} (49) {{/U}} So far, only 16 of these liver-transplant operations have been carried out in Britain.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}Doctors say, "If possible, we prefer to take a liver from a dead donor, usually a parent." Lani still has to look after her health, and she gets more tired than other children of the same age, but doctors hope that she will continue to get stronger and stronger.A．She had one operation when she was six weeks old, which was not successful.B．While these drugs are given, it is important that the patient does not catch any illness, not even a cold.C．In this operation, a piece of liver, weighing about 250-300 grams, was removed from the father and transplanted into the daughter.D．David quickly recovered from the operation.E．However, they are more common in North America and Japan.F．David was finally able to ride his bike again after about a year.

填空题A. Colorful life on the campusB. Intelligent student bodyC. School administrationD. Distinguished facultyE. Substantial financial supportF. The Harvard of the West

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有的位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案填在相应的横线上。 {{B}} Why Do Many Female Athletes Fall Victim to Knee Injuries?{{/B}} Rebecca Lobo, a basketball star, grabbed a rebound during the first seconds of game in June 1999.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}. A pain shot from her knee and drove Lobo to the floor. Tests revealed that Lobo had tom her anterior cruciate (十字的,交叉的) ligament (韧带), or ACL, resulting in the end of her play for the season.{{U}} (2) {{/U}}. Lobo, perhaps the most recognized player in the United States, is one of a growing number of female athletes suffering ACL injuries. Experts say that female athletes in middle school, high school, college and professional sports may be eight times as likely as male athletes to experience ACL injury. {{U}} (3) {{/U}}. Why are so many female athletes falling victim to ACL injuries? Sports physicians say one reason is the growing number of females involved in high-impact sports, such as soccer and basketball. Jeff Bauer, a biochemist, however, thinks bone size plays a key role. He examined the knee joints of skeletons of 200 humans who had died at an early age. Studies of the skeletons of 100 males and 100 females showed in measurement after measurement that the bones making up a female's knee are smaller than those of a male of the same size. Smaller bone surfaces may lead to an increase in stress placed on the ACL during sharp movements, such as turning, jumping, or stopping. Bauer thinks the size difference may be the primary reason that females injure their knees more often than males do with the same amount of training and experience. "Now, that's not bad, "adds Bauer, "and it's not good. It's just different." Following the knee injury, Lobo underwent surgery.{{U}} (4) {{/U}}. After the surgery, the patient needs months of physical therapy to strengthen the knee muscles and ligaments. Eight months after having knee surgery, the patient still needs to exercise her knee every day. {{U}} (5) {{/U}}. They also recommend that players do stretching exercises before a game or a practice to help keep the knees flexible and more able to withstand stress during play. A. When she landed, she tried to stand firm but couldn't. B. One of the more common techniques used to repair a torn ACL involves replacing the entire ligament. C. Sports injury experts say knee exercises may help protect knees from ACL injury. D. Practice before and after a game is a good way to avoid injuries to knees. E. Thousands of female athletes have suffered a fate similar to Rebecca's. F. The ACL is a short band of tissue that keeps the knee stable during movement.

填空题 More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing 1. Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences. 2. Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night's sleep than 8-hour sleepers. 3. These findings, which Dr. Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night's rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night. He added that "it might be a good idea" for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this. 4. Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep—for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more. 5. For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with clay-to-day functioning. 6. Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. "It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they'll spend a higher percentage of time awake," he said. A．Kripke's Research Tool B．Dangers of Habitual Shortages of Sleep C．Criticism on Kripke's Report D．A Way of Overcoming Insomnia E．Sleep Problems of Long and Short Sleepers F．Classification of Sleep Problems

