填空题Virtual Driver Driving involves sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzing with a brain, and coordination between hands, feet and brain. A man has sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzes through his brain, and maintains coordination between his hands and brains. He can control a fast-moving car with different parts of his body. 1 Apparently there isn"t anyone in the driver"s cab, but there is in fact a virtual driver. This virtual driver has eyes, brains, hands and feet too. The minicameras on each side of the car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well as the traffic to its left and right. If you open the boot, you can see the most important part of the automatic driving system: a built-in computer. 2 The brain is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at, analyzing their position on the road, choosing the right path, and giving orders to the wheel and the control system. In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver"s best advantage is that it reacts quickly. 3 However, it takes the world"s best racecar driver at least one second to react, and this doesn"t include the time he needs to take action. With it"s rapid reaction and accurate control, the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate on expressways considerably. In this case, is it possible for us to let it have the wheel at any time and in any place? 4 With its limited ability to recognize things, the car can now only travel on expressways. The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes. 5 This being the case, people still have high hopes about driverless cars, and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like. A. Experts say that we cannot do that just yet. B. In the near future, intelligent cars will be put into commercial operation. C. This is the brain of the car. D. But how does an intelligent car control itself? E. It completes the processing of the images sent by the cameras within 100 milliseconds. F. However, it cannot recognize moving people and bicycles on ordinary roads that have no clear markings on them.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} Reinventing the Table{{/B}} An earth scientist has rejigged the periodic table to make chemistry simpler to teach to students. {{U}} (46) {{/U}} But Bruce Railsback from the University of Georgia3 says he is the first to create a table that breaks with tradition and shows the ions of each element rather than just the elements themselves. "I got tired of breaking my arms trying to explain the periodic table to earth students," he says, criss-crossing his hands in the air and pointing to different bits of a traditional table. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} But he has added contour lines to charge density, helping to explain which ions react with which. "Geochemists just want an intuitive sense of what's going on with the elements," says Albert Galy from the University of Cambridge4,{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. {{U}} (49) {{/U}} He explains that sulphur, for example, shows up in three different spots -- one for sulphide, which is found in minerals, one for sulphite, and one for sulphate, which is found in sea salt, for instance. He has also included symbols to show which ions are nutrients, and which are common in soil or water.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}.A. There have been many attempts to redesign the periodic table since Dmitri Mendeleev2 drew it up in 1871.B. Railsback has still ordered the elements according to the number of protons they have.C. "I imagine this would be good for undergraduates."D. Railsback has listed some elements more than once.E And the size of element's symbol reflects how much of it is found in the Earth's crust.F The traditional periodic table was well drawn.

填空题How to Argue with Your Boss 1. Before you argue with your boss, check with the boss"s secretary to determine his mood. If he ate nails for breakfast, it is not a good idea to ask him for something. Even without the boss"s secretary, there are keys to timing: don"t approach the boss when he"s on deadline; don"t go in right before lunch, when he is apt to be distracted and rushed; don"t go in just before or after he has taken a vacation. 2. If you"re mad, that will only make your boss mad. Calm down first. And don"t let a particular concern open the floodgates for all your accumulated frustration. The boss will feel that you think negatively about the company and it is hopeless trying to change your mind. Then, maybe he will dismiss you. 3. Terrible disputes can result when neither the employer nor the employee knows what is the problem the other wants to discuss. Sometimes the fight will go away when the issues are made clear. The employee has to get his point across clearly in order to make the boss understand it. 4. Your boss has enough on his mind without your adding more. If you can"t put forward an immediate solution, at least suggest how to approach the problem. People who frequently present problems without solutions to their bosses may soon find they can"t get past the secretary. 5. To deal effectively with a boss, it"s important to consider his goals and pressures. If you can put yourself in the position of being a partner to the boss, then he will be naturally more inclined to work you to achieve your goals.

