填空题The Dangers of Second-hand Smoke Most people know that cigarette smoking is harmful to their health. Scientific research shows that it causes many kinds of diseases. In fact, many people who smoke get lung cancer. However, Edward Gilson has lung cancer, and he has never smoked cigarettes. He lives with his wife, Evelyn, who has smoked about a pack of cigarettes a day throughout their marriage. 1 No one knows for sure why Mr. Gilson has lung cancer. Nevertheless, doctors believe that second-hand smoke may cause lung cancer in people who do not smoke because nonsmokers often breathe in the smoke from other people"s cigarettes. 2 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that about 53,000 people die in the United States each year as a result of exposure to second-hand smoke. The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many different poisonous chemicals. In the past, scientists did not think that these chemicals could harm a nonsmoker"s health. 3 They discovered that even nonsmokers had unhealthy amounts of these toxic (有毒的) chemicals in their bodies. As a matter of fact, almost all of us breathe tobacco smoke at times, whether we realize it or not. For example, we cannot avoid second-hand smoke in restaurants, hotels and other public places. Even though many public places have nonsmoking areas, smoke flows in from the areas where smoking is permitted. It is even harder for children to avoid second-hand smoke. 4 Research shows that children who are exposed to second-hand smoke are sick more often than children who live in homes where no one smokes and that the children of smokers are more than twice as likely to develop lung cancer when they are adults as are children of nonsmokers. The risk is even higher for children who live in homes where both parents smoke. People are becoming very aware of the dangers of second-hand smoke. 5 A. Recently, though, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers. B. The Gilsons have been married for 35 years. C. This smoke is called second-hand smoke. D. However, second-hand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young. E. As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places. F. In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.

填空题Screen Test 1. Every year millions of women are screened with X-rays to pick up signs of breast cancer. If this happens early enough, the disease can often be treated successfully. According to a survey published last year, 21 countries have screening programmes. Nine of them, including Australia, Canada, the US and Spain, screen women under 50. 2. But the medical benefits of screening these younger women are controversial, partly because the radiation brings a small risk of inducing cancer. Also, younger women must be given higher doses of X-rays because their breast tissue is denser. 3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analysed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the women's cumulative dose of radiation, they used two models to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause. 4. The mathematical model recommended by Britain's National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) predicted that the screening programme would cause 36 cancers per 100,000 women, 18 of them fatal. The model preferred by the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation led to a lower figure of 20 cancers. 5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is "not very significant" compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened. 6. But they point out that the risk of women contracting cancer from radiation could be reduced by between 40 and 80 percent if screening began at 50 instead of 45, because they would be exposed to less radiation. The results of their study, they suggest, could help "optimise the technique" for breast cancer screening. 7. "There is a trade-off between the diagnostic benefits of breast screening and its risks," admits Michael Clark of the NRPB. But he warns that the study should be interpreted with caution. "On the basis of the current data, for every 1.0 cancers successfully detected and prevented there is a risk of causing one later in life. That's why radiation exposure should be minimised in any screening programme. /

填空题A. fall asleep againB. become more energetic the following dayC. sleep less than 7 hoursD. confirm those serious consequencesE. suffer sleep problemsF. sleep more than 8 hours

