填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} Plants and Diseases{{/B}}1 Plants, like animals, are subject to diseases of various kinds. It has been estimated that some 30,000 different diseases attack our economic plants; forty are known to attack corn, and about as many attack wheat. The results of unchecked plant diseases are all to obvious in countries which have marginal food supplies. The problem will soon be more widespread as the population of the world increases at its frightening rate. Even in countries which are now amply fed by their agricultural products there could soon be critical food shortages. It is easy to imagine the consequences of some disastrous attack on one of the major crops; the resulting famines could kill millions of people, and the resulting hardship on other millions could cause political unrest disastrous to the order of the world.2 Some plants have relative immunity to a great many diseases, while others have a suceptibility(易感性) to them. The tolerance of a particular plant changes as the growing conditions change. A blight(枯萎病) may be but a local infection easily controlled; on the other hand it can attack particular plants in a whole region or nation. An example is the blight which killed virtually every chestnut tree in North America. Another is the famous potato blight in Ireland in the last century. As a result of that, it was estimated that one million people died of starvation and related diseases.3 Plant scientists have made remarkable strides in identifying the pathogens(病原菌) of various diseases. Bacteria may invade a plant through an infestation(大批出没)of insect parasites carrying the pathogen. Other diseases might be caused by fungus(真菌)which attacks the plant in the form of rust.4 Frequently such a primary infection will weaken the plant so that a secondary infection may result from its lack of tolerance. The symptoms shown may cause an error in diagnosis, so that treatment may be directed toward bacteria which could be the result of a susceptibility caused by a primary virus infection.