填空题Adult Education 1 Voluntary learning in organized courses by mature men and women is called adult education.Such education is offered to make people able to enlarge and interpret their experience as adults.Adults may want to study something which they missed in earlier schooling, get new skills or job training, find out about new technological developments, seek better self-understanding, or develop new talents and skills. 2 This kind of education may be in the form of self-study with proper guidance through the use of libraries, correspondence course, or broadcasting. It may also be acquired collectively in schools and colleges, study groups, workshops, clubs, and professional associations. 3 Modem adult education for large numbers of people started in the 18th and 19th centuries with the rise of the Industrial Revolution. Great economic and social changes were taking place:people were moving from rural areas to cities; new types of work were being created in an expanding factory system. These and other factors produced a need for further education andre-education of adults. 4 The earliest programs of organized adult education arose in Great Britain in the 1790s, with the founding of an adult school in Nottingham and a mechanics institute in Glasgow. The earliest adult education institution in the United States was founded by Benjamin Franklin and some friends in Philadelphia in 1727. 5 People recognize that continued learning is necessary for most forms of employment today.For example, parts of the adult population in many countries find it necessary to take part in retraining programs at work of even to learn completely new jobs. Adult education programs are springing up constantly to meet these and other needs.A．Voluntary learningB．Necessary continued learningC．Modem adult educationD．The earliest programs and institutionE．Most forms of employmentF．Definition of adult education

填空题The Dangers of Secondhand Smoke Most people know that cigarette smoking is harmful to their health. Scientific research shows that it causes many kinds of diseases. In fact, many people who smoke get lung cancel. However, Edward Gilson has lung cancer, and he has never smoked cigarettes. He lives with his wife, Evelyn, who has smoked about a pack of cigarettes a day throughout their marriage. 1 No one knows for sure why Mr. Gilson has lung cancer. Nevertheless, doctors believe that secondhand smoke may cause lung cancer in people who do not smoke because nonsmokers often breathe in the smoke from other people"s cigarettes. 2 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that about 53,000 people die in the United States each year as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke. The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many different poisonous chemicals. In the past, scientists did not think that these chemicals could harm a nonsmoker"s health. 3 They discovered that even nonsmokers had unhealthy amounts of these toxic(有毒的)chemicals in their bodies. As a matter of fact, almost all of U.S. breathe tobacco smoke at times, whether we realize it or not. For example, we cannot avoid secondhand smoke in restaurants, hotels and other public places. Even though many public places have nonsmoking areas, smoke flows in from the areas where smoking is permitted. It is even harder for children to avoid secondhand smoke. 4 Research shows that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are sick more often than children who live in homes where no one smokes and that the children of smokers are more than twice as likely to develop lung cancer when they are adults as are children of nonsmokers. The risk is even higher for children who live in homes where both parents smoke. People are becoming very aware of the dangers of secondhand smoke. 5 A. Recently, though, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers. B. The Gilsons have been married for 35 years. C. Which smoke is called secondhand smoke? D. However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young. E. As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places. F. In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.

填空题Facts about Stroke 1. Every 45 seconds, someone in America has a stroke. Every 3.1 minutes, someone dies of one. Stroke killed an estimated 167,661 people in 2000 and is the nation"s third leading cause of death, ranking behind diseases of the heart and all forms of cancer. Stroke is a leading cause of serious, long-term disability in the United States. 2. Stroke is a type of cardiovascular(心血管的)disease. It affects the arteries(动脉)leading to and within the brain. A stroke occurs when a blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients(营养物) to the brain is either blocked by a clot(凝块) or bursts. When that happens, part of the brain cannot get the blood (and oxygen) it needs, so it starts to die. 3. The brain is an extremely complex organ that controls various body functions. If a stroke occurs and blood flow can"t reach the region that controls a particular body function, that part of the body won"t work as it should. If the stroke occurs toward the back of the brain, for instance, it"s likely that some disability involving vision will result. The effects of a stroke depend primarily on the location of the obstruction(阻塞) and the extent of brain tissue affected. 4. The American Stroke Association has identified several factors that increase the risk of stroke. The more risk factors a person has, the greater the chance that he or she will have a stroke. Some of these you can"t control, such as increasing age, family health history, race, and prior stroke. But you can change or treat other risk factors to lower your risk. Factors resulting from lifestyle or environment can be modified with a healthcare provider"s help. Some of these include: high blood pressure, current smoking ,heart disease, and high red blood cell count. 5. A stroke can happen to anyone at any moment. In fact about 600,000 people have strokes every year. For many years, there was no hope for those suffering a stroke. However, recent breakthroughs have led to new treatments. For the treatments to work, the person must get to a hospital immediately.