填空题How Did She Conquer the Americans? African-American talk show queen Oprah Winfrey is the world"s most powerful celebrity, according to Forbes magazine 1 . Winfrey, 51, draws 30 million viewers weekly in the United States. Her talk show reaches 112 countries. She earned US $225 million over the past 12 months to rank second in celebrity riches. The annual Forbes list gives most weight to annual earnings. 2 . "After 21 years, her exciting chat show still rules the airwaves. It created new celebrities and hundreds of millions of dollars in profits," the magazine said. Winfrey is most popular with her popular talk show "The Oprah Winfrey Show". She can always attract the superstars and let them open up to her intimate interviewing style. Last month, American actor Tom Cruise, 42, surprised fans when he celebrated his new romance with 26-year-old actress Katie Holmes. He jumped up and down, shouting "I"m in love." Only a few years ago, Cruise and his ex-wife Nicole Kidman appeared separately on the same show telling the news of their divorce. 3 . Winfrey"s approach appears to be simple. She is in pursuit of self-improvement and self-empowerment (自强). This has proved to be just what people, especially women, want. Winfrey often talks about her personal secrets on her show. That pulls in viewers. For example, she revealed that she had been sexually abused as a child, and has spoken freely of her struggle with her weight. Winfrey was born to a poor family in Mississippi in 1954. 4 At the age of 19, she became the youngest person and the first African-American anchor (主持) a news programme. Her success has not just been on the screen. Her media group includes a women"s TV network and websites for women. Winfrey"s work has extended to social change. 5 She testified before the US Senate to establish a national database of dangerous child abusers. President Bill Clinton later signed "Oprah Bill" into law. A. But it also looks at the celebrity"s presence on the Internet and in the media. B. In 1991, she did a lot of work for the National Child Protection Act. C. She was not a very successful woman. D. She began broadcasting while still at high school. E. It placed Winfrey at the top of its annual ranking of the 100 people last week. F. The couple had been tight-lipped about their break-up.

填空题Successful Language Learners 1 Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages. They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules or grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others. They do not seem to be any more intelligent than others, so what makes language learning so much easier for them? Perhaps if we take a close look at these successful language learners, we may discover a few of the techniques which make language learning easier for them. 2 First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from mistakes. 3 Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every word. 4 Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. 5 What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might as well try some of the techniques outlined above. A. Ways to Learn a Language Successfully B. Learning a language Purposefully C. Learning a Language Actively D. Learning a Language Independently E. Learning from Mistakes F. Learning to Think in the Target Language

填空题1. Forty-thousand of the world's young children die every day. This is 15-million a year. Many of these deaths can be prevented. In fact, experts say techniques now exist to save the lives of half of these children. The techniques are medically effective, simple to use and low cost. The biggest task has been to inform parents about these life-saving techniques. 2. The Untied Nations Children's Fund, UNICEF, list four ways to improve children's health. The first way is to use a mixture of sugar, salt and water to treat diarrhea (腹泻). The second way is to use vaccines(疫苗)to protect children against common diseases. The third way is to feed babies mother's milk. And the fourth way is to measure carefully children's growth rates. 3. Diarrhea is the major cause of death among children in developing countries. Diarrhea results when the body tries to clear itself of harmful bacteria. The body does this by forcing fluids out, sometimes uncontrollably, from the bowels(肠). If too much water, sugar and salt are lost in this way, the kidneys(肾)and heart cannot work normally, The child may die. 4. UNICEF's diarrhea treatment is called Oral Rehydration Therapy. It uses a simple mixture of sugar and salt in water. The mixture does not stop diarrhea. But if used as often as needed, it keeps fluid levels normal until the body has fought off the harmful bacteria.

填空题Pain All of us have felt pain. We have cut ourselves. We have been burned. Or we have had headaches. Some of us suffer pain rarely. 1 Pain can take complete control of our body and mind, making it impossible to move and even to think. Yet we need pain. Without it, we would not know if we have hurt ourselves. It is our body"s warning system. 2 Pain is the most common reason we go to a doctor. It is the most common reason we take medicines. Until recently, however, most doctors knew of only a few drugs that stopped some pains. 3 But new knowledge about the process of pain is helping them to control pain better. Scientists have learned that the sense of pain is made up of both chemical and electrical signals. 4 Scientists also have learned that the nervous system sends two different kinds of pain messages to the brain: one very fast, the other slow. The first message is the warning signal. It moves at a speed of 30 meters a second. In less than a second, the brain understands that part of the body is hurt and how badly it is injured. 5 It tells us not to use the injured part until it heals. A. And others have painful attacks all the time. B. These signals travel from nerve cells in the injured area, up the spinal cord(脊髓) to the brain, and back down again. C. It tells us that we are injured and should do something about it. D. They knew little about the process of pain itself. E. The other message moves at a speed of only one meter a second. F. And they send the second, slower message of pain to the brain.