填空题A New Medicine to Treat both AIDS and Hepatitis B A medicine approved last month to treat AIDS (艾滋病) also shows promise against hepatitis B (乙型肝炎). The drug, 3TC, puts down the hepatitis B virus in people with chronic infections, stopping its damage to the liver, researchers reported. About one million Americans are thought to be infected with hepatitis B, which can lead to cirrhosis (肝硬化), liver failure and liver cancer in a small proportion of victims if left untreated. 16 "It"s a preliminary study, but this is promising. It looks like it has the potential to make a significant impact on hepatitis B," said Dr. Jules L. Dienstag of Massachusetts General Hospital, who directed the study. Currently the only treatment for hepatitis B is interferon (干扰素). Such a treatment can permanently eliminate the virus in about one-third of patients. 17 In the latest study, doctors found that 3TC appeared to knock out the virus permanently in about 20% of patients when given for three months. 18 Unlike interferon, 3TC is given in pill form and carries few side effects. The drug was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in November for use against AIDS. Both the hepatitis B virus and the AIDS virus need a protein to reproduce. 19 Doctors have tested similar AIDS drugs against hepatitis B but all except 3TC have turned out to be ineffective or too toxic (有毒的). Dr. Jay Hoofnagle of the National Institutes of Health said a next step will be to combine 3TC with interferon to see if the two drugs together improve the chance of curing hepatitis B. "It looks extremely promising," he said of 3TC. 20 A. Interferon must be injected for four to six months and often has unpleasant side effects, including flu-like symptoms, fatigue and depression. B. The hospital is among the biggest ones in America. C. Dienstag said he hopes that with longer treatment, this response rate can be doubled. D. "It"s not the answer, but it"s a step in the right direction." E. Perhaps 20% of these patients have lingering (迁延性的) infections that would benefit from treatment. F. 3TC is one of a group of drugs that block production of this protein.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}}China Seeks Donors to Narrow Bone Marrow Gap{{/B}} 1 China has launched a campaign to recruit more bone marrow donors, amid a shortage of funds as well as of sibling donors who could help the growing number of patients in need of lifesaving transplants, state media reported on Monday. 2 The Chinese Red Cross began the national campaign over the weekend to find donors for some 4 million patients suffering from leukaemia, thalassaemia and other blood diseases and awaiting bone marrow transplants, the official China Daily said. Every year China has 40,000 new leukaemia patients, most of them under 35 and 50 percent of them children, the newspaper said. Other reports have linked China's growing childhood leukaemia to solvents and building materials used in interior decoration. 3 With a tiny pool of bone marrow donors, weakened by the absence of sibling donors for most children because of China's one-child policy, doctors rely on donors from Taiwan to save many young leukaemia patients, the Beijing Evening News said last weekend. Taiwan, with a population of 22 million, has 210,000 registered donors compared with fewer than 30,000 donors among mainland China's 1.3 billion people, the newspaper said. 4 Yet the lack of registered donors may reflect a lack of funding for testing and recording data on potential donors rather than a lack of volunteers, the newspaper said. China needs a pool of at 1east 100,000 donors but testing them would cost more than 50 million yuan, it said. 5 The Hong Kong Marrow Match Foundation said it has helped "a handful" of patients in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities. "The number of requests is increasing" from mainland China, including direct calls to the charity from desperate patients or relatives, said the foundation's donor coordinator Marven Chin. But the cost of extracting bone marrow from one of the foundation's 40,000 registered donors and flying it by courier has to be borne by the patients, and many of them have to be aided financially, Chin said.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} Why Do People Shrink?{{/B}} Did you ever see the movie Honey, I Shrunk the Kids? It's about a wacky dad (who's also a scientist) who accidentally shrinks his kids with his homemade miniaturizing invention. Oops! {{U}}(46) {{/U}} For older people, shrinking isn't that dramatic or sudden at all. It takes place over years and may add up to only an inch or so off of their adult height (maybe a little more, maybe less). And this kind of shrinking can't be magically reversed, although there are things that can be done to stop it or slow it down. {{U}}(47) {{/U}}. There are a few reasons. As people get older, they generally lose some muscle and fat from their bodies as part of the natural aging process. Gravity (the force that keeps your feet on the ground) takes holds, and the bones in the spine, called vertebrae, may break down4 or degenerate, and start to collapse into one another5.{{U}} (48) {{/U}} But perhaps the most common reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis occurs when too much spongy bone tissue (which is found inside of most bones) is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured. Older people -- especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin with--are more likely to develop osteoporosis. As years go by, a person with osteoporosis shrinks a little bit. Did you know that every day you do a shrinking act, too? You aren't as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning. That's because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed (squeezed) due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. Don't worry, though. {{U}}(50) {{/U}}.A. They end up6 pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter.B. Once you get a good night's rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you're standing tall again!C. Over time, bone is said to be lost because it's not being replaced.D. Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking.E The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size.F But why does shrinking happen at all?