填空题 Ways to Reduce Exposure to Air Pollution 1. A report published recently brings bad news about air pollution. It suggests that it could be as damaging to our health as exposure to the radiation from the 1986 Ukraine nuclear power plant disaster. The report was published by the UK's Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. But what can city people do to reduce exposure to air pollution? Quite a lot, it turns out. 2. Avoid walking in busy streets. Choose side streets and parks instead. Pollution levels can fall a considerable amount just by moving a few meters away from the main pollution source—exhaust fumes (废气). Also don't walk behind smokers. Walk on the windward (顶风的) side of the street where exposure of pollutants (污染物) can be 50 percent less than on the downwind (顺风的) side. 3. Sitting on the driver's side of a bus can increase your exposure by 10 percent, compared with sitting on the side nearest the pavement. Sitting upstairs on a double-decker (双层电车) can reduce exposure. It is difficult to say whether traveling on an underground train is better or worse than taking the bus. Air pollution on underground trains tends to be less toxic (有毒的) than that at street level, because underground pollution is mostly made up of tiny iron particles (粒子) thrown up by wheels hitting the rails, while diesel (柴油机) and petrol fumes have a mixture of pollutants. 4. When you are crossing a road, stand well back from the curb (路缘) while you wait for the light to change. Every meter really does count when you are close to traffic. As the traffic begins to move, fumes can be reduced in just a few seconds. So holding your breath for just a moment can make a difference, even though it might sound silly. 5. There are large sudden pollution increases during rush hours. Pollution levels fall during nighttime. The time of year also makes a big difference. Pollution levels tend to be at their lowest during spring and autumn when winds are freshest. Extreme cold or hot weather has a trapping effect and tends to cause a build-up of pollutants.

填空题3. With Genetic Gift, 2 Monkeys Are Viewing a More Colorful World Dalton and Sam are male squirrel monkeys, about a foot tall. (46) Dalton and Sam lead a more protected life in the laboratory of Jay and Maureen Neitz at the University of Washington, Seattle. Recently, the Neitzes endowed them with a new genetic gift : the ability to see the world with full color vision. Male squirrel monkeys have only two of the color pigments (色素) known as opsins (视蛋白), unlike people who have three. The Neitzes, with Katherine Mancuso and other colleagues, used the technique of gene therapy to introduce the gene for the missing red pigment into the cone cells of the monkeys' retinas (视网膜). (47) It was somewhat surprising that the monkeys' brains could take advantage of a third opsin. The retina, however, seems to work by recording the difference between the signals from neighboring cones, the cells that detect color. (48) New World male monkeys like Dalton and Sam are chromatically challenged because their ancestors split off from Old World primates before full color vision evolved. At the time of the split, primates had only two visual pigments, one that is particularly sensitive to blue light and another that responds best to either green or red, depending on which variant of the gene is inherited. (49) The gene for the red or green opsin was duplicated, allowing individuals to see red and green instead of just one or the other. New World monkeys never developed the duplicated gene, but many females have full color vision nevertheless. The reason is that the red/green opsin gene lies on the X chromosome, so females who inherit a different version from each parent have both red and green opsins along with the blue opsin on another chromosome (染色体). (50) A. But males, with only one X chromosome, inherit just one variant of the red/green opsin - the green in the case of Dalton and Sam.B. Several months after the therapy, Dalton and Sam were able to see a world in which red hues (颜色) were visible and oranges no longer looked like lemons, the researchers say in the current issue of Nature.C. Their ancestors lived by eating fruit and insects in the forest canopy (树荫) of Central and South America.D. After the split, which began with the opening of the Atlantic between Africa and South America some 150 million years ago, the Old World primates benefited from a genetic accident.E. So the extra opsin gene given to Dalton and Sam would have changed the signal from affected cones and hence the message forwarded from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain.F. The monkey experiment would help researchers understand the circuitry used by the primate brain to analyze color.

填空题The boundaries of a speech community may be different from ______.