填空题 Washoe Learned American Sign Language 1 An animal that influenced scientific thought has died. A chimpanzee named Washoe and born in Africa died of natural causes late last month at the age of 42 at a research center in the American state of Washington. Washoe had become known in the scientific community and around the world for her ability to use American sign language. She was said to be the first non-human to learn a human language. Her skills also led to debate about primates and their ability to understand language. 2 Research scientists Allen and Beatrix Gardner began teaching Washoe sign language in 1966. In 1969, the Gardners described Washoe's progress in a scientific report. The people who experimented with Washoe said she grew to understand about 250 words. For example, Washoe made signs to communicate when it was time to eat. She could request foods like apples and bananas. She also asked questions like, "Who is coming to play?" Once the news about Washoe spread, many language scientists began studies of their own into this new and exciting area of research. The whole direction of primate research changed. 3 However, critics argued Washoe only learned to repeat sign language movements from watching her teachers. They said she had never developed true language skills. Even now there are some researchers who suggest that primates learn sign language only by memory, and perform the signs only for prizes. Yet Washoe's keepers disagree. Roger Fours is a former student of the Gardners. He took Washoe to a research center in Ellensburg, Washington. There, Washoe taught sign language to three younger chimpanzees, which are still alive. 4 Scientists like private researcher Jane Goodall believe Washoe provided new information about the mental workings of chimpanzees. Today, there are not as many scientists studying language skills with chimps. Part of the reason is that this kind of research takes a very long time. 5 Debate continues about chimps' understanding of human communication. Yet, one thing is sure—Washoe changed popular ideas about the possibilities of animal intelligence.

填空题 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2—5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 {{B}}Breaking the News about Your Diagnosis{{/B}}1 When I was diagnosed with breast cancer nearly a year ago, I found myself at a loss for words at first. Over time, however, I developed some pointers (点子), which I hope will help others.2 During the first few weeks of emotional "aftershocks" (余悸) from the diagnosis, I found myself unable to utter the word "cancer". Still, I wanted to share the news with my relatives and friends who already knew that I'd had a biopsy (活检) and were anxiously awaiting my telephone call. I did the best I could, which is all anyone can do in this situation. When I called them, I said, "What we feared has happened." They immediately knew what I meant.3 Nearly a year after my diagnosis, I find myself more comfortable telling people "1 was diagnosed with cancer" instead of saying "1 have cancer." On some deep level, I don't want to "own" this illness. Choose language that suits you when you share your news. And keep in mind that there is no one "right" way of doing this.4 Most people, after hearing your announcement, will be curious about the next step. They may wonder if you will be undergoing radiation therapy (诊疗) and/or chemotherapy (化疗). They may wonder where and when you will have surgery. Answer their questions as best you can, but keep in mind that "1 don't know right now" or 'Tm still in too much shock to think about that" are good answers.5 Wait until the initial wave of strong emotions has passed before telling the children in your life. Don't overwhelm (使有知所措) very young children with too much information. Assure them that, even if you will be in the hospital for a while, they will see you every day and they will be cared for. Older children may already fear the word "cancer", so be prepared to reassure them. Emphasize the positive steps that doctors will be taking to treat your illness.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)1～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为第 2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第5～8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} Successful Language Learners{{/B}} Some people seem to have a knack for learning languages. They can pick up new vocabulary, master rules or grammar, and learn to write in the new language more quickly than others. They do not seem to be any more intelligent than others, so what makes language learning so much easier for them? Perhaps if we take a close look at these successful language learners, we may discover a few of the techniques that make language easier for them. First of all, successful language learners are independent learners. They do not depend on the book or the teacher; they discover their own way to learn the language. Instead of waiting for the teacher to explain, they try to find the patterns and the rules for themselves. They are good guessers who look for clues and form their own conclusions. When they guess wrong, they guess again. They try to learn from mistakes. Successful language learning is active learning. Therefore, successful learners do not wait for a chance to use the language; they look for such a chance. They find people who speak the language and they ask these people to correct them when they make a mistake. They will try anything to communicate. They are not afraid to repeat what they hear or to say strange things; they are willing to make mistakes and try again. When communication is difficult, they can accept information that is inexact or incomplete. It is more important for them to learn to think in the language than to know the meaning of every world. Finally, successful language learners are learners with a purpose. They want to learn the language because they are interested in the language and the people who speak it. It is necessary for them to learn the language in order to communicate with these people and to learn from them. They find it easy to practice using the language regularly because they want to learn with it. What kind of language learner are you? If you are a successful language learner, you have probably been learning independently, actively, and purposefully. On the other hand, if your language learning has been less than successful, you might as well try some of the techniques outlined above. Questions:

