填空题1. Humans not only love eating ice cream, they enjoy feeding it to their pets(宠物). Market studies show that two thirds of all dog owners give ice cream ot their dogs. Unfortunately, says William Tyznik, an expert on animal nutrition(营养)at Ohio State University, ice cream is not good for dogs. "It has milk sugar in it, "he says," which dogs cannot digest very well." 2. Bothered by that knowledge but aware of the desire of dog owners to please their companions, Tyznik invented a new frozen treat for dogs that, he says, is more nutritious than ice cream--and as much fun to eat. The product, called Frosty Paws, is made of a liquid by-product(副产品)of cheese and milk with the sugar removed. Frosty Paws also contains refined soy flour, water, vegetable oil, vitamins and minerals. It took Tyznik, who has also invented a horse feed (called Tizwhiz) and another dog food (named Tizbits), three years to perfect the Frosty Paws formulas, and two attempts to commercialise it. After losing ＄ 25,000 trying to market the invention himself, Tyznik sold the rights to Associated Ice Cream of Westerville, Ohio, which makes the product and packages it in cups. 3. Tyznik claims that Frosty Paws has been tested extensively and that "dogs love it". Of 1,400 dogs that have been offered the product, he says, 89 percent took it on the first try. Three out of four preferred it to Milk-Bone or sausages. The product, which will be available in the ice-cream section of supermarkets, comes in packs of three or four cups, costing between ＄ 1.79. 4. What would happen if a human should mistake Frosty Paws for real ice cream? Nothing, says Tyznik. It's harmless, but frankly, he says, it won't taste very good.

填空题Medicine 1 Medicine is the science and art of healing. It is a science because it is based on knowledge gained through careful study and experimentation. It is an art because it depends on how skillfully doctors and other medical workers apply this knowledge when dealing with patients. 2 The goals of medicine are to save lives, to relieve suffering, and to maintain the dignity of ill individuals. For this reason, medicine has long been one of the most respected professions. Thousands of men and women who work in the medical profession spend their lives caring for the sick. When disaster strikes, hospital workers rush emergency aid to the injured. When epidemics threaten, doctors and nurses work to prevent the spread of disease. Researchers in the medical profession continually search for better ways of fighting disease. 3 Human beings have suffered from illness since they first appeared on the earth. Throughout most of this time, they knew little about how the human body works or what causes disease. Treatment was based largely on superstition and guesswork. 4 However, medicine has made tremendous progress in the last several hundred years. Today, it is possible to cure, control, or prevent hundreds of diseases. People live longer than they did in the past as a result of new drugs, machines, and surgical operations. Medical progress in the control of infectious diseases, improvements in health care programs for mothers and children, and better nutrition, sanitation, and living conditions have given people a longer life expectancy. 5 As medicine has become more scientific, it has also become more complicated. In the past, doctors cared for patients almost single-handedly. Patients received treatment at home for most kinds of illness. Today, doctors no longer work by themselves. Instead, they head medical teams made of nurses, laboratory workers, and many other skilled professionals. The care provided by such teams cannot generally be started at home. As a result, clinics and hospitals have become the chief centers for medical care in most countries.A. In ancient tribes, treatment was based largely on superstition.B. Today, extensive knowledge and sophisticated medical techniques make possible the cure, control, and prevention of hundreds of diseases.C. The goals of medicine.D. Control of infectious disease is given as a reason for a longer life.E. School infirmaries appear as a result of increasing complicated medical work.F. Medical care is now provided for patients in hospitals by a medical team consisting of doctors, nurses, and laboratory workers.