填空题China Seek Donors to Narrow Bone Marrow(骨髓)Gap China has launched a campaign to recruit more bone marrow donors, amid a shortage of funds as well as of sibling donors who could help the growing number of patients in need of life-saving transplants, state media reported on Monday. The Chinese Red Cross began the national campaign over the weekend to find donors for some 4 million patients suffering from leukaemia (白血病), thalassanemia (地中海贫血) and other blood diseases and awaiting bone marrow transplants, the official China Daily said. Every year China has 40,000 new leukaemia patients, most of them under 35 and 50 per cent of them children, the newspaper said. Other reports have linked China"s growing childhood leukaemia to solvents and building materials used in interior decoration. With a tiny pool of bone marrow donors, weakened by the absence of sibling donors for most children because of China"s one-child policy, doctors rely on donors from Taiwan to save many young leukaemia patients, the Belling Evening News said last weekend. Tatwan, with a population of 22 million, has 210,000 registered donors compared with fewer than 30,000 donors among mainland China"s 1.3 billion people, the newspaper said. Yet the lack of registered donors may reflect a lack of funding for testing and recording data on potential donors rather than a lack of volunteers, the newspaper said. China needs a pool of at least 100,000 donors but testing them would cost more than 50 million yuan (6 million dollars), it said. The Hong Kong Marrow Match Foundation said it has helped "a handful" of patients in Beijing, Shanghai and other cities. "The number of requests is increasing" from mainland China, including direct calls to the charity from desperate patients or relatives, said the foundation"s donor coordinator Marven Chin. But the cost of extracting bone marrow from one of the foundation"s 40,000 registered donors and flying it by courier has to be borne by the patients, and many of them have to be aided financially, Chin said.

填空题 Read with Greater Speed Do you have difficulty reading in class? If so, a special reading program that helps match sounds with letters could speed up your brain. At least one out of every five elementary school students in the US has trouble learning to read, even when the students are good at other subjects. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} Researchers from Yale University, US, studied a group of children from New York and Connecticut State. As part of the study, 37 struggling readers received special tutoring. Every day, instructors worked with them on recognizing how written letters represent units of sound called phonemes (音素). {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} By the end of the school year, these children could read faster than before. They also made fewer mistakes, and understood more of what they read than they could earlier in the year. As part of their study, the researchers used a special machine to take action photos of the students' brains. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}This is the same part of the brain that becomes active when good readers read. This activated brain area appears to include a structure that helps people recognize familiar written words quickly. In lower level readers, this structure remains inactive. A year later, the brain structure was still working hard in the students who had gone through the special tutoring, and they continued to do well in reading tests {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} However, some researchers still doubt the study. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} A. Many adults are interested in matching sounds with letters. B. The students also practiced reading aloud and spelling. C. The biggest challenge for many of these kids, scientists say, is matching sounds with letters. D. Another group in the study who went through a more traditional reading program didn't show the same progress. E. The pictures showed an increase in activity in the back of the brain on the left side. F. They believe that reading without making any noise or linking words to sounds is more efficient.

填空题ZYBAN Tablets (药片) ZYBAN is a prescription (处方) medicine to help people quit smoking. Studies have shown that more than one third of people quit smoking for at least one month while taking ZYBAN. For many patients, ZYBAN reduces withdrawal symptoms (脱瘾过程中产生的症状) and the strong wish to smoke. ZYBAN should be taken as directed by your doctor. The usual recommended dosing (剂量) is to take one 150-mg tablet in the morning for the first 3 days. On the fourth day, begin taking one 150-mg tablet in the morning and one 150-mg tablet in the early evening. Doses should be taken at least 8 hours apart. For most patients, treatment will last 7 to 12 weeks. Because results vary, it may take longer for some people. Possibly up to 6 months depending on the individual. If you"ve been smoking for a long time, ZYBAN will help to reduce withdrawal symptoms. It"s important to remain on ZYBAN for at least 7 to 12 weeks in order to quit for good. Your doctor should determine when to stop taking ZYBAN. It takes about 1 week for ZYBAN to reach the right levels in your body to be effective. So, to increase your chance of quitting as much as possible, you should not stop smoking until you have been taking ZYBAN for 1 week. You should set a date to stop smoking during the second week you"re taking ZYBAN. The side effects (副作用) associated with ZYBAN are generally mild and often disappear after a few weeks. The most common side effects are dry mouth and difficulty in sleeping. If you have difficulty sleeping, avoid taking your medicine too close to bedtime.