填空题Development in Newspaper Organization One of the most important developments in newspaper organization during the first part of the twentieth century 46 , which are known as wire services. Wire-service companies employed reporters, who covered stories all over the world. Their news reports were sent to papers throughout the country by telegraph. The papers paid an annual fee for this service. Wire services continue (47) . Today the major wire services are the Associated Press (AP) and United Press International (UPI). You will frequently find AP or UPI at the beginning of a news story. Newspaper chains and mergers began to appear in the early 1900s. A chain consists of two or more newspapers (48) . A merger involves combining two or more papers into one. During the nineteenth century many cities had more than one competitive independent paper. Today in most cities there are only one or two newspapers, and (49) . Often newspapers in several cities belong to one chain. Papers have combined (50) . Chains and mergers have cut down production costs and brought the advantages of big-business methods to the newspaper industry.A. to play an important role in newspaper operationsB. was the growth of telegraph servicesC. and they usually enjoy great prestigeD. they are usually operated by a single ownerE. in order to survive under the pressure of rising costsF. owned by a single person or organization

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。{{B}}MyLifeatRenda{{/B}}Ilearnedveryquicklythatbeingateachingassistant(TA)attheUniversityofIowawouldbedifferentfrombeingateacheratRenminUniversity.{{U}}(46){{/U}}Eyesstaring,mouthsopen,studentsexaminedmybignose,whilewaswritingmynameontheblackboard.AtIowa,whenmyfirstclassesbegan,halfofmystudentsstillhadn'tarrived.Whenveryonefinallyfoundaseat,ringingcellphonesandloudyawns(哈欠)interruptedmyopeningremarks.ItisnotthatAmericanstudentsweredisrespectful.{{U}}(47){{/U}}Theywere,however,farmoreskepticalthanthestudentsIhadatRenda.ThetruthisIcouldn'tfaultthemfortheirskepticism.UndergraduatesatlargeUSuniversities—especiallyfreshmenandsophomores—oftenhaveseveralclassesasemesterhandledbyTAs.Insomecases,theTAsetsthecoursecontent.{{U}}(48){{/U}}Mosthavegoodintentions,butveryfewareaseffectiveasprofessors.Everyteacherhastoconfrontobstaclestolearning—nomatterwhattheculture.Studentswhotalkduringlectures,studentswhocheat,studentswhoquestionthegradetheygetforapaperorprojectdealingwiththeseisallpartofthejob.{{U}}(49){{/U}}.Thedifference,Ithink,isthatintheUSIhadtoswallowmoreofmypride.{{U}}(50){{/U}}Ihadaresponsibilitytoteachthem,ofcourse,butIhadtodosoindirectly—asaguidewhohimselfhadafewthingstolearnfromthestudents.A.BackatRenda,Ihadwalkedintomyfirstclassesfeelinglikeacelebrity.B.Inmystudents'minds,Ihadlittletoofferthem,exceptperhapssomesamplequestionsforthemid-termexam.C.Inothers,theTAworksasagraderanddiscussionleader.D.IencounteredtheseinChina,andIfacedthemintheUS.E.Ontheotherhand,beingtaughtbyagraduatestudentisnotnecessarilybad.F.Mostwerepolite,oratleast,indifferent.

填空题Friendly Relations with the People Around 1 You depend on all the people closely around you to give you the warm feeling of belongingness (归属感) that you must have to feel secure. But,in fact, the members of all the groups to which you belong also depend on you to give that feeling to them. A person who shows that he wants everything for himself is bound to be a lonely wolf. 2 The need for companionship is closely related to the need for a sense of belongingness. How sad and lonely your life would be if you had no one to share your feelings and experiences. You may take it for granted that there always will be people around to talk to and to do things with you and for you. The important point, however, is that keeping emotionally healthy does not depend so much on having people around you as upon your ability to establish relationships that are satisfying both to you and to them. 3 Suppose you are in a crowd watching a football game. You don't know them. When the game is over, you will go your separate ways. But just for a while you had a feeling of companionship, of sharing the feeling of others who were cheering for the team you wanted to win. 4 An experience of this kind gives the glue to what comPanionship really is. It depends upon emotional ties of sympathy, understanding, trust, and affection. Companionships become friends when these ties are formed. 5 When you are thrown in a new circle of acquaintances (熟人), you may not know with whom you will make friends, but you can be sure that you will be able to establish friendships if you show that you really like people.A. Close link between companionship and belongingnessB. How to satisfy other people's needsC. An example of a satisfying relationshipD. Difficulties in establishing friendshipsE. What companionship really isF. Making friends with new acquaintances

