填空题What We Take from and Give to the Sea As long as we have been on earth, we have used the sea around us. We take from the ocean, and we give to it. We take fishes from the ocean—millions of kilograms of fish, every year, to feed millions of people, 1 We take minerals from the ocean. One way to get salt is to place seawater in a shallow basin and leave it until it evaporates. 2 Much gold and silver drift dissolved in the waters of the sea, too. But the sea does not give them up by simple evaporation. Other gifts from the sea are pearls, sponges and seaweed. Pearls become jewelry. 3 Seaweed becomes food of many kinds—even candy, and ice cream—as well as medicine. Believe it or not, fresh water is another gift from the sea. We cannot drink ocean water. 4 But ocean water becomes fresh water when the salts are removed. In the future, we will find ourselves depending more and more on fresh water from the ocean while the salts are removed. The sea gives us food, fertilizer, minerals, water, and other gifts. What do we give the sea? Garbage. 5 Huge as it is, the ocean cannot hold all the water that we pour into it. Dumping garbage into the ocean is killing off sea life. Water pollution does not only cause great environmental damage but also is the leading of deaths and diseases which should be responsible for the deaths of more than 14,000 people each day, mostly in developing countries. Yet as the world population grows, we may need the sea and its gifts more than ever. We are finally learning that if we destroy our seas, we might also destroy ourselves. Hopefully, it is not too late. A. Natural sponges become cleaning aids. B. We pollute the ocean when we use it as a garbage dump. C. The area of the sea is becoming smaller and smaller. D. Along with salt, other minerals left after evaporation. E. We even use their bones for fertilizer. F. Some of its contents may cause illness.

填空题What Makes Me the Weight I Am? There"s no easy answer to this question. Your genetic makeup, the physical traits that get passed down to you from your parents, plays a big part in determining your size and weight. 1 But if your parents are smaller than average, you may want to rethink that professional basketball career! The same goes for your body type. Have you ever heard someone say a person is "big boned"? It"s a way of saying the person has a large frame, or skeleton. Big bones usually weigh more than small bones. 2 Like your height or body type, your genes have a lot to say about what your weight will be. But that"s only part of the story. Being overweight can run in someone"s family, but it may not be because of their genes. 3 And even though some kids gain weight more easily than others, when they eat right and exercise, most kids can be a healthy and happy weight that"s right for them. It"s true-the way you live can change the way you look. How much you weigh is a balance between the calories you eat and the calories you use. 4 If you spend your free time watching TV, your body won"t use as many calories as it would if you played basketball, skated, or went for a walk. If you are in balance, your weight will stay right for you as you grow. But if you eat more and exercise less, you may become overweight. 5 A. That"s why it"s possible for two kids with the same height but different weight, to both be the right weight. B. If you eat more calories than your body needs to use, you will gain too much weight. C. Poor eating and exercise habits also run in families and this may be the reason the members of a family are overweight. D. However, many overweight people have difficulty reaching their healthy body weight. E. On the other hand, if you eat less and exercise more, you may lose weight. F. If both your parents are tall, there is a good chance you" 11 be tall.

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}Little Lady Starts Big War{{/B}} Harriet Beecher Stowe had poured her heart into her anti-slavery(反对奴隶制度) book Uncle Tom's Cabin.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}The publisher was so doubtful that he wanted her to split the publishing costs with him, and all she hoped was that it would make enough money for her to buy a new silk dress. But when the first 5,000 copies were printed in 1852, they sold out in two days. In a year the book had sold 300,000 copies in the United States and 150,000 in England.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}Within six months of its release, a play was made from the book which ran 350 performances in New York and remained America's most popular play for 80 years. It might appear that Uncle Tom's Cabins was universally popular, but this was certainly not true. Many people during those pre-Civil War days' — particularly defenders of the slavery system — condemned it as false propaganda(宣传) and poorly written melodrama (传奇剧作品). Harriet did have strong religious views against slavery (When asked how she came to write the book, she replied　:"God wrote it. "), and she tried to convince people slavery was wrong, so perhaps the book could be considered propaganda.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}　　 Though she was born in Connecticut in 1832, as a young woman she moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, when her father accepted the presidency(任期) of newly founded Lane Theological Seminary (神学院). Ohio was a free state, but just across the Ohio River in Kentucky, Harriet saw slavery in action. She lived 18 years in Cincinnati, marrying Calvin Stowe, professor of a college. {{U}}　(49) {{/U}} {{U}} (50) {{/U}}Today some historians (历史学家) think that it helped bring on the American Civil War. In fact, when Abraham Lincoln met Harriet at the White House during the Civil War, he said, "So, this is the little lady who started this big war." A. She had read a lot about the slavery system. B. Its vast influence strengthened the anti-slavery movement and angered defenders of the slave system. C. But if so, it was true propaganda, because it accurately described the evils of slavery. D. For a while it outsold every book in the world, except the Bible, E. But neither she nor her first publisher thought it would be a big success. F. In 1851, Harriet Beecher Stowe began her book.