填空题 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2—5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27—30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 {{B}}Museums in the Modern World{{/B}}1. Museums have changed. They are no longer places for the privileged few or for bored vacationers to visit on rainy days. Action and democracy are words used in descriptions of museums now.2. At a science museum in Ontario, Canada, you can feel your hair stand on end as harmless electricity passes through your body. At the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, you can look at 17th century instruments while listening to their music. At the Modem Museum in Sweden, you can put on costumes provided by the Stockholm Opera. As these examples show, museums are reaching out to new audiences, particularly the young, the poor, and the less educated members 'of the population. As a result, attendance is increasing.3. More and more, museums directors are realizing that people learn best when they can somehow become part of what they are seeing. In many science museums, for example, there are no guided tours. The visitor is encouraged to touch, listen, operate, and experiment so as to discover scientific principles for himself. He can have the experience of operating a spaceship or a computer. He can experiment with glass blowing and paper making. The purpose is not only to provide fun but also to help people feel at home in the world (y[ science. The theory is that people who do not understand science will probably fear it, and those who fear science will not use it to best advantage. Many museums now provide educational services and children's departments. In addition to the usual displays, they also offer film showings and dance programs. Instead of being places that one "should" visit, they are places to enjoy.4. One cause of all these changes is the increase in wealth and leisure time. Another cause is the rising percentage of young people in the population. Many of these young people are college students or college graduates. They are better educated than their parents. They see things in a new and different way. They are not content to stand and look at works of art; they want art they can participate in. The same is true of science and history. In the US, certain groups who formerly were too poor to care about anything beyond the basic needs of daily life are now becoming curious about the world around them. The young people in these groups ,like young people in general, have benefited from a better education than their parents received. All these groups, and the rest of the population as well, have been influenced by television, which has taught them about other places and other times.5. The effect of all this has been to change existing museums and to encourage the building of new ones. In the US and Canada alone, there are now more than 6,000 museums, almost twice as many as there were 25 years ago. About half of them are devoted to history, and the rest are evenly divided between the arts and sciences. The number of visitors, according to the American Association of museums, has risen to more than 700 million a year.6. In fact, the crowds of visitors at some museums are creating a major problem. Admission to museums has always been either free or very inexpensive, but now some museums are charging entrance fees for the first time or raising their prices. Even when raised, however, entrance fees are generally too low to support a museum, with its usually large building and its highly trained staff.

填空题A. Higher living standardB. Importance of transport in tradeC. Various means of transportD. Birth of transport-related industries and tradeE. Role of information in tradeF. Public transportation

填空题 The Dangers of Secondhand Smoke Most people know that cigarette smoking is harmful to their health. Scientific research shows that it causes many kinds of diseases. In fact, many people who smoke get lung cancer However, Edward Gilson has lung cancer, and he has never smoked cigarettes. He lives with his wife, Evelyn, who has smoked about a pack of cigarettes a day throughout their marriage. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}. No one knows for sure why Mr. Gilson has lung cancer. Nevertheless, doctors believe that secondhand smoke may cause lung cancer in people who do not smoke because nonsmokers often breathe in the smoke from other people's cigarettes. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}The US Environmental Protection Agency reports that about 53000 people die in the United States each year as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke. The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many different poisonous chemicals. In the past, scientists did not think that these chemicals could harm a nonsmoker's health. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}They discovered that even nonsmokers had unhealthy amounts of these toxic (有毒的) chemicals in their bodies. As a matter of fact, almost all of US breathe tobacco smoke at times, whether we realize it or not. For example, we cannot avoid secondhand smoke in restaurants, hotels and other public places. Even though many public places have nonsmoking areas, smoke flows in from the areas where smoking is permitted. It is even harder for children to avoid secondhand smoke. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}Research shows that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are sick more often than children who live in homes where no one smokes and that the children of smokers are more than twice as likely to develop lung cancer when they are adults as are children of nonsmokers. The risk is even higher for children who live in homes where both parents smoke. People are becoming very aware of the dangers of secondhand smoke. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}} A. Recently, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers. B. The Gilsons have been married for 35 years. C. This smoke is called secondhand smoke. D. However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young. E. As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places. F. In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.