填空题 Cloning(克隆): Future Perfect? 1. A clone is all exact copy of a plant or animal produced from any one cell. Since Scottish scientists reported that they had managed to clone a sheep named Dolly in 1997, research into cloning has grown rapidly. In May 1998, scientists in Massachusetts managed to create two identical calves (牛犊) using cloning technology. A mouse has also been cloned successfully. But the debate over cloning humans really started when Chicago physicist Richard Seed made a surprising announcement: "We will have managed to clone a human being within the next two years," he told the world. 2. Seed's announcement provoked a lot of media attention, most of it negative. In Europe, nineteen nations have already signed an agreement banning human cloning and in the US the President announced, "We will be introducing a law to ban all human cloning and many states in the US will have passed anti-cloning laws by the end of the year." 3. Many researchers are not so negative about cloning, they are worried that laws banning human cloning will threaten important research. In March, The New England Journal of Medicine called any plan to ban research on cloning humans seriously mistaken. Many researchers also believe that in spite of attempts to ban it, human cloning will have become routine by 2010 because it is impossible to stop the progress of science. 4. Is there reason to fear that cloning will lead to a nightmare world? The public has been bombarded (轰炸) with newspaper articles, television shows and films, as well as cartoons. Such information is often misleading, and makes people wonder what on earth the scientists will be doing next. Within the next five to ten years scientists will probably have found a way of cloning humans. It could be that pretty soon we will be able to choose the person that we want our child to look like. But how would it feel to be a clone among hundreds, the anti-cloners ask. Pretty cool, answer the pro-cloners (赞成克隆的人).

填空题Ants as a Barometer of Ecological Change At picnics, ants are pests. But they have their uses. In industriesl such as mining, farming and forestry, they can help gauge the health of the environment by just crawling around and being antsy. It has been recognized for decades that ants-which are highly sensitive to ecological change—can provide a near-percent barometer of the state of an ecosystem. Only certain species, for instance, will continue to thrive at a forest site that has been cleared of trees. 1 And still others will move in and take up residence. By looking at which species populate a deforested area, scientists can determine how "stressed" the land is. 2 Ants are used simply because they are so common and comprise so many species. Where mine sites are being restored, for example, some ant species will recolonize the stripped land more quickly than others. 3 Australian mining company Capricorn Coal Management has been successfully using ant surveys for years to determine the rate of recovery of land that it is replanting near its German Creek mine in Queensland. Ant surveys also have been used with mine-site recovery projects in Africa and Brazil, where warm climates encourage dense and diverse ant populations. "We found it worked extremely well there, " says Jonathan Majer, a professor of environmental biology. Yet the surveys are perfectly suited to climates throughout Asia, he says, because ants are so common throughout the region. As Majer puts it. "That"s the great thing about ants. " Ant surveys are so highly-regarded as ecological indicators that governments worldwide accept their results when assessing the environmental impact of mining and tree harvesting. 4 Why not? Because many companies can"t afford the expense or the laboratory time needed to sift results for a comprehensive survey. The cost stems, also, from the scarcity of ant specialists. 5 A. This allowed scientists to gauge the pace and progress of the ecological recovery. B. Yet in other businesses, such as farming and property development, ant surveys aren"t used widely. C. Employing those people are expensive. D. They do this by sorting the ants, counting their numbers and comparing the results with those of earlier surveys. E. The evolution of ant species may have a strong impact on our ecosystem. F. Others will die out for lack of food.