填空题What Is a Dream? For centuries, people have wondered about the strange things that they dream about. Some psychologists say that this nighttime activity of the mind has no special meaning. Others, however, think that dreams are an important part of our lives. In fact, many experts believe that dreams can tell us about a person"s mind and emotions. Before modem times, many people thought that dreams contained messages from God. 1 The Austrian psychologist, Sigmund Freud, was probably the first person to study dreams scientifically. He believed that dreams allow people to express the feelings, thoughts, and fears that they are afraid to express in real life. The Swiss psychiatrist (精神病学家) Carl Jung was once a student of Freud"s. Jung, however, had a different idea about dreams. Jung believed that the purpose of a dream was to communicate a message to the dreamer. 2 For example, people who dream about falling may learn that they have too high an opinion of themselves. On the other hand, people who dream about being heroes may learn that they think too little of themselves. Modern-day psychologists continue to develop theories about dreams. For example, psychologist William Domhoff from the University of California, Santa Cruz, believes that dreams are tightly linked to a person"s daily life, thoughts, and behavior. 3 Domhoff believes that there is a connection between dreams and age. His research shows that children do not dream as much as adults. According to Domhoff, dreaming is a mental skill that needs time to develop. He has also found a link between dreams and gender. His studies show that the dreams of men and women are different. 4 This is not true of women"s dreams. Domhoff found this gender difference in the dreams of people from 11 cultures around the world, including both modern and traditional ones. Can dreams help us understand ourselves? Psychologists continue to try to answer this question in different ways. 5 The dream may have meaning, but it does not mean that some terrible event will actually take place. It"s important to remember that the world of dreams is not the real world. A. It was only in the twentieth century that people started to study dreams in a scientific way. B. Men and women dream about different things. C. A criminal, for example, might dream about crime. D. However, one thing they agree on this: If you dream that something terrible is going to occur, you shouldn"t panic. E. He thought people could learn more about themselves by thinking about their dreams. F. For example, the people in men"s dreams are often other men, and the dreams often involve fighting.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为规定段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 1. For well over 2000 years the world's great religions have taught the virtues of a trusting heart. Now there is another reason to merit the wisdom of the ages: scientific evidence indicates that those with trusting hearts will live longer, healthier lives. 2. As a result of the work published in the 1970s by two pioneering heart specialists, Meyer Friedman and Ray H. Rosenman, nearly every American is aware that blood Type A people are impatient, and easily moved to hostility and anger. Many have come to believe that Type A's are at a much higher risk of suffering heart attack or dying of heart disease than others. 3. The driving force behind hostility is a cynical(愤世嫉俗的)mistrust of others. If we expect others to mistreat us, we are seldom disappointed. This generates anger and leads us to respond with hostility. 4. The most characteristic attitude of a cynic is being suspicious of the motives of people he doesn't know. Imagine you are waiting for an elevator and it stops two floors above for longer than usual. How inconsiderate(不替别人着想的)! You think, In a few seconds, you have drawn hostile conclusions about unseen people and their motives. 5. Meanwhile, your cynical mistrust is leading to noticeable physical consequences. Your voice rises. The rate and depth of your breathing increases. Your heat is beating faster and harder, and harder, and the muscles of your arms and legs become tight. You feel "charged up", ready for action. 6. If you frequently experience these feelings, you may be at increased risk of developing serious health problems. Anger can add to the risk of heart and other diseases.

填空题A. Undeniable Mir's achievementsB. Rewards following the U. S. financial injectionC. Mir's problem yearD. Mir regarded as a complete failureE. Mir's firsts in scientific experiments and space explorationF. A great debt owned to the International Space Station

填空题Lowering the Risk of Heart Disease Like millions of other Americans, I come from a family with a history of heart disease. My father had his first three heart attacks when he was only thirty-one. I was three years old at that time. 1 It was there, but I didn"t take it seriously. When I was thirty-one, my blood cholesterol (胆固醇) level was measured for the first time. It was 311 mg/dl, the doctor told me—an extremely high level that put me at a very high risk of heart disease, especially with my family history. He sent me to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to be screened for participation in a clinical trial. 2 At NIH, physicians explained the degree of risk associated with my blood cholesterol level and the nature of the experiment. This test involves putting a tube through a leg artery (动脉) up to the heart. 3 Learning about the risks of the experiment as well as the risk associated with my raised blood cholesterol level seared the life out of me. Although I was excluded from participating in the study, the experience may well have saved my life. For the first time, I began to realize the seriousness of high blood cholesterol. 4 But equally important, I got a taste of what it is like to be a patient, to have tests done on me and to think of myself as sick. This was hard to take. This experience taught me two lifesaving lessons. First, although I felt fit and strong, I was actually at high risk for heart disease because of my high blood cholesterol level. And with my family history, it could not be ignored. 5 A. The death rate for the test was only 1 in 100, I was assured. B. Second, I could lower my blood cholesterol level simply by changing what I ate. C. I grew up with heart disease. D. There is not enough oxygen in the blood. E. It was a heart attack just waiting to happen. F. The trial was designed to test the effect of lowering blood cholesterol on the risk of heart disease.