填空题 Bedwetting (尿床) Millions of kids and teenagers from every part of the world wet the bed every single night. It's so common that there are probably other kids in your class who do it. Most kids don't tell their friends, so it's easy to feel kind of alone, like you might be the only one on the whole planet who wets the bed. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} The fancy name for bedwetting is nocturnal enuresis. Enuresis runs in families. This means that if you urinate, or pee, while you are asleep, there's a good chance that a close relative also did it when he or she was a kid. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} The most important thing to remember is that no one wets the bed on purpose. It doesn't mean that you're lazy or a slob. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}For some reason, kids who wet the bed are not able to feel that their bladders is full and don't wake up to pee in the toilet. Sometimes a kid who wets the bed will have a realistic dream that he's in the bathroom peeing—only to wake up later and discover he's all wet. Many kids who wet the bed are very deep sleepers. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}} Some kids who wet the bed do it every single night. Others wet some nights and are dry on others. A lot of kids say that they seem to be drier when they sleep at a friend's or a relative's house. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}So the brain may be thinking, "Hey, you! Don't wet someone else's bed!" This can help you stay dry if you're not aware of it. A. The good news is that almost all kids who wet the bed eventually stop. B. Trying to wake up someone who wets the bed is often like trying to wake a log—they just stay asleep. C. It's something you can't help doing. D. Just like you may have inherited your mom's blue eyes or your uncles' long legs, you probably inherited bedwetting, too. E. That's because kids who are anxious about wetting the bed may not sleep much or only very lightly. F. But you are not alone.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择 5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}The Dangers of Secondhand Smoke{{/B}} Most people know that cigarette smoking is harmful to their health. Scientific research shows that it causes many kinds of diseases. In fact, many people who smoke get lung cancer. However, Edward Gilson has lung cancer, and he has never smoked cigarettes. He lives with his wife, Evelyn, who has smoked about a pack of cigarettes a day throughout their marriage.{{U}} (46) {{/U}} No one knows for sure why Mr. Gilson has lung cancer. Nevertheless, doctors believe that secondhand smoke may cause lung cancer in people who do not smoke because nonsmokers often breathe in the smoke from other people's cigarettes.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}The US Environmental Protection Agency reports that about 53,000 people die in the United States each year as a result of exposure to secondhand smoke. The smoke that comes from a lit cigarette contains many different poisonous chemicals. In the past, scientists did not think that these chemicals could harm a nonsmoker's health.{{U}} (48) {{/U}}They discovered that even nonsmokers had unhealthy amounts of these toxic (有毒的) chemicals in their bodies. As a matter of fact, almost all of us breathe tobacco smoke at times, whether we realize it or not. For example, we cannot avoid secondhand smoke in restaurants, hotels and other public places. Even though many public places have nonsmoking areas, smoke flows in from the areas where smoking is permitted. It is even harder for children to avoid secondhand smoke.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}Research shows that children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are sick more often than children who live in homes where no one smokes and that the children of smokers are more than twice as likely to develop lung cancer when they are adults as are children of nonsmokers. The risk is even higher for children who live in homes where both parents smoke. People are becoming very aware of the dangers of secondhand smoke.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}A．Recently, though, scientists changed their opinion after they studied a large group of nonsmokers.B．The Gilsons have been married for 35 years.C．This smoke is called secondhand smoke.D．However, secondhand smoke is dangerous to all people, old or young.E．As a result, they have passed laws which prohibit people from smoking in many public places.F．In the United States, nine million children under the age of five live in homes with at least one smoker.

填空题 Pain All of us have felt pain. We have cut ourselves. We have been burned. Or we have had headaches. Some of us suffer pain rarely. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}} Pain can take complete control of our body and mind, making it impossible to move and even to think. Yet we need pain. Without it, we would not know if we have hurt ourselves. It is our body's warning system. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}} Pain is the most common reason we go to a doctor. It is the most common reason we take medicines. Until recently, however, most doctors knew of only a few drugs that stopped some pains. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}But new knowledge about the process of pain is helping them to control pain better. Scientists have learned that the sense of pain is made up of both chemical and electrical signals. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}Scientists also have learned that the nervous system sends two different kinds of pain messages to the brain: one very fast, the other slow. The first message is the warning signal. It moves at a speed of 30 meters a second. In less than a second, the brain understands that part of the body is hurt and how badly it is injured. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}It tells us not to use the injured part until it heals. A. And others have painful attacks all the time. B. These signals travel from nerve cells in the injured area, up the spinal cord (脊髓) to the brain, and back down again. C. It tells us that we are injured and should do something about it. D. They knew little about the process of pain itself. E. The other message moves at a speed of only one meter a second. F. And they send the second, slower message of pain to the brain.