填空题Mergers The most common kind of consolidation today is the merger. (46) With the deregulation of natural gas,the nation's 20 interstate pipeline companies became fearful of cutthroat competition. (47) In 1985 Internorth of Omaha paid $ 2. 3 billion for Houston Natural Gas Corporation,thereby gaining control of the world's longest pipeline. The system connected markets from coast to coast and raised sales to $10 billion. On occasion,mergers have occurred between smaller companies in an industry dominated by a few giant firms. These smaller companies claim that they need to merge to become more efficient and effective in competing against the biggest corporations. (48) The Antitrust Division of the Justice Department has not always agreed with them. Four major waves of mergers have taken place in this country. The first started in 1887, just prior to the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act,and ended in 1904. It involved such giants as United States Steel and Standard Oil trying to create monopolies in their industries. From the end of World War I until the 1930s,large firms swallowed smaIler firms to create oligopolies. The monopoly has no chance and the oligopoly little chance of succeeding today under present antitrust policy. The third major merger movement began in the 1960s,reached a peak in 1969,and then gradually declined. Many of the acquisitions involved giant firms in one industry buying up large companies in totally unrelated industries. Such mergers are called conglomerate mergers (49) Mergers in the last ten years were in the thousands. More important is the value of the transactions,which has risen sharply. The number of mergers and acquisitions apply only to those valued at $100 million or more. The petroleum industry had mergers and acquisitions valued at close to $ 80 billion between 1981 and 1984. (50) A. Some felt that they could increase their efficiency and improve their market flexibility by merging.B. They maintain that such action increases competition instead of reducing it.C. Other industries experiencing large takeovers were banking and finance,insurance,mining and mineral, and processed foods.D. Fierce competition on the international market results in combinations of small firms.E. A classic example is Mobil Oil Corporation's purchase of the huge retail chain Montgomery Ward & Company.F. A merger occurs when two or more companies get together to form one company.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}} Who is Uncle Sam?{{/B}} "Uncle Sam", of course, stands for the United States. It is the nickname(绰号) of the country. It is hard to believe that this nickname arose quite by accident and there was a man called "Uncle Sam" {{U}}(46) {{/U}}. The man was called Uncle Sam Wilson. He was born in Arlington, Massachusetts (麻萨诸塞州), September 13,1766. At the age of 14 Sam joined the American Revolutionary War, and served in the army under George Washington until the end of the war. He then moved to Troy New York State and began a meat-packing business in the year 1812 war broke out between the United States and Great Britain. {{U}}(47) {{/U}}. Among them was Governor Daniel Tompkings of New York State. He noticed the capitalized letters EAUS on the packages of meat and asked what they stood for. A workman replied that EA stood for Elbert Anderson, the businessman for whom Sam was working. {{U}}(48) {{/U}}. In May 1813, this story appeared in a newspaper published in New York. {{U}}(49) {{/U}}. By the end of the War of 1812, "Uncle Sam" had come to symbolize (象征)the character of the nation and the government. {{U}}(50) {{/U}}.A And he added jokingly that US (actually it was the short form for the United States stood for Uncle Sam Wilson.)B However, not many people have ever heard of such a man. Not even most young Americans.C He did his bit to support the American army.D In 1961 the US Congress(国会) made a decision that "Uncle Sam" is the America's national symbol.E On October 2 that year, a group of visitors came to Sam's meat-packing plant.F Since Uncle Sam was an example of a hard-working man and a lover of America, the idea of "Uncle Sam" as the name for this kind of man became well-known rapidly.

填空题Volts from the Sky 1 Lightning has caused awe and wonder since old times. Although Benjamin Franklin demonstrated lightning as an enormous electrical discharge more than 2030 years ago, many puzzles still surround this powerful phenomenon. 2 Lightning is generated when electrical charges separate in rain clouds, though processes are still not fully understood. Typically, positive charges build at the cloud top, while the bottom becomes negatively charged. In most instances of cloud-to-ground lightning, the negatively charged lower portion of the cloud repels negatively charged particles on the ground's surfaces, making it become positively charged. The positive charge on the ground gathers at elevated points. 3 A flow of elections begins between the cloud and earth. When the voltage charge becomes large enough, it breaks through the insulating barrier of air, and electrons zigzag earthward. We see the discharge as lightning. 4 Lightning can occur within a cloud, between clouds, or between clouds and the ground. The first variety, infra-cloud lightning, is the most frequent but is often hidden from our view. Cloud-to-ground lightning, making ups about 20 percent of lightning discharges, is what we usually see. Lightning comes in several forms, including sheet, ribbon, and ball. Intra-cloud lightning can illuminate a cloud so it looks like a white sheet, hence its name. When cloud-to-ground lightning occurs during strong winds, they can shift the lightning channel sideways, so it looks like a ribbon. The average lightning strike is more than 3 miles long and can travel at a tenth of the speed of light. Ball lightning, the rarest and most mysterious form, derives its name from the small luminous ball that appears near the impact point, moves horizontally, and lasts for several seconds. 5 Thunder is generated by the tremendous heat released in a lightning discharge. Temperatures near the discharge can reach as high as 50,000[o]F within thousandths of a second. This sudden heating acts as an explosion, generating shock waves we hear as thunders. 6 About 2,000 thunderstorms are occurring in the world at any time, generating about 100 lightning strikes every second, or 8 million daily. Within the United States, lightning strikes are estimated at 20 million a year, or about 22,000 par day. You have a 1-in-600,000 chance of being struck by lightning during your lifetime. Lightning can strike twice or more in the same spot. The Empire State Building in New York is struck by lightning about two dozen times annually. 7 You can measure how far you are from a lightning strike by counting the seconds between viewing the flash and hearing the bang, and then dividing by five. This approximates the mileage.A. Cloud-to-ground Lightning Occurring in the USB. Types of LightningC. Cause of LightningD. Differences Between Thunder and ThunderstormE. Frequencies of Thunderstorms Occurring in the World and the USF. Shock Waves as Thunder