填空题下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1) 第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2) 第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Organ Donation and Transplantation 1. Organ donation (捐献) and transplantation (移植) refers to the process by which organs or tissues from one person are put into another person's body. 2. The number of people needing a transplant continues to rise faster than the number of donors. A- bout 3,700 transplant candidates are added to the national waiting list each month. Each day, about 77 people receive organ transplants. However, 18 people die each day waiting for transplants that can't take place because of the shortage of donated organs. 3. There are no age limits on who can donate. Newborns as well as senior citizens have been organ donors. If you are under age 18, you must have a parent's or guardian's consent (同意). If you are 18 years or older, you can show you want to be an organ and tissue donor by signing a donor card. 4. Many people think that if they agree to donate their organs, the doctor or the emergency room staff won't work as hard to save their life. This is not true. The transplant team is completely separate from the medical staff working to save your life. The transplant team does not become involved with you until doctors have determined that all possible efforts to save your life have failed. 5. If you need an organ transplant, your doctor will help you get on the national waiting list. Your name will be added to a pool of names. When an organ donor becomes available, all the patients in the pool are compared to that donor. Factors such as blood and tissue type, size of the organ, medical urgency (紧急) of the patient's illness, time already spent on the waiting list, and distance between donor and recipient (授受者) are considered. A. Quality of donated organs B. Benefits of organ donation C. Distribution of donated organs D. Quality of donor medical care E. Age limits for organ donation F. Status of organ donation and transplantation

填空题Read with Greater Speed Do you have difficulty reading in class? If so, a special reading program that helps match sounds with letters could speed up your brain. At least one out of every five elementary school students in the US has trouble learning to read, even when the students are good at other subjects. 1 Researchers from Yale University, US, studied a group of children from New York and Connecticut State. As part of the study,37 struggling readers received special tutoring. Every day, instructors worked with them on recognizing how written letters represent units of sound called phonemes (音素). 2 By the end of the school year, these children could read faster than before. They also made fewer mistakes, and understood more of what they read than they could earlier in the year. As part of their study, the researchers used a special machine to take action photos of the students" brains. 3 This is the same part of the brain that becomes active when good readers read. This activated brain area appears to include a structure that helps people recognize familiar written words quickly. In lower level readers, this structure remains inactive. A year later, the brain structure was still working hard in the students who had gone through the special tutoring, and they continued to do well in reading tests. 4 However, some researchers still doubt the study. 5 A. Many adults are interested in matching sounds with letters. B. The students also practiced reading aloud and spelling. C. The biggest challenge for many of these kids, scientists say, is matching sounds with letters. D. Another group in the study who went through a more traditional reading program didn"t show the same progress. E. The pictures showed an increase in activity in the back of the brain on the left side. F. They believe that reading without making any noise or linking words to sounds is more efficient.