填空题Price planning A price represents the value of a goods or service for both the seller and the buyer. Price planning is systematic decision making by an organization regarding all aspects of pricing. The value of a goods or service can involve both tangible and intangible marketing factors. An example of a tangible marketing factor is the cost savings 21 . An example of an intangible marketing factor is a consumer"s pride in the ownership of a Lamborghini rather than another brand of automobile. For an example to take place, both the buyer and seller must feel that the price of a goods or service provides an equitable value. To the buyer, the payment of a price reduces purchasing power 22 . To the seller, receipt of a price is a source of revenue and an important determinant of sales and profit levels. Many words are substitutes for the term price: admission fee, membership fee, rate, tuition, service charge, donation, rent, salary, interest, retainer, and assessment. No matter what it is called, 23 : monetary and non-monetary charges, discounts, handling and shipping fees, credit charges and other forms of interest, and late-payment penalties. A non-price exchange would be selling a new iron for 10 books of trading stamps or an airline offering tickets as payment for advertising space and time. Monetary and non-monetary exchange may be combined. This is common with automobiles, 24 . This combination allows a reduction in the monetary price. From a broader perspective, price is the mechanism for allocating goods and services among potential purchasers and for ensuring competition among sellers in an open market economy. If there is an excess of demand over supply, prices are usually bid up by consumers. If there is an excess of supply over demand, 25 . A. a price contains all the terms of purchase B. obtained by the purchase of a new bottling machine by a soda manufacturer C. where the consumer gives the seller money plus a trade-in D. available for other items E. prices are usually reduced by sellers F. price means what one pays for what he wants

填空题 1. AIDS is the final, life-threatening stage of infection with human immuno-deficiency virus(HIV). AIDS stands for acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome. The name refers to the fact that HIV severely damages the patient's disease-fighting immune system. Cases of AIDS were first identified in 1981 in the United States, but researchers have traced cases to as early as 1969. Millions of AIDS cases have been diagnosed worldwide. 2. AIDS is caused by two viruses that belong to a group called retroviruses. The first AIDS virus was isolated by researchers in France in 1983 and researchers in the United States in 1984. This virus became known as HIV-1. in 1985, scientists in France identified another closely related virus that also produces AIDS. This virus, named HIV-2, occurs mainly in Africa. HIV-1 occurs throughout the world. 3. People infected with HIV eventually develop symptoms that also may be caused by other, less serious conditions. With HIV infection, however, these symptoms are prolonged and often more severe. They include enlarged lymph glands, tiredness, fever, loss of appetite and weight, diarrhea, yeast infections of the mouth and vagina, and night sweats. 4. An HIV-infected person may develop AIDS from 2 to 15 or more years after becoming infected. In children born with HIV infection, this interval is usually shorter. A few people who have been infected with HIV for more than 15 years have not developed any symptoms or suffer only minor symptoms. An infected person can transmit the virus to another person whether or not symptoms are present. Infection with HIV appears to be lifelong in all who become infected. 5. Researchers have identified three ways in which HIV is transmitted: sexual intercourse, direct contact with infected blood, and transmission from an infected woman to her fetus or baby. The most common way of becoming infected is through intimate sexual contact with an HIV-infected person. In the United States, sexual transmission of HIV has occurred mainly among homosexual men, but it is becoming more frequent among heterosexual men and women. 6. People who inject drugs into their bodies can be exposed to infected blood by sharing hypodermic needles, syringes, or equipment used to prepare drugs for injection. Health-care workers can become infected with HIV by coming into direct contact with infected blood. This may occur through injury with a needle or other sharp instrument used in treating an HIV-infected patient. A few patients have become infected while receiving treatment from an HIV-infected dentist. 7. An infected pregnant woman can transmit the AIDS virus to her fetus even if she has no symptoms. Transmission may also occur from an HIV-infected mother to her baby through breast-feeding. 8. Studies indicate that HIV is not transmitted through air, food, or water, or by insects. No known cases of AIDS have resulted from sharing eating utensils, bathrooms, locker rooms, living space, or classrooms.

填空题Retention refers to ______.