填空题Leslie's 10 - year - old sister Aubyn asked how many foster children there were in the area and found out that there were 300. Most of those children had to carry their things from place to place in plastic or paper bags. Leslie's concern and the thought of those 300 children inspired young Aubyn to take action. Aubyn decided to ask people to donate their old suitcases to these foster children. ______ But after a few weeks, she had not received any donations.A. Charles and Isaac Meadows, ages 14 and 11, and Welland Burnside, Aubyn's 8 - year - old brother, got involved with the project in its early stages.B. She began making and hanging posters, speaking at churches, and asking other children for help.C. Aubyn inspired other kids to help with the cause too.D. Eventually, Aubyn's humanitarian efforts were noticed by the media.E. By its sixth year, the little organization reached international status, having chapters in more than ten countries.F. That's how Aubyn Burnside founded her program, suitcases for Kids.

填空题The tension between a yearning for a more relaxed lifestyle and the knowledge that the benchmark for success has been raised in recent years weighs heavily on the minds of the townspeople. ______ They are afraid that any gap in their children's physical or intellectual development might mean they won't be admitted to the" right" universities and won't succeed in a more and more competitive world.A. Younger students took "Save the Date for Me" fliers home to their parents.B. Nevertheless, it seems that Family Night worked, at least to a point.C. And schools and clubs agreed to cancel homework and meetings so families could relaxand be together.D. But sadly, few families believe that one night will change their lives.E. For a few months before Fami Night, a committee of volunteers worked hard to spread the word.F. Parents feel obligated to make sure their children are prepared to survive in today's high - pressure work environment.

填空题 The Story of Lani Five-year-old Lani still takes seven medicines with her breakfast every morning. "She's very good about it," says her father David. Lani is alive today because of her father David, in more than one way; when she was one year old she received part of her father's liver in a liver-transplant operation. Lani was born with a liver illness. (46) Doctors advised that a transplant was the only way in which she would live. The operation lasted 12 hours and needed two teams, one for the father and one for the daughter. (47) In these cases, the donor's liver grows to normal size in about eight weeks, and the child's liver becomes smaller. Lani spent three weeks in hospital after the operation. Because the receiver's body tries to reject the new organ, the patient has to be given special drugs. (48) Although David left hospital after 10 days, he didn't return to work until after throe months. In order to reach the liver, the doctors have to cut through the stomach wall, which is strong and full of muscle. It therefore takes a long time to recover after this operation. (49) So far, only 16 of these liver-transplant operations have been carried out in Britain. (50) Doctors say, "If possible, we prefer to take a liver from a dead donor, usually a parent." Lani still has to look after her health, and she gets more tired than other children of the same age, but doctors hope that she will continue to get stronger and stronger.A She had one operation when she was six weeks old, which was not successful.B While these drugs are given, it is important that the patient does not catch any illness, not even a cold.C In this operation a piece of liver, weighing about 250--300 grams, was removed from the father and transplanted into the daughter.D David quickly recovered from the operation.E However, they are more common in North America and Japan.F David was finally able to ride his bike again after about a year.

填空题A. to send goods to various parts of the worldB. at any time during the yearC. has greatly promoted tradeD. is it possible to produce on a large scaleE. the transport of goodsF. it is possible to produce on a large scale