填空题Earthquake 1 Every year earthquakes are responsible for a large number of deaths and a vast amount of destruction in various parts of the world. Most of these damaging earthquakes occur either in a narrow belt which surrounds the Pacific Ocean or in a line which extends from Burma to the Alps in Europe. Some of the destruction is directly caused by the quake itself. An example of this is the collapse of buildings as a result of the quake itself. Other damage results from landslides or major fires which are initiated by the quake. 2 There are about a million quakes a year. Fortunately, however, not all of them are destructive. The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the Richter Scale, which goes from 0 upward. The highest scale recorded to date is 8.9. Major damage generally occurs from quakes ranging upwards from 6.0. 3 The actual cause of the quake itself is the breaking of rocks at or below the earth's surface. This is produced by pressure which scientists believe may be due to a number of reasons, two of which are the expansion and contraction of the earth's crust and continental drift. 4 In order to limit the damage and to prevent some of the suffering resulting from earthquakes, scientists are working on ways to enable accurate prediction. Special instruments are used to help people record, for example, shaking of the earth. Scientists are trying to find methods that will enable them to indicate the exact time, location and size of an earthquake. 5 Certain phenomena have been observed which are believed to be signs of imminent earthquakes. These include strange behaviors of some animals, the changes in the content of mineral water, etc. The magnetic properties of rocks may also display special pattern before major earthquakes happen.A. Earthquakes forecastB. Historical records of earthquakesC. Intensities of earthquakesD. Cause of earthquakesE. Indications of earthquakesF. Damaging earthquakes

填空题Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-Flu 1. If a super-flu strikes, face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help, or harm, during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come from their mask research yet. However, the government says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway, just in case. 2. But it"s a question the public keeps asking while the government are making preparations for the next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) came up with preliminary guidelines. "We don"t want people wearing them everywhere," said the CDC. "The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure." 3. When that"s not possible, the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in one of the three following situations. First, you"re healthy and can"t avoid going to a crowded place. Second, you"re sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy, such as a family member checking on you. Third, you live with someone who"s sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection, but still need to go out. 4. Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that people never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive, although concern is rising that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person. 5. During the flu pandemic, you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds, and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why aren"t masks added to this self-protection list? Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only filter the larger droplets. Besides, the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway instead. 6. Nor does flu only spread through the air. Say someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand, then touches a doorknob or subway pole. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth, you"ve been exposed. It"s harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask and so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that sweat, and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask straight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users. 7. Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.