填空题Sleep Sleep is part of a person's daily activity cycle. There are several different stages of sleep, and they too occur in cycles. (46) When you first drift off into slumber, your eyes will roll about a bit, your temperature will drop slightly, your muscles will relax, and your breathing will slow and become quite regular. Your brain waves slow down a bit too, with the alpha rhythm of rather fast waves predominating for the first few minutes. (47) For the next half hour or so, as you relax more and more, you will drift down through stage 2 and stage 3 sleep. (48) . Then about 40 to 60 minutes after you lose consciousness you will have reached the deepest sleep of all. Your brain waves will show the large slow waves that are known as the delta rhythm. This is stage 4 sleep. You do not remain at this deep fourth stage all night long, but instead about 80 minutes after you fall into slumber, your brain activity level will increase again slightly. (49) Your eyes will begin to dart around under your closed eyelids as if you were looking at something occurring in front of you. (50) It is during REM sleep period, your body will soon relax again, your breathing will grow slow and regular once more, and you will slip gently back from stage I to stage 4 sleep-only to rise once again to the surface of near consciousness some 80 minutes later.A. This is called stage 1 sleep.B. This period of rapid eye movement lasts for some 8 to 15 minutes and is called REM sleep.C. The lower your stage of sleep, the slower your brain waves will be.D. In stage 4 sleep people tend to dream.E. If you are an average sleeper, your sleep cycle is as follows.F. The delta rhythm will disappear, to be replaced by the activity pattern of brain waves.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为规定段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 1. Thousands of years ago man used handy rocks for his surgical operations. Later he used sharp bone or horn, metal knives and, more recently, rubber and plastic. And that was where we stuck, in surgical instrument terms, for many years. In the 1960s a new tool was developed, one which was, first of all, to be of great practical use to the armed forces and industry, but which was also, in time, to revolutionize the art and science of surgery. 2. The tool is the laser and it is being used by more and more surgeons all over the world, for a very large number of different complaints. The word laser means: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. As we all know, light is hot; any source of light--from the sun it self clown to a humble match burning--will give warmth. But light is usually spread out over a wide area. The light in a laser beam, however, is concentrated. This means that a light with no more power than that produced by an ordinary electric light bulb becomes intensely strong as it is concentrated to a pinpoint-sized beam. 3. Experiments with these pinpoint beams have shown researchers that different energy sources produce beams that have a particular effect on certain living cells. It is now possible for eye surgeons to operate on the back of the human eye without harming the front of the eye, simply by passing a laser beam right through the eyeball. No knives, no stitches, no unwanted damage--a true surgical wonder. 4. Operations which once left patients exhausted and in need of long periods of recovery time now leave them feeling relaxed and comfortable. So much more difficult operations can now be tried. 5. The rapid development of laser techniques in the past ten years has made it clear that the future is likely to be very exciting. Perhaps some cancers will be treated with laser in a way that makes surgery not only safer but more effective. Altogether, tomorrow may see more and more information coming to light on the diseases which can be treated medically.

填空题Public Relations Public relation is a broad set of planned communications about the company, including publicity releases, designed to promote goodwill and a favorable image. Publicity then is part of public relations when it is initiated by the firm, 6 . Since public relations involve communications with stockholders, financial analysts, government officials, and other noncustomer groups, it is usually placed outside the marketing department, perhaps as a staff department or outside consulting firm reporting to top management. This organizational placement can be a limitation because the public relations department or consultant will likely not be in tune with marketing efforts. Poor communication and no coordination may be the consequences. 7 , this influence generally may be less than that provided by the other components of the public image mix. Publicity may be in the form of news releases 8 Publicity on the other hand should not be divorced from the marketing department, as it can provide a useful adjunct to the regular advertising. Furthermore, 9 ; some can result from an unfavorable press as a reaction to certain actions or lack of actions that are controversial or even downright ill-advised. The point we wish to emphasize is that a firm is deluding itself if it thinks its public relations function, whether within the company or an outside firm, can take care of public image problems and opportunities. Many factors impact on the public image. Many of these have to do with the way the firm does business, 10 Public relations and directed publicity may help highlight favorable newsworthy events, and may even succeed in toning down the worst of unfavorable publicity, but the other components of the public image mix create more lasting impressions. A. that have favorable overtones for the company initiated by the public relations department B. not all publicity is initiated by the firm C. usually in the form of press releases or press conferences D. such as its product quality, the servicing and handling of complaints, and the tenor of the advertising E. what it means to the company is F. Although the basic purpose of public relations is to provide positive influence on the public image