填空题The World's Longest Bridge Rumor has it that a legendary (传说的) six-headed monster lurks in the deep waters of the Tyrrhenian Sea between Italy and the island of Sicily. (46) When completed in 2010, the world's longest bridge will weigh nearly 300,000 tons, equivalent to the iceberg that sank the Titanic, and stretch 5 kilometers long. "That's nearly 50 percent longer than any other bridge ever built, "says structural engineer Shane Rixon. (47) They' re suspension bridges, massive structures built to span vast water channels or gorges (峡谷). A suspension bridge needs just two towers to shoulder the structure's mammoth (巨大的) weight, thanks to hefty (高强度的) supporting cables slung between the towers and anchored firmly in deep pools of cement at each end of the bridge. The Messina Strait Bridge will have two 54,100-ton towers, which will support most of the bridge's load. The beefy (结实的) cables of the bridge, each 1.2 meter in diameter, will hold up the longest and widest bridge deck ever built. When construction begins on the Messina Strait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be to erect two 370-meter tall steel towers. (48) Getting these cables up will be something. It' s not just their length--totally 5.3 kilometers--but their weight. (49) After lowering vertical "suspender" cables from the main cables, builders will erect a 60 meter-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck, wide enough to accommodate 12 lanes of traffic. The deck's weight will pull down on the cables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, the cables yank (拽) up against their firmly rooted anchors with a force of 139,000 tons equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars. Those anchors are essential. (50) A. Some environmentalists are against the project on biological grounds. B. What do the world's longest bridges have in common? C. If true, one day you might spy the beast while zipping (呼啸而过) across the Messina Strait Bridge. D. They're what will keep the bridge from going anywhere. E. The second job will be to pull two sets of steel cables across the strait, each set being a bundle of 44,352 individual steel wires. F. They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tons--more than half the bridge's total mass.

填空题"Happy Birthday to You" The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it won"t stay American. No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it"s soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal. One theory is that it has been "advertised" and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television. 1 They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries. Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called "the spirit of America". The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it. Regardless of why it spreads, 2 American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries. 3 "Happy Birthday to You," for instance, is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak, is not remembered. Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own. Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can still remember a time when T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common daily wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so: those bright colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun of in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion. The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great danger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while still showing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock & roll and all its variations, country & western music, 4 All have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in America as well, as being "low-class", and then as "a danger to our nation"s youth". 5 And then the music became accepted and was extended and developed, and exported back to the US. A. As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B. But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C. American in origin, informal clothing has become the world"s first truly universal style. D. The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E. American food has become popular around the world too. F. this spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal and disrespectful.

填空题Depression and the Elderly 1. We all feel sad at times. However, clinical depression is a serious matter. Clinical depression, sometimes called major depression, is a biologically based brain disorder that affects one"s thoughts, feelings, behavior, and physical health. When people complain that they feel terrible, they have no interest or take no pleasure in things, have trouble sleeping, lack energy, have poor appetite, or cannot concentrate, depression is a definite possibility. 2. Depression in its many forms affects more than 6.5 million of the 35 million Americans who are 65 years or older. Most older people with depression have been suffering from episodes (发作) of the illness during much of their lives. For others, depression has a first onset (起病) in late life—even for those in their 80s and 90s. Depression in older persons is closely associated with dependency and disability and causes great suffering for the individual and the family. 3. Many older people and their families don"t recognize the symptoms of depression, aren"t aware that it is a medical illness, and don"t know how it is treated. Others may mistake the symptoms of depression as signs of dementia (痴呆). Also, many older people think that depression is a character flaw (缺陷) and are worried about being stigmatized (给……带来耻辱). So they blame themselves for their illness and are too ashamed (耻辱的) to get help. Others worry that treatment would be too costly. 4. Older persons with depression rarely seek treatment for the illness. Unrecognized and untreated depression has fatal consequences in terms of both suicide and non-suicide mortality (死亡率). The highest rate of suicide in the US is among older white men. Depression is the single most significant risk factor for suicide in that population. Tragically, many of those people who go on to commit suicide have reached out for help—20% see a doctor the day they die, 40% the week they die, and 70% in the month they die. Yet depression is frequently missed.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Increasingly, over the past ten years, people-especially young people-have become aware of the need to change their eating habits, because much of the food they eat, particularly processed foods, is not good for the health. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in natural foods: foods which do not contain chemical additives(添加剂) and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers, widely used in farming today. Natural foods, for example, are vegetables, fruit and grain which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increases the amount-but not the quality of foods grown in commercial farming area. Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures(牧场). Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry: there are battery farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food;{{U}} (47) {{/U}}. There are other aspects of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts on diet.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}. This is actually a nonessential food! Although a natural alternative, such as honey, can be used to sweeten food if this is necessary, we can in fact do without it.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. But it does seem to be addictive: the quantity we use has grown steadily over the last two centuries and in Britain today each person consumes an average of 200 pounds a year! Yet all it does is provide us with energy, in the form of calories. These are no vitamins in it, no minerals, and no fibre. It is significant that nowadays fibre is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet. In white bread, for example, the fibre has been removed{{U}} (50) {{/U}}. It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour and vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rare. Hence the emphasis is placed on the eating of wholemeal(没有去麸的面粉)bread and more vegetables by modern experts on "healthy eating". A. It is not that sugar is harmful in itself. B. But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables. C. In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matter. D. Vegetables are good for our health. E. they also produce eggs which lack important vitamins. F. Take, for example, the question of sugar.