填空题 Ward off Travel Bugs 1 As the holiday season approaches, so does the prospect of jet lag, an upset stomach or sunburn. With care and some help from natural sources, however, it is quite possible to avoid these problems. 2 You can start to prepare a couple of weeks before you leave. Food poisoning will make any holiday miserable, but by taking some medicine such as lactobacillus and bifidobacteria, you can reduce the likelihood of succumbing to poisoning brought on by food or water tainted with unfamiliar bacteria. 3 By improving the bacteria balance in your digestive tract, you crowd out the pathogenic bacteria and stop them gaining a foothold. The beneficial bacteria also produce gentle but effective natural antibiotics in your gut. 4 In many holiday locations you need to remember the basics: drink bottled water, avoid undercooked meat and ensure that food hygiene is adequate. If you do succumb to food poisoning, drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and see a doctor. However, if you detect diarrhea early enough, you might like to try taking about 10 or 15 pancreatic digestive enzymes, which can digest the multiplying bacteria before they take over. 5 Taking a teaspoon of silicol gel can also help. This lines the stomach and upper intestinal area and binds with bacteria and viruses, allowing them to be safely passed out of the gut. When you pack, include grapefruit-seed extract, which is an excellent all-round anti-bacterial, anti-parasitic, anti-viral and anti-fungal agent. 6 Your flight can also be made more pleasant. Peppermint oil and ginger capsules ward off motion sickness, but a more delicious option is to nibble on crystallized ginger. If you tend to get earache on take-off and landing, you can use special earplugs with filler that slows down the rate of change in air pressure. 7 The greatest concern is "economy class syndrome", the popular name for deep-vein thrombosis, which can lead to blood clots traveling from the legs to the lungs, heart or brain. To reduce this, you need a couple of hours to stay hydrated, and avoid alcohol. 8 You can also reduce the severity of inflammation by taking a daily gram of vitamin C with the bioflavonoidquercetin. Vitamin C and quercetin also help to reduce prickly heat. 9 Finally. if any adverse symptoms persist while overseas, you should see a doctor.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～20题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} Singapore{{/B}}1 Singapore is an independent city-state in southeastern Asia, consisting of one major island the Singapore Island—and more than 50 small islands, located off the southern tip of Malay. The city of Singapore, the capital of the country, is at the southeastern end of the Singapore Island, it is one of the most important port cities and commercial centers of Southeast Asia. The total area of the republic is 640 sq. km.2 Low-lying Singapore Island has no outstanding relief(轮廓鲜明的) features. A central area of hills rises to the maximum height of 176m. The country has a wet tropical climate, with an average annual temperature of 27.2℃: The average annual rainfall is 2,4t3 mm; the wettest months are November through January.3 Singapore is governed under a constitution of 1959, as amended (修正后的). A president, elected to a four-year term, is head of state, and a prime minister is head of government. The president used to be elected by Parliament, but by a 1991 constitutional amendment (修正), the president is now elected directly by the people. The Parliament is the lawmaking body with its 81 members popularly elected.4 In the late 1980s the country had some 290 primary schools with 278,300 pupils and 160 secondary schools with 200,200 students. The main institutions of higher education are the National University of Singapore (founded in 1980 with the combination of two major universities), several technical colleges, and a teachers college.5 Singapore has one of the highest standards of living of any country in Asia. In the late 1980s the gross domestic product was estimated at ＄23.7 billion, or ＄8,870 per person. The fishing industry is centered on the port of During, on southwestern Singapore Island. Industry has grown rapidly since the 1960s, and Singapore now produces a diversity (多样化的) of goods, including chemicals, electronic items, clothing, and processed foods, etc. Shipbuilding and petroleum refining are also important.

填空题A. private companies or govemmentsB. sudden and unexpected injuriesC. illness or diseaseD. regular medical expensesE. surgical expenseF. the expenses of hospitalization

填空题Seek Health and Wellness Whether you are busy studying or starting clerkship, it is absolutely essential to maintain health and well-being throughout your medical career. Some ways are useful in trying to stay healthy and active. Hopefully you can take them! Staring at a laptop screen for a prolonged (长时间的) period of time not only dries out our eyes but also begins to take a toll on our efficiency. If you find yourself staring at the same slide for more than 15 minutes, take a nice walk outside! Different types of nuts are great brain food! Nuts of any kind can easily be absorbed into your daily meals. They go great with milk and salads. To add in the nutritious value of nuts, they serve as a source of protein (蛋白质) while helping to raise HDL, the "good cholesterol (胆固醇)" in our bodies. If you"re a coffee lover, try switching it up from time to time. Carbonated water is a good substitute every now and then. There are no calories, compared to regular sodas (碳酸饮料), and the carbonation adds a little fizz (嘶嘶声) that can help keep you awake and refreshed. It"s easy to feel nervous about medical practice, but if you keep your mind focused on the big picture and acknowledge what you"ve done instead of what you haven"t, your mindset will take a turn for the greater good. Being confident and staying positive changes your mood and outlook, making the workload more manageable. We may have something called "puppy therapy". It"s important to have something that is "your thing", something that you enjoy doing that helps you connect with the outside world. That can be anything that can relax your mind and re-energize your body without taking a huge mass out of your busy day.