填空题 下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第3～6段每段选择1个最佳标题：(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 Facts about Stroke 1 Every 45 seconds, someone in America has a stroke. Every 3.1 minutes, someone dies of one. Stroke killed an estimated 167,661 people in 2000 and is the nation's third leading cause of death, ranking behind diseases of the heart and all forms of cancer. Stroke is a leading cause a serious, long-term disability in the United States. 2 Stroke is a type of cardiovascular(心血管的)disease. It affects the arteries (动脉)leading to and within the brain. A stroke occurs when a blood vessel that carries oxygen and nutrients(营养物) to the brain is either blocked by a clot(凝块)or bursts. When that happens, part of the brain cannot get the blood (and oxygen) it needs, so it starts to die. 3 The brain is an extremely complex organ that controls various body functions. If a stroke occurs and blood flow can't reach the region that controls a particular body function, that part of the body won't work as it should. If the stroke occurs toward the back of the brain, for instance, it's likely that some disability involving vision will result. The effects of a stroke depend primarily on the location of the obstruction(阻塞) and the extent of brain tissue affected. 4 The American Stroke Association has identified several factors that increase the risk of stroke. The more risk factors a person has, the greater the chance that he or she will have a stroke. Some of these you can't control, such as increasing age, family health history, race, and prior stroke. But you can change or treat other risk factors to lower your risk. Factors resulting from life-style or environment can be modified with a healthcare provider's help. Some of these include: high blood pressure, current smoking, heart disease, and high red blood cell count. 5 A stroke can happen to anyone at any moment. In fact about 600,000 people have strokes every year. For many years, there was no hope for those suffering a stroke. However, recent breakthroughs have led to new treatments. For the treatments to work, the person must get to a hospital immediately. A. Effects of a stroke B. Annual cost of stroke in the US C. Definition and description of a stroke D. Breakthroughs in treatment E. Risk factors of stroke F. Warning signs of a stroke

填空题 Caring for the Old The old do not have to look exclusively to the past. Relieved of some of life's responsibilities and fortified by many years of experience and knowledge, they may have a much better idea of how to spend their time enjoyably than they did in their youth. And not all enjoyment is restricted to the mental or philosophical. Healthy physical activity remains quite possible for most of us well into our later years. Old people sometimes display surprising freedom and forthrightness in the expression of their thoughts and feelings, and an ability to transmit affection. It is as though some of the rituals which constrict us in earlier life fall away. But a higher percentage of people suffer from emotional distress in old age than at any other time in adult life, and the gap between need and care is often filled by dubious measures, such as heavy-handed prescription of medicine. For many years it was assumed that old people were not appropriate candidates for psychotherapy. But a few clinicians have risen to the challenge and discovered that individual and group psychotherapy is just as effective with the old as with the young. It is easy to understand why an earthquake causes terror. Yet in old age there may be terror of a very private nature, a sense of disintegration sometimes stemming from inner conflicts, sometimes from a premonition of death or the fear of becoming dependent. Dependency is a grim choice: insecurity and deprivation must be weighed against loss of autonomy and integrity. But if there is nothing shameful about the dependency of a baby or a young child, there should be nothing shameful about the dependencies natural with old age and diminishing physical resources. The complexity and impersonality of the bureaucratic establishments, which have the means to provide help, are often threatening to old people. The younger generation today, on the other hand, will have had many decades to interact with "the system" by the time they reach old age. Many of us, including healthcare providers, assume that we know what old people and dying people want, but our assumptions are often a reflections of our won thoughts and feelings based on personal interpretations of scanty bits of observation. Such assumptions are really an excuse to avoid close contact with the terminally ill. Assuming we "know" what they want, we observe ourselves from being with them, and sharing their thoughts about the end of life. We sometimes assume, wrongly, that old people are too confused or senile to be aware of the nearness of death. In consequence, communication between a dying and others is subject to extraordinary omissions and distortions. "Protecting" the dying from knowledge of their condition often serves to protect us from the uncomfortable prospect of talking about dying and death. Evasions like this only lead to increasing isolation at a time when emotional honesty and understanding are most needed.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}}US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty{{/B}} 1 The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions. 2 The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly, including the United States, last year. Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies. 3 For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs. It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban. 4 The impact of the treaty could be huge. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year. 5 The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. So far, 109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.