填空题 American Dreams There is a common response to America among foreign writers: the US is a land of extremes where the best of things are just as easily found as the worst. This is a cliche (陈词滥调). In the land of black and white, people should not be too surprised to find some of the biggest gaps between the rich and the poor in the world. But the American Dream offers a way out to everyone. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}No class system or government stands in the way. Sadly, this old argument is no longer true. Over the past few decades there has been a fundamental shift in the structure of the American economy. The gap between the rich and the poor has widened and widened. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} Over the past 25 years the median US family income has gone up 18 percent. For the top 1 percent, however, it has gone up 200 percent 25 years ago the top fifth of Americans had an average income 6.7 times that of the bottom fifth. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} Inequalities have grown worse in different regions. In California, incomes for lower class families have fallen by 4 percent since 1969. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}This has led to an economy hugely in favor of a small group of very rich Americans. The wealthiest 1 percent of households now control a third of the national wealth. There are now 37 million Americans living in poverty. At 12.7 percent of the population, it is the highest percentage in the developed world. Yet the tax burden on America's rich is falling, not growing. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}There was an economic theory holding that the rich spending more would benefit everyone as a whole. But clearly that theory has not worked in reality. A. Nobody is poor in the US. B. The top 0.01 percent of households has seen its tax burden fall by a full 25 percentage points since 1980. C. For upper class families they have risen 41 percent. D. Now it is 9.8 times. E. As it does so, the possibility to cross that gap gets smaller and smaller. F. All one has to do is to work hard and climb the ladder toward the top.

填空题Medicine Medicine is the science and art of healing. It is a science because it is based on knowledge gained through careful study and experimentation. It is an art because it depends on how skillfully doctors and other medical workers apply this knowledge when dealing with patients. The goals of medicine are to save lives, to relieve suffering and to maintain the dignity of ill individuals. For this reason, medicine has long been one of the most respected professions. Thousands of men and women who work in the medical profession spend their lives caring for the sick. When disaster strikes, hospital workers rush emergency aid to the injured. When the epidemics threaten, doctors and nurses work to prevent the spread of disease. Researchers in the medical profession continually search for better ways of fighting disease. Human beings have suffered from illnesses since they first appeared on the earth. Throughout most of this time, they knew little about how the human body works or what causes disease. Treatment was based largely on superstition and guesswork. However, medicine has made tremendous progress in the last several hundred years. Today, it is possible to cure, control or prevent hundreds of diseases. People live longer than they did in the past as a result of new drugs, machines and surgical operations. Medical progress in the control of infectious diseases, improvements in health care programs for mothers and children and better nutrition, sanitation and living conditions have given people a longer life expectancy. As medicine has become more scientific, it has also become more complicated. In the past, doctors cared for patients almost single-handedly. Patients received treatment at home for most kinds of illnesses. Today, doctors no longer work by themselves. Instead, they head medical teams made up of nurses, laboratory workers and many other skilled professionals. The care provided by such teams cannot generally be started at home. As a result, clinics and hospitals have become the chief centers for medical care in most countries.