填空题What Makes Me the Weight I Am? There's no easy answer to this question. Your genetic makeup, the physical traits that get passed down to you from your parents, plays a big part in determining your size and weight. (1) But if your parents are smaller than average, you may want to rethink that professional basketball career! The same goes for your body type. Have you ever heard someone say a person is "big boned" ? It's a way of saying the person has a large frame, or skeleton. Big bones usually weigh more than small bones. (2) Like your height or body type, your genes have a lot to say about what your weight will be. But that's only part of the story. Being overweight can run in someone's family, but it may not be because of their genes. (3) And even though some kids gain weight more easily than others, when they eat right and exercise, most kids can be a healthy and happy weight that's right for them. It's true — the way you live can change the way you look. How much you weigh is a balance between the calories you eat and the calories you use. (4) If you spend your free time watching TV, your body won't use as many calories as it would if you played basketball, skated, or went for a walk. If you are in balance, your weight will stay right for you as you grow. But if you eat more and exercise less, you may become overweight. (5) A. That's why it's possible for two kids with the same height, but different weights, to both be the right weight. B. If you eat more calories than your body needs to use, you will gain too much weight. C. Poor eating and exercise habits also run in families and this may be the reason the members of a family are overweight. D. However, many overweight people have difficulty reaching their healthy body weight. E. On the other hand, if you eat less and exercise more, you may lose weight. F. If both your parents are tall, there is a good chance you'll be tall.

填空题Specially trained testers were employed to examine new drivers in______.

填空题Pain All of us have felt pain. We have cut ourselves. We have been burned. Or we have had headaches. Some of us suffer pain rarely. (46) Pain can take complete control of our body and mind, making it impossible to move and even to think. Yet we need pain. Without it, we would not know if we have hurt ourselves. It is our body's warning system. (47) Pain is the most common reason we go to a doctor. It is the most common reason we take medicines. Until recently, however, most doctors knew of only a few drugs that stopped some pains. (48) But new knowledge about the process of pain is helping them to control pain better. Scientists have learned that the sense of pain is made up of both chemical and electrical signals. (49) Scientists also have learned that the nervous system sends two different kinds of pain messages to the brain: one very fast, the other slow. The first message is the warning signal. It moves at a speed of 30 meters a second. In less than a second, the brain understands that part of the body is hurt and how badly it is injured. (50) It tells us not to use the injured part until it heals.A. And others have painful attacks all the time.B. These signals travel from nerve cells in the injured area, up the spinal cord (脊髓) to the brain, and back down again.C. It tells us that we are injured and should do something about it.D. They knew little about the process of pain itself.E. The other message moves at a speed of only one meter a second.F. And they send the second, slower message of pain to the brain.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Do not underestimate(低估) the power of revision in the days and hours before and examination. The closer you are to the exam, the more chance you have of storing and retaining crucial information. But do not overdo it.{{U}} (46) {{/U}}An effective daily routine can help you through an exam period, so in the days leading up to your first ex- am, get into the habit of being up and ready to work by game. It can be a shock to the system after months of working to your own timetable to be mentally alert at that time if you have not prepared for it. On the day of the exam, have a good breakfast, pack two of everything you need (pens, pencils, erasers, etc. ), then make your way to the examination hall in good time.{{U}} (47) {{/U}} Once in your seat, simply pause for a few seconds and collect your thoughts. Close your eyes and take in a few slow, deep breaths to help you relax. When you turn over the test paper, spend a short period reading through all the instructions and questions, paying particular attention to key verbs such as "discuss", "compare" and "evaluate". {{U}}(48) {{/U}}It is always wise to allow 10 minutes at the end of the exam to give your- self time to go back over your answers. Once you have selected the questions you wish to tackle, begin by attempting the one you think is your strongest. It will give you more confidence when you see a well-answered question down on paper. Also remember to write clearly, and do not be afraid to express the unexpected: after all, examiners can get very bored marking stereotypical(千篇一律的) answers.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}If you do need something else to focus on to help you collect your thoughts, choose a fixture(固定设施) in the room, such as the ceiling or anything else that will not allow you to be distracted. Finally, once you have finished, never hang around outside afterwards to attend the discussion by other students{{U}} (50) {{/U}} A. Try not to be tempted to look at those around you, or at the clock. B. When you get home, read the examination paper through and look up the words you didn't understand. C. Sleep, exercise and relaxation are all just as important. D. Map out a quick plan of points you wish to make and how much time you should spend on each question. E. Go and have a well-earned rest--then prepare for your next exam. F. Do not arrive too early, though, as other people's anxiety can be contagious(传染性的), and you may suffer from undue panic.