填空题Rainmaking 1. The idea of rainmaking is almost as old as man, but it was not until 1946 that man succeeded in making rain. In ancient times, rainmakers had claimed to bring rain by many methods: dancing singing, killing animals (including humans). 2. For a long time, men have understood where rain comes from. Water from the surface of oceans and lakes becomes part of the air, where it forms clouds from which rain falls. But exactly what starts the formation of raindrops was not known until quite recently. A man named John Aitken proved that drops of water gather around tiny bits of dust or other matter. The centers of the drops are so small that the human eye cannot see them. Without such centers, it seems raindrops do not form. 3. During World War Ⅱ , Dr. Irving Langmir, and his assistant Schaefer, were hired by the General Electric Company to study how and why ice forms on the wings of airplanes. They went to a mountain in New Hampshire, where snowstorms are common and cold winds blow. They were surprised to find that often the temperature of the clouds surrounding them was far below the freezing point, and yet ice did not form in the clouds. 4. After the War, Schaefer experimented with a machine that created cold, moist air similar to the air found in clouds. To imitate the moist air of a cloud. Schaefer would breathe into the machine. Then he would drop into the freezer a bit of powder , sugar , or some other substance. For weeks and months he tried everything he could imagine. Nothing happened. No crystals of ice were formed. None of the substances would serve as the center of a snow crystal or raindrops. 5. One July morning, Schaefer was dropping in bits of various substances and watching the unsuccessful results. Finally, a friend suggested that they go to eat lunch and Schaefer went with him. As usual, he left the cover of the freezer up, since cold air sinks and would not escape from the box. 6. Returning from lunch, Schaefer found that the temperature of the freezer had risen to a point higher than that required for ice crystals to remain solid. There were two choices now. He could close the cover and wait for the freezer itself to lower the air temperature, or he could make the process occur faster by adding dry ice a gas in solid form that is very, very cold. He chose the latter plan. As he dropped the steaming white dry ice into the freezer, he happened to breathe out a large amount of air. And there, before his eyes, it happened! He had made ice crystals, not by adding centers to the moisture, but by cooling the breath so much that the liquid had to form crystals! Then he began to blow his breath into the freezer and drop large pieces of dry ice through it to create crystals which became a tiny snowstorm failing slowly to the floor of his laboratory. 7. After planning carefully, Schaefer made an experiment by dropping dry ice from his plane to the clouds below him. As was expected, snow formed and fell from the bottom of the cloud. Schaefer succeeded. He made history.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} Research Shows Walking Can Lift Depression{{/B}} New research by German scientists shows that author Charles Dickens was onto a good thing1 when he took long, brisk walks to relieve periodic bouts of depression. The author of Oliver Twist and David Copperfield would walk for hours in the 1860s as an antidote to intense feelings of sadness which alternated with restless euphoria.{{U}} (46) {{/U}} Aerobic exercise like rapid walking can be more effective at lifting depression than drugs, reported the scientists led by Dr. Fernando Dimeo. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} The team found that in 10 of these patients drugs had failed to bring any substantial improvement. The team devised an exercise regime for the group that involved walking on a treadmill for 30 minutes every day. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} The intensity of the training programme was stepped up4 as the heart rate adapted. A measurement of depression severity was taken at the start and the end of the programme, and patients were asked to rate their own mood regularly over a 10-day period. The researchers in Berlin found that after 10 days of the course six patients felt "substantially less depressed". {{U}}(49) {{/U}} Two were slightly less depressed, while four others remained unchanged. Depression levels overall fell by a thirds and on the self-assessed scores by 25 per cent, said the researchers whose findings appeared in the British Journal of Sports Medicine. The study was small but the extent of the improvement was said by scientists to be impressive. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} Nineteenth century doctors would have called Dickens's condition melancholia since the psychological condition of depression was unknown. Dickens biographer Peter Ackroyd says the author's son Charles remembers his father's "heavy moods of deep depression" and many times of "intense nervous irritability", something modern psychologists would certainly recognize.A. The number included five who had not found any relief using drug treatment.B. Long and brisk walks are not necessarily beneficial to every person.C. They studied 12 people with severe depression that had lasted an average of nine months.D. The outcome indicated a clinical benefit which could not be .obtained with pharmacological treatment currently available, they said.E. This is also the advice that experts from the Free University in Berlin are giving today.F. According to the regime, intense activity lasting three minutes was alternated with walking at half speed for three minutes.

填空题Global Warming 1. Smoke is clouding our view of global warming, protecting the planet from perhaps three-quarters of the greenhouse effect. That might sound like good news, but experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades, we are facing a dramatic increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses. 2. This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem, Berlin, where top atmospheric scientists got together, including Nobel Prize winner Paul Crutzen and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin, former chairman of the UN"s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 3. IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols (浮质) of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest, crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide emissions. Until now, they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter, cutting increases by 0. 2℃. So the 0.6℃ of warming over the past century would have been 0.8℃ without aerosols. 4. But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher—aerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as three-quarters, cutting increases by 1.8℃. If so, the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer than it is now. But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to greenhouse gases than previously guessed. 5. As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols stabilize or fall, that means "dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate change", the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop.