填空题下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1) 第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2) 第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Parkinson's Disease 1. Parkinson's disease affects the way you move. It happens when there is a problem with certain nerve cells in the brain. Normally, these nerve cells make an important chemical called dopamine (多巴胺). Dopamine sends signals to the part of your brain that controls movement. It lets your muscles move smoothly and do what you want them to do. When you have Parkinson's, these nerve cells break down. Then you no longer have enough dopamine, and you have trouble moving the way you want to. 2. No one knows for sure what makes these nerve cells break down. But scientists are doing a lot of research to look for the answer. They are studying many possible causes, including aging and poisons in the environment. Abnormal genes seem to lead to Parkinson's disease in some people. But so far, there is not enough proof to show that it is always inherited. 3. Tremor (颤抖) may be the first symptom you notice. It is one of the most common signs of the disease, although not everyone has it. Tremor often starts in just one arm or leg or only on one side of the body. It may be worse when you are awake but not moving the affected arm or leg. It may get better when you move the limb or you are asleep. In time, Parkinson's affects muscles all through your body, so it can lead to problems like trouble swallowing or constipation (便秘). In the later stages of the disease, a person with Parkinson's may have a fixed or blank expression, trouble speaking, and other problems. Some people also have a decrease in mental skills. 4. At this time, there is no cure for Parkinson's disease. But there are several types of medicines that can control the symptoms and make the disease easier to live with. You may not even need treatment if your symptoms are mild. Your doctor may wait to prescribe medicines until your symptoms start to get in the way of your daily life. Your doctor will adjust your medicines as your symptoms get worse. You may need to take several medicines to get the best results. A. Tips for Patients with the Disease B. Common Treatment for the Disease C. Means of Diagnosis of the Disease D. Typical Symptoms of the Disease E. Possible Causes of the Disease F. Definition of Parkinson's Disease

填空题Napping to a Healthier Heart? 1. Researchers say they have developed a simple test that can tell if a person with heart disease is likely to suffer a heart attack. The test measures levels of a protein in the blood. The researchers say people with high levels of this protein are at high risk of heart attack, heart failure or stroke. 2. Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo of the University of California in San Francisco led the team. For about four years, they studied almost one thousand patients with heart disease. The researchers tested the heart disease patients for a protein called NT-proBNP. Patients with the highest levels were nearly eight times more likely than those with the lowest levels to have a heart attack, heart failure or stroke. 3. The researchers say the presence of high levels of the protein in the blood shows that the heart muscle is under pressure in some way. The study involved mostly men, so the researchers could not say for sure that the results are also true for women. They say the patients with the highest levels of NT-proBNP were older and had other problems like diabetes or high blood pressure. 4. Other researchers say more studies are needed to confirm if knowing the protein levels of a heart patient should affect that person's treatment. They also would like to know if more aggressive treatment could reduce the patient's chance of a heart attack or stroke. The study appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association. 5. Could a little sleep during the middle of the day reduce the risk of a heart attack? An unrelated study earlier this month in the Archives of Internal Medicine suggests that the answer may be yes. In countries like the United States, afternoon naps are mostly for children. But they are common for adults in Mediterranean countries. And these countries generally have lower rates of heart disease. So scientists in the United States and Greece wondered if naps could play a part. Twenty-three thousand healthy adults took part in the study by Harvard University and the University of Athens. Those who took thirty-minute naps three times a week had a thirty-seven percent lower risk of death from heart problems than people who did not take naps. 6. The researchers say napping may improve heart health by reducing stress. They say the research suggests that naps are especially good for working men. But they say not enough female subjects died during the study to judge the benefits for women.