填空题A parent should do as much as he or she can so as to give his or her child ______.

填空题A. should be encouraged rather than laughed atB. a sentimental displacement of feelingC. can have for people who never consented itD. is to weigh other' s interest against one' s ownE. it invites you to think that animals should be treated with no considerationF. human are different from animals in every respect

填空题People have always tried to "type" each other. Actors in early Greek drama wore masks to show the audience whether they played the villain's (坏人) or the hero's role. In fact, the words "person" and "personality" come from the Latin persona, meaning "mask. " Today, most televisionand movie actors do not wear masks.A. Even a skilled writer probably could not describe all the features that make one face different from another.B. Like the human face, human personality is very complex.C. But we can easily tell the "good guys" from the "bad guys" because the two types differ in appearance as well as in actions.E. Bookworms, conservatives, military types--people are described with such terms.F. We also tell people apart by how they behav

填空题Some poor adults do not look for jobs for a variety of personal reasons: they are sick, they do not have any motivation (动力). They have family problems, or they do not believe that they can find a job. ______ Many poor adults never went to high school. Therefore, when they look for jobs, they have few skills that they can offer.A. At the present time, the government thinks it can reduce poverty in the country in the following ways.B. However, if these people had stable jobs, they could have an acceptable standard of living.C. Other poor people look for a job but cannot find one.D. In 1975 over 18million people in the United States received Welfare.E. As the general standard of living in the country rises, the poverty line does, too.F. Some economists are looking for better solutions to the poverty problem.

填空题What Is Insulin-dependent Diabetes? When you eat, your body takes the sugar from food and turns it into fuel. (46) Your body uses glucose for energy, so it can do everything from breathing air to playing a video game. But glucose can't be used by the body on its own-it needs a hormone called insulin to bring it into the cells of the body. Most people get the insulin they need from the pancreas, a large organ near the stomach. The pancreas makes insulin; insulin brings glucose into the cells; and the body gets the energy it needs. When a person has insulin-dependent diabetes, it's because the pancreas is not making insulin. So someone could be eating lots of food and getting all the glucose he needs, but without insulin, there is no way for the body to use the glucose for energy. (47) . You may have heard older people talk about having diabetes, maybe people of your grandparents' age. Usually, this is a different kind of diabetes called non-insulin-dependent diabetes. It can also be called Type 2 diabetes , or adult-onset diabetes. (48) . When a kid is diagnosed with juvenile (insulin-dependent) diabetes, he will have that type of diabetes for his whole life. It won't ever change to non-insulin-dependent diabetes when he gets older. Scientists now think that a person who has juvenile diabetes was born with a certain gene or genes that made the person more likely to get the illness. (49) Many scientists believe that along with having certain genes, something else outside the person's body, like a viral infection, is necessary to set the diabetes in motion by affecting the cells in the pancreas that make insulin. But the person must have the gene (or genes) for diabetes to start out with-this means you can't get diabetes just from catching a flu, virus, or cold. And this type of diabetes isn't censed by eating too many sugary foods, either. Diabetes can take a long time to develop in a person's body-sometime months or years. Another important thing to remember is that diabetes is not contagious. (50) A. Genes are something that you inherit from your parents , and they are in your body even before you're born.B. This sugar-fuel is called glucose.C. It may be possible beat insulin resistance through lifestyle changes.D. You can't catch diabetes from people who have it, no matter how close you sit to them or if you kiss them.E. The glucose can't get into the cells of the body without insulin.F. When a person has this kind of diabetes, the pancreas usually can still make insulin, but the person's body needs more than the pancreas can mak