填空题Caribbean Islands What would you see if you took a cruise to the Caribbean Islands? Palm trees and coconuts (椰子)? White beaches and clear, blue ocean? Colorful corals(珊瑚)and even more colorful fishes and birds? You bet. There are thousands of islands in the Caribbean Sea. They are famous for their warm, tropical climate and great natural beauty. The Caribbean Islands form a chain that separates the Caribbean Sea from the rest of the Atlantic Ocean. Some of the islands were formed by the eruption (爆发) of ancient volcanoes (火山). 1 The Caribbean Islands are known by several names. 2 The explorer Christopher Columbus called the islands the Indies in 1492 because he thought he was near the coast of India. Later, Spain and France called the islands the Antilles. There are four large islands in the Caribbean Sea. 3 These four islands are often called the Greater Antilles. Together, they account for about 90% of the land area of the Caribbean Islands. The rest of the Caribbean Islands are much smaller. Some of these islands are no more than tiny slivers (小片)of exposed coral. You can see why pirates(海盗)such as the famous Blackbeard sailed these waters. 4 The weather of the Caribbean Sea is almost always warm and sunny sandy beaches line the coasts of many islands. This is why millions of tourists visit the islands each year. 5 A. But life oil the Caribbean Islands is not always painful. B. The earliest name used by Europeans is the Indies, later changed to the West Indies. C. Others are low-lying coral islands that gradually rose from the ocean. D. They are Cuba, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, and Hispaniola. E. Many tourists arrive on cruise ships. F. There are countless small islands to bury treasure or hide on.

填空题Lowering the Risk of Heart Disease Like millions of other Americans, I come from a family with a history of the heart disease. My father had his first three heart attacks when he was only thirty-one. 16 I grew up with heart disease. It was there, but I didn"t take it seriously. When I was thirty-one, my blood cholesterol (胆固醇) level was measured for the first time. It was 311 mg/dl, the doctor told me—an extremely high level that put me at a very high risk of heart disease, especially with my family history. He sent me to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to be screened for participation in a clinical trial. 17 At NIH, physicians explained the degree of risk associated with my blood cholesterol level and the nature of the experiment. This test involves putting a tube through a leg artery (动脉) up to the heart. 18 Learning about the risks of the experiment as well as the risk associated with my raised blood cholesterol level scared the life out of me. Although I was excluded from participating in the study, the experience may well have saved my life. For the first time, I began to realize the seriousness of high blood cholesterol. 19 But equally important, I got a taste of what it is like to be a patient, to have tests done on me and to think of myself as sick. This was hard to take. This experience taught me two lifesaving lessons. First, although I felt fit and strong, I was actually at high risk for heart disease because of my high blood cholesterol level. And with my family history, it could not be ignored. 20 A. Second, I could lower my blood cholesterol level simply by changing what I ate. B. I was three years old at that time. C. There is not enough oxygen in the blood. D. It was a heart attack just waiting to happen. E. The trial was designed to test the effect of lowering blood cholesterol on the risk of heart disease. F. The death rate for the test was only 1 in 100, I was assured.