填空题The Science of Sport 1. At the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, the Chinese athlete Liu Xiang equaled the world record for the 110 meters hurdles (跨栏) when he ran the race in 12.91 seconds. This record time had been set in 1993 by British sprinter (短跑运动员) Colin Jackson and 9 years went by before another athlete was able to run as fast. 2. Record-breaking in all track events is slowing down and we appear to be moving much closer to the limits of human performance. Nevertheless, every four years, records which were previously thought to be unbeatable are broken. So what"s behind this, never-ending improvement in performance? And how long can we keep breaking records? Is there a limit to human performance or will athletes continue to gain seconds? 3. Most experts agree that it isn"t the athletes" bodies which have changed but the huge advances in sport science which have enabled them to improve their performances. The individual athlete obviously has to have the necessary skill and determination to succeed, but the help of science and technology can be significant. Research has brought a better understanding of the athlete"s body and mind, but the advances in sports equipment technology have also had an important impact on human performance. 4. Scientists have shown that an athlete"s body"s needs vary according to the type of sport. This research has helped top sports people to adapt their training program and diet better to their particular needs. Running the marathon and cycling, for example, are endurance (耐力) sports and require a different parathion (硝苯硫磷脂) to that of a 100-meter sprinter. In some sports, changes in techniques have significantly improved performance. 5. But in any sport, a player"s success or failure results from a combination of both physical and mental abilities. Most coaches use psychological techniques to help their athletes cope with stress and concentrate on their performance. For example, the English football team listens to music in the changing rooms before a game to help the players to relax and not feel so nervous. Before a difficult match, tennis players are encouraged to use visualization (想像) techniques to build confidence and this is almost as good as practice. 6. But as science begins to dominate the sport, are we in danger of losing sight of the heart of the competition, the sporting challenge? What"s more, are all these advantages fair?

填空题What a parent is most concerned with upon the birth of a child is ______.

填空题 A. lack of funding B. many cancer patients C. more lives being saved D. more than five years E. the ultimate answers F. more funding

填空题 Global Warming 1. Smoke is clouding our view of global warming, protecting the planet from perhaps three-quarters of the greenhouse effect. That might sound like good news, but experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decades, we are facing a dramatic increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses. 2. This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem, Berlin, where top atmospheric scientists got together, including Nobel Prize winner Paul Crutzen and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin, former chairman of the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 3. IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols (浮质) of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest, crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide emissions. Until now, they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter, cutting increases by 0.2℃. So the 0.6℃ of warming over the past century would have been 0.8℃ without aerosols. 4. But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher—aerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as three-quarters, cutting increases by 1.8℃. If so, the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer than it is now. But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to greenhouse gases than previously guessed. 5. As those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols stabilize or fall, that means "dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate change", the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop. A. Atmospheric Scientists B. The Calculations Made at the Berlin Workshop C. The Previous Calculations of the Effect of Aerosols D. The Scientists' Agreement E. The Authoritative Conclusion F. Greenhouse Gases

填空题My Life at Renda I learned very quickly that being a teaching assistant (TA) at the University of Iowa would be different from being a teacher at Renmin University. (46) Eyes staring, mouths open, students examined my big nose, while was writing my name on the blackboard. At Iowa, when my first classes began, half of my students still hadn't arrived. When very one finally found a seat, ringing cell phones and loud yawns(哈欠)interrupted my opening remarks. It is not that American students were disrespectful. (47) They were, however, far more skeptical than the students I had at Renda. The truth is I couldn't fault them for their skepticism. Undergraduates at large US universities—especially freshmen and sophomores—often have several classes a semester handled by TAs. In some cases, the TA sets the course content. (48) Most have good intentions, but very few are as effective as professors. Every teacher has to confront obstacles to learning—no matter what the culture. Students who talk during lectures, students who cheat, students who question the grade they get for a paper or project dealing with these is all part of the job. (49) . The difference, I think, is that in the US I had to swallow more of my pride. (50) I had a responsibility to teach them, of course, but I had to do so indirectly—as a guide who himself had a few things to learn from the students. A. Back at Renda, I had walked into my first classes feeling like a celebrity. B. In my students' minds, I had little to offer them, except perhaps some sample questions for the mid-term exam. C. In others, the TA works as a grader and discussion leader. D. I encountered these in China, and I faced them in the US. E. On the other hand, being taught by a graduate student is not necessarily bad. F. Most were polite, or at least, indifferent.