填空题Anti-aging Secrets: Four Ways to Stay Young 1 The aging process is not easy for anyone. While some people accept getting older and do everything within their power to keep the mind and body active, others adopt a negative attitude and give in to the effects of aging. However, the key to feeling young is maintaining a young mental state. Moreover, simple lifestyle changes can make you feel years younger. 2 Keeping the mind active is the best medicine against aging. Studies have shown that persons who remain active following retirement live longer. Brainpower and physical fitness go hand-in-hand. When minds are sharpened or active, we are more likely to be physically active. Even if aging results in slight memory loss or a little confusion, brain exercises such as crossword puzzles (填字字谜) can improve memory. 3 Some persons are naturally introverted (内倾性格的) or shy, which can result in isolation. If you want to live a long life, avoid isolation. Maintaining healthy relationships has lasting benefits. Establishing strong relationships could lower blood pressure, promote relaxation, ease pain, and may even strengthen the immune system (免疫系统). 4 Too much stress can quickly age people. Completely ridding (使摆脱) our lives of stress is impossible. On the other hand, we can adopt simple techniques for better coping with life"s problems, including reducing chaos, setting realistic goals, and relaxing. 5 If you think that you are old, you feel old. Try to be cheerful and avoid developing a negative attitude towards life. Sometimes, this involves changing our association. Surrounding yourself with complainers will start to influence your attitude to life. We all experience hardships. Rather than focusing on the unpleasant, reflect on the positive things about life.

填空题The Dangers of Secondhand Smoke Most people know that cigarette smoking is harmful to their health. Scientific research shows that it causes many kinds of diseases. In fact, many people who smoke get lung cancel However, Edward Gilson has lung cancer, and he has never smoked cigarettes. He lives with his wife, Evelyn, who has smoked about a pack of cigarettes a day throughout their marriage. 1 No one knows for sure why Mr. Gilson has lung cancer. Nevertheless, doctors believe that secondhand smoke may cause lung cancer in people who do not smoke because nonsmokers often breathe in the stroke, from other people"s cigarettes. 2 The US Environmental Protection Agency reports that about 53,000 people die in the United States each year as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke. The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many different poisonous chemicals. In the past. scientists did not think that these chemicals could harm a nonsmoker"s health. 3 They discovered that even nonsmokers had unhealthy amounts of these toxic (有毒的) chemicals in their bodies. As a matter of fact, almost all of US breathe tobacco smoke at times, whether we realize it or not. For example, we cannot avoid secondhand smoke in restaurants, hotels and other public places. Even though many public places have nonsmoking areas, smoke flows in from the areas where smoking is permitted. It is even harder for children to avoid secondhand smoke. 4 Research shows that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are sick more often than children who live in homes where no one smokes and that the children of smokers are more than twice as likely to develop lung cancer when they are adults as are children of nonsmokers. The risk is even higher for children who live in homes where both parents smoke People are becoming very aware of the dangers of secondhand smoke. 5 A. Recently, though, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers. B. The Gilsons have been married for 35 years. C. Which smoke is called secondhand smoke. D. However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young. E. As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places. F. In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.

填空题 (46) . Studies have shown that pregnant women who drink coffee are more likely than other women to give birth to small babies. There also is evidence that some coffee drinkers get headaches when they are denied coffee (47) . Drinks with caffeine make brain cells more active. Now, a new American study demonstrates what may be a good effect connected to drinking coffee. It found a link between drinking coffee and a decrease in the risk of gallbladder disease in men. The findings are reported in The Journal of the American Medical Association. The gallbladder is an organ in the body that stores bile. (48) . Someone with gallbladder disease may experience severe pain in the stomach after eating fatty foods. Cholesterol in the bile can form painful gallstones. Lack of physical activity and being overweight are the two main causes of gallstone disease. Researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts organized the study. They say coffee has several effects that could reduce the risk of gallstone formation (49) . The new study involved 46,000 men. The men were all doctors or health care specialists between the ages of 40 and 75 years old. None of them bad a history of gallbladder disease. (50) . The researchers found that more than 1,000 of the men reported having gallstone disease. More than 80 percent of those men required an operation to remove the gallbladder.A. For years, scientists have argued about the health effects of drinking coffeeB. Bile helps the body break down fat in foodC. Doctors have found a method to cure the diseaseD. The men were observed for 10 yearsE. That is because coffee contain caffeineF. Earlier studies had offered conflicting results, however