填空题Understanding Autism1. Autism(孤独症) is a life-long developmental disability that prevents individuals from properly understanding what they see, hear, and otherwise sense. This results in severe problems of social relationships, communication, and behavior. Individuals with autism have to painstakingly(费力的) learn normal patterns of speech and communication, and appropriate ways to relate to people, objects, and events, in a similar manner to those who have had a stroke.2. The cause of autism is still unknown. Some research suggests a physical problem affecting those parts of the brain that process language and information coming in from the senses. There may be some imbalance of certain chemicals in the brain. Genetic(遗传的) factors may sometimes be involved. Autism may indeed result from a combination of several "causes".3. Most people with mental retardation(智力迟钝) show relatively even skill development. Individuals with autism, however, typically show uneven skill development, with deficits(欠缺) in certain areas— most frequently in their ability to communicate and relate to others—and distinct skills in other areas. It is important to distinguish autism from mental retardation or other disorders, since diagnostic (诊断的) confusion may lead to inappropriate and ineffective treatment techniques.4. In general, individuals with autism perform best at jobs which are structured and involve a degree of repetition. Some people who have autism are working as artists, piano tuners, painters, farm workers, office workers, computer operators, dishwashers, assembly line workers, or employees of sheltered workshops or other sheltered work settings.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 As more and more material from other cultures became available, European scholars came to recognize even greater complexity in mythological traditions. Especially valuable was the evidence provided by ancient Indian and Iranian texts such as the Bhagavad-Gita and the Zend-Avesta. From these sources it became apparent that the character of myths varied widely, not only by geographical region but also by historical period. {{U}}(46) {{/U}}. He agreed that the relatively simple Greek myth of Persephone reflects the concerns of a basic agricultural community, whereas the more involved and complex myths found later in Homer are the product of a more developed society. Scholars also attempted to tie various myths of the world together in some way. From the late 18th century through the early 19th century, the comparative study of languages had led to the reconstruction of a hypothetical parent language to account for striking similarities among the various languages of Europe and the Near East. These languages, scholars concluded, belonged to an Indo-European language family. Experts on mythology likewise searched for a parent mythology that presumably stood behind the mythologies of all the European peoples. {{U}}(47) {{/U}}. Muller attributed all later myths to misunderstandings that arose from the picturesque terms in which early peoples described natural phenomena. For example, an expression like "maiden dawn" for "sunrise" resulted first in personification of the dawn, and then in myths about her. Later in the 19th century the theory of evolution, put forward by English naturalist Charles Darwin heavily influenced the study of mythology. Scholars researched on the history of mythology, much as they would dig fossil-bearing geological formations, for remains from the dies tan past. {{U}}(48) {{/U}}. In Primitive Culture (1871), Tyler organized the religious and philosophical development of humanity into separate and distinct evolutionary stages. Similarly, British anthropologist Sir James George Frazer proposed a three-stage evolutionary scheme in The golden bough. According to Frazer's scheme, human beings first attributed natural phenomena to arbitrary supernatural forces(magic),later explaining them as the will of the gods (religion), and finally subjecting them to rational investigation(science). The research of British scholar William Robertson Smith, published in Lectures on the Religion of the Semites (1989), also influenced Frazer. Through Smith's work, Frazer came to whom the annual cycles of vegetation were of central importance. {{U}}(49) {{/U}}. This approach reached its most extreme form in the so-called functionalism of British anthropologist A. R. Radcliffe-Brown, who held that every myth implies a ritual, and every ritual implies a myth. Most analyses of myths in the 18th and 19th centuries showed a tendency to reduce myths to some essential core-whether the seasonal cycles of nature, historical circumstances, or ritual. That core supposedly remained once the fanciful elements of the narratives had been stripped away. In the 20th century, investigators began to pay closer attention to the content of the narratives themselves. {{U}}(50) {{/U}}.[A] German-born British scholar Max Muller concluded that the Rig-Veda of ancient India—the oldest preserved body of literature written in an Indo-European language-reflected the earliest stages of an Indo-European mythology.[B] The myth and ritual theory, as this approach came to be called was developed most fully by British scholar Jane Ellen Harrison. Using insight gained from the work of French sociologist Emile Durkheim, Harrison argued that all myths have their origin in collective rituals of a society.[C] Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud held that myths-like dreams-condense the material of experience and represent it in symbols.[D] This approach can be seen in the work of British anthropologist Edward Burnett Tyler.[E] The studies made in this period were consolidated in the work of German scholar Christian Gottlob Heyne, who was the first scholar to use the Latin term myths(instead of fabula, meaning "fable")to refer to the tales of heroes and gods.[F] German scholar Karl Outfield mullet followed this line of inquiry in his Prolegomena to a Scientific Mythology, 1825.

填空题Icy Microbes 1. In ice that has sealed a salty Antarctic lake for more than 2, 800 years, scientists have found frozen bacteria and algae that returned to life after thawing. The research may help in the search for life on Mars, which is thought to have subsurface lakes of ice. 2. A research team led by Peter Doran of the University of Illinois at Chicago drilled through more than 39 feet of ice to collect samples of bacteria and algae. When Doran"s team brought them back and warmed them up a bit, they sprang back to life. 3. Doran said the microbes have been age-dated at 2, 800 years old, but even older microbes may live deeper in the ice sheet sealing the lake, and in the briny water below the ice. That deeper ice and the water itself will be cautiously sampled in a later expedition that will test techniques that may one day be used on Mars. 4. Called Lake Vida, the 4.5-square-kilometer body is one of a series of lakes located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica, some 2, 200 kilometers due south2 of New Zealand. This lake has been known since the 1950s, but people ignored it because they thought it was just a big block of ice. While at the site for other research in the 1990s, Doran and his colleagues sent radar signals into the clear ice covering the lake and were surprised to find that 62 feet below there was a pool of liquid water that was about seven times more salty than seawater. 5. That prompted the researchers to return in 1996 with equipment to drill a hole down to within a few feet of the water layer. At the bottom of this hole, researchers harvested specimens of algae and bacteria. 6. The researchers will return in 2004 equipped with instruments that are sterilized. They will then drill through the full 62 feet of ice and sample some of the briny water from the lake for analysis. The water specimen will be cultured to see if it contains life. Specimens from the water are expected to be even older than the life forms extracted from the ice covering.