填空题Why Do People Shrink? Did you ever see the movie Honey, I Shrunk the Kids? It's about a wacky dad ( who's also a scientist) who accidentally shrinks his kids with his homemade miniaturizing invention. Oops! (1) For older people, shrinking isn't that dramatic or sudden at all. It takes place over years and may add up to only an inch or so off of their adult height (maybe a little more, maybe less). And this kind of shrinking can't be magically reversed, although there are things that can be done to stop it or slow it down. (2) There are a few reasons. As people get older, they generally lose some muscle and fat from their bodies as part of the natural aging process. Gravity (the force that keeps your feet or the ground) takes hold, and the bones in the spine, called vertebrae, may break down or degenerate, and start to collapse into one another. (3) But perhaps the most common reason why some older people shrink is because of osteoporosis. Osteoporosis occurs when too much spongy bone tissue (which is found inside of most bones) is broken down and not enough new bone material is made. (4) Bones become smaller and weaker and can easily break if someone with osteoporosis is injured. Older people — especially women, who generally have smaller and lighter bones to begin with — are more likely to develop osteoporosis. As years go by, a person with osteoporosis shrinks a little bit. Did you know that every day you do a shrinking act, too? You aren't as tall at the end of the day as you are at the beginning. That's because as the day goes on, water in the disks of the spine gets compressed (squeezed) due to gravity, making you just a tiny bit shorter. Don't worry, though. (5) A. They end up pressing closer together, which makes a person lose a little height and become shorter. B. Once you get a good night's rest, your body recovers, and the next morning, you're standing tall again ! C. Over time, bone is said to be lost because it's not being replaced. D. Luckily, there are things that people can do to prevent shrinking. E. The kids spend the rest of the movie as tiny people who are barely visible while trying to get back to their normal size. F. But why does shrinking happen at all?

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} Aspirin -- a New Miracle Drug{{/B}} 1. Using aspirin, an over-the-counter pill on sale in every supermarket without a prescription, to treat serious circulatory disease may seem almost like quackery. But today doctors recognize this drug as a potent compound as important as antibiotics, digitalis and other miracle drugs. 2. In its natural form as willow bark and leaves, this remarkable remedy dates back to Hippocrates2. In 1829 the chemical in the willow tree that can relieve pain and reduce fever was discovered to be salicin. By 1899 the Bayer Company in Germany had marketed a variant, acetylsalicylic acid, under the name of aspirin. 3. Since then, aspirin and compounds containing aspirin have been taken by tens of millions of arthritis patients. As a pain killer aspirin is, according to one study, more effective than all other analgesics and narcotics available for oral use. It also acts on4the body's thermostat, turning down fever. 4. But some of its powers remained unsuspected until recently. In 1950 the late Dr. Craven wrote to a small western medical journal about 400 overweight, sedentary male patients to whom he had given one or two aspirin tablets a day. None had had a heart attack. He enlarged his group to 8,000 and in 1956 reported: "Not a single case of detectable coronary or cerebral thrombosis "and "no major stroke" had occurred in patients who had taken one or two tablets daily for from one to ten years. But his observations were largely ignored. 5. Then Dr. Vane proved that aspirin turned off the body's prostaglandins hormonelike chemicals that can be secreted by every cell. Some potent prostaglandins are harmful compounds that create fever, pain and arthritis. One of them stimulates platelets in the blood to begin forming clots inside arteries. Aspirin blocks this dangerous effect. 6. Vane's finding caused some researchers to recall Craven's 1956 observations, which now had a possible scientific explanation. Numerous studies were begun to find out whether aspirin could indeed inhibit heart attacks and stroke. 7. In 1972, ten US medical institutions began two "double-blind" trials of 303 patients who suffered from transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). Four aspirin tablets a day were given to 153 patients, while placebo tablets were given to 150. Neither patients nor doctors knew which was which. After six months, the patients on aspirin had experienced much fewer TIAs, and fewer strokes and deaths from strokes than the "controls". The results were so conclusive that aspirin has been used for this purpose widely.