填空题Science and Technology There is a difference between science and technology. 1 Science has to do with discovering the facts and relationships between observable phenomena in nature and with establishing theories that serve to organize these facts and relationships; technology has to do with tools, techniques, and procedures for applying the findings of science. 2 Progress in science excludes the human factor. Scientists, who seek to understand the universe and know the truth within the highest degree of accuracy and certainty, cannot pay attention to their own or other peoples likes or dislikes or to popular ideas about the fitness of things. 3 But even an unpleasant truth is more than likely to be useful; besides, we have the choice of refusing to believe it! But hardly so with technology; we do not have the choice of refusing to hear the sound produced by a supersonic (超音速的) aircraft flying overhead; we cannot refuse to breathe polluted air. 4 The purpose of technology is to serve people—people in general, not merely some people; and future generations, not merely those who presently wish to gain advantage for themselves. 5 Many people blame technology itself for widespread pollution, resource depletion (枯竭) and even social decay in general—so much so that the promise of technology is "obscured". That promise is a cleaner and healthier world. If wise applications of science and technology do not lead to a better world, what else will? A. Another distinction between science and technology has to do with the progress in each. B. Unlike science, progress in technology must be measured in terms of the human factor. C. What scientists discover may shock or anger people—as did Darwin"s theory of evolution. D. Science and technology are different. E. We are all familiar with the improper use of technology. F. Science is a method of answering theoretical questions; technology is a method of solving practical problems.

填空题 A Doctor in the House Brushing your teeth twice a day should keep the dentist away. But if a group of scientific researchers have their wish, it will make the rest of your body healthy too. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}It is one of many gadgets (小装置) proposed by engineers and doctors at the Center for Future Health in New York—others include a pair of glasses that help to jog your memory, and a home camera designed to check for cancer. The devices seem fanciful, but the basic principles are simple. The gadgets should make it easy for people to detect illness long before it strikes and so seek treatment far earlier than normal. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}In the long run, the technology may even prevent illness by encouraging us to lead healthier lives. Intelligent bandages (绷带) are a good example. Powerful sensors within the bandage could quickly identify tiny amounts of bacteria in a wound and determine which antibiotics (抗生素) would work best. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} Socks are long overdue for a makeover. In the future they will be able to automatically detect the amount of pressure in your foot and alert you when an ulcer (溃疡) is coming up. All the projects should have far-reaching implications, but the biggest single development is a melanoma (黑瘤) monitor designed to give early warnings of cancer. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}. If a problem is found, the system would advise you to get a check-up at your doctor's surgery. If all this sounds troublesome, then help is at hand. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}. A standard computer would be able to understand your voice and answer questions about your symptoms in plain English and in a way which would calm your nerves. A. The device could be used to take a picture of your body each week, then compare it with previous images. B. That is going to be the difficult part. C. The cut could then be treated instantly so avoiding possible complications. D. Experts are also working on a "digital doctor", completing it with a comforting bedside manner. E. Instead of relying on hi-tech hospitals, the emphasis is shifted to the home and easy-to-use gadgets. F. A toothbrush that checks blood sugar and bacteria while you brush is currently in development in USA.