填空题How We Form First Impression 1. We all have first impression of someone we just met. But why? Why do we form an opinion about someone without really knowing anything about him or her-aside perhaps from a few remarks or readily observable traits. 2. The answer is related to how your brain allows you to be aware of the world. Your brain is so sensitive in picking up facial traits, even very minor difference in how a person"s eyes, ears, nose, or mouth are placed in relation to each other make you see him or her as different. In fact, your brain continuously processes information—the sights and sounds of your world. These incoming "signals" are compared against a host of "memories" stored in the brain areas called the cortex system to determine what these new signals "mean. " 3. If you see someone you know and like at school, your brain says "familiar and safe. " If you see someone new, it says, "new-potentially threatening. " Then your brain starts to match features of this stranger with other "known" memories. The height, weight, dress, ethnicity, gestures, and tone of voice are all matched up. The more unfamiliar the characteristics, the more your brain may say, "This is new. I don"t like this person. " Or else, "I"m intrigued. " Or your brain may perceive a new face but familiar clothes, ethnicity, gestures-like your other friends; so your brain say, "I like this person. " But these preliminary "impressions" can be dead wrong. 4. When we stereotype people, we use a less mature form of thinking (not unlike the immature thinking of a very young child) that makes simplistic and categorical impressions of others. Rather than learn about the depth and breadth of people—their history, interest, values, strengths, and true character—we categorize them as jocks, geeks, or freaks. 5. However, if we resist initial stereotypical impressions, we have a chance to be aware of what a person is truly like. If we spend time with a person, hear about his or her life, hopes, dreams, and become aware of the person"s character, we use a different, more mature style of thinking-and the most complex areas of our cortex, which allow us to be humane.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}Chest Compressions: Most Important of CPR{{/B}} Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, can save the life of someone whose heart has stopped. The condition is called cardiac arrest. The heart stops pumping blood. The person stops breathing. Without lifesaving measures, the brain starts to die within four to six minutes. CPR combines breathing into the victim's mouth and repeated presses on the chest. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} However, a new Japanese study questions the usefulness of mouth-to-mouth breathing. The study was published in the British medical magazine, The Lancet. Doctors in Tokyo led the research. It examined more than four thousand people who had suffered cardiac arrest, in all the cases, witnesses saw the event happen. More than one thousand of the victims received some kind of medical assistance from witnesses. Seven hundred and twelve received CPR. Four hundred and thirty-nine received chest presses only. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} The researchers say any kind of CPR improved chances of the patient's survival. But, they said those people treated with only chest presses suffered less brain damage. Twenty-two percent survived with good brain ability. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} The American Heart Association changed its guidelines for CPR chest presses in 2005. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} Gordon Ewy is a heart doctor at the University of Arizona College of Medicine in Tucson. He wrote a report that appeared with the study. Doctor Ewy thinks the CPR guidelines should be changed again. He said the heart association should remove rescue breaths from the guidelines. He argues that more witnesses to cardiac arrests would provide treatment if rescue breaths are not a part of CPR. He says this would save lives. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} Cardiac arrest kills more than 300,000 people in the United States every year. The American Heart Association says about ninety-five percent of victims die before they get m a medical center.A So far, we have not known exactly yet whether mouth-to-mouth breathing is really useless in CPR.B Only ten percent of the victims treated with traditional CPR survived with good brain ability.C CPR keeps blood and oxygen flowing to the heart and brain.D His studies show that many people do not want to perform mouth-to-mouth breathing on a stranger for fear of getting a disease.E It said people should increase the number of chest presses from fifteen to thirty for every two breaths given.F No mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths were given to them.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有的位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案填在相应的横线上。 {{B}} Pain{{/B}} All of US have felt pain. We have headaches. Some of US suffer pain rarely cut ourselves. We have been burned. Or we have had headaches. Some of us suffer pain rarely.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}. Pain can take complete control of our body and mind, making it impossible to move and even to think. Yet we need pain. Without it, we would not know, if we have hurt ourselves. It is our body's warning system.{{U}} (2) {{/U}}. Pain is the most common reason we go to a doctor. It is the most common reason we take medicines. Until recently, however, most doctors knew of only a few drugs that stopped some pains{{U}} (3) {{/U}}But new knowledge about the process of pain is helping them to control pain better. Scientists have signals learned that the sense of pain is made up of both chemical and electrical signals.{{U}} (4) {{/U}}Scientists also have learned that the nervous system sends two different kinds of pain messages to the brain: one very fast, the other slow. The first message is the warning signal. It moves at a speed of 30 meters a second. In less than a second, the brain understands that part of the body is hurt and how badly it is injured.{{U}} (5) {{/U}}It tells us not to use the injured part until it heals. A. And others have painful attacks all the time. B. These signals travel from nerve cells in the injured area, up the spinal cord (脊髓) to the brain, and back down again. C. It tells us that we are injured and should do something about it. D. They knew little about the process of pain itself. E. The other message moves at a speed of only one meter a second. F. And they send the second, slower message of pain to the brain.