填空题下的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段第段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Lung Cancer 1 The death rate due to cancer of the lungs has increased more than 800 percent in males and has more than doubled in females during the last 25 years. It is considerably higher in urban and industrial areas than in rural districts. There are many possible cause, but it is still controversial which are most blameworthy. Those factors which have been mentioned most frequently are thepresence of foreign particles and other irritants in the air (smoke particles, smog, exhaust fumes), and the smoking of cigarettes and cigars. 2 Numerous studies have demonstrated a striking correlation between the death rate from lung cancer and smoking habits. Among heavy smokers—21 to 30 cigarettes per day—the mortality rate from lung cancer is nearly 17 times the rate from nonsmokers. It is expected the death rate among women will increase as the present high rate of smoking among women has its effect. 3 Sometimes cases of lung cancer are discovered at the time an X-ray is taken for the purpose of detecting tuberculosis. Too often, however, a current emphasis upon the danger of exposure to radiation from X-ray machines can frighten people away from routine chest X-rays. Modern X-ray machines in competent hands pose such slight danger, at least to those over 40 years of age, that this would be much more than offset by the advantages of discovering a tumor while it is small enough to be completely removed. 4 A common form of lung cancer is broncho-genic carcinoma, so-called because the malignancy originates in a bronchus. The tumor may grow until the bronchus is blocked, cutting spaces between lung and the outside, with a resulting pneumonia or the formation of a lung abscess. Such a lung cancer can also spread to cause secondary growths in the lymph nodes of the chest and neck as well as in the brain and other parts of the body. The only treatment that offers a possibility of cure, before secondary growths have had time to form, is to remove the lung completely. This operation is called pneumonectomy. 5 Malignant tumors of the stomach, the breast, the prostate gland and other organs may spread to the lungs, causing secondary growths. A. Common Secondary Lung Cancers B. The Advantages Brought about by Routine Chest Checkup C. Relationship Between Mortality Rate from Lung Cancer and Smoking Habits D. Operable and Inoperable Lung Cancers E. The Increasing Death Rate from Lung Cancer and Possible Causes F. An Ordinary Type of Lung Cancer

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Humans live in a world where many other living things compete for food and places to breed. The pathogenic organisms, ,or pathogens, are often broadly called germs, which cause many diseases to be able to invade the human body and use its cells and fluids for their own needs{{U}} (46) {{/U}} Pathogenic organisms can enter the body in various ways. Some —such as those that cause the common cold, pneumonia, and tuberculosis—are breathed in{{U}} (47) {{/U}}Still others—such as those that cause bacillary dysentery, cholera, and typhoid fever— get in the body through contaminated food, water, or utensils. Insects can spread disease by acting as vectors, or carriers. {{U}}(48) {{/U}}Germs may also enter the body through the bite of a mosquito, louse, or other insect vector. Kinds of disease Infectious, or communicable, diseases are those that can be passed between persons such as by means of airborne droplets from a cough or sneeze. Tiny organisms such as bacteria and fungi can produce infectious diseases. So can viruses. So can tiny worms. Whatever the causative agent might be, it survives in the person it infects and is passed on to another. Or, its eggs are passed on{{U}} (49) {{/U}} The asymptomatic carrier can then pass the disease on to someone else without even knowing he has it. Noninfectious, or noncommunicable, diseases are caused by malfunctions of the body. These include organ or tissue degeneration, erratic cell growth, and faulty blood formation and flow. Also included are disturbances of the stomach and intestine, the endocrine system, and the urinary and reproductive systems. Some diseases can be caused by diet deficiencies, lapses in the body's defense system, or a poorly operating nervous system. {{U}} (50) {{/U}}These ailments include drug addiction, obesity, malnutrition, and pollution-caused health problems. A. A disease is a condition that impairs the proper function of the body. B. Ordinarily, the body's defense system can ward off these invaders. C. Disability and illnesses can also be provoked by psychological and social factors. D. Sometimes, a disease-producing organism gets into a person who shows no symptoms of the disease. E. Others—such as those that cause venereal diseases—enter through sexual contact of human bodies. F. Flies can carry germs from human waste or other tainted materials to food and beverages.