填空题A. Atmospheric ScientistsB. The Calculations Made at the Berlin WorkshopC. The Previous Calculations of the Effect of AerosolsD. The Scientists' AgreementE. The Authoritative ConclusionF. Greenhouse Gases

填空题Pain All of us have felt pain. We have cut ourselves. We have been burned. Or we have had headaches. Some of us suffer pain rarely. (46) Pain can take complete control of our body and mind, making it impossible to move and even to think. Yet we need pain. Without it, we would not know if we have hurt ourselves. It is our body's warning system. (47) Pain is the most common reason we go to a doctor. It is the most common reason we take medicines. Until recently, however, most doctors knew of only a few drugs that stopped some pains. (48) But new knowledge about the process of pain is helping them to control pain better. Scientists have learned that the sense of pain is made up of both chemical and electrical signals. (49) Scientists also have learned that the nervous system sends two different kinds of pain messages to the brain: one very fast, the other slow. The first message is the warning signal. It moves at a speed of 30 meters a second. In less than a second, the brain understands that part of the body is hurt and how badly it is injured. (50) It tells us not to use the injured part until it heals.A. And others have painful attacks all the time.B. These signals travel from nerve cells in the injured area, up the spinal cord (脊髓) to the brain, and back down again.C. It tells us that we are injured and should do something about it.D. They knew little about the process of pain itself.E. The other message moves at a speed of only one meter a second.F. And they send the second, slower message of pain to the brain.

填空题A. your own choice of words B. the word "cancer" C. the positive steps D. about the next step E. on too many answers F. with too much information

填空题Old Man Myths and Realities 1 When does a middle-aged man become an old man? Officially, of course, it"s when we reach retirement age. But, as we all know, this is a fairly blunt (生硬的) method of decision making. As life expectancy(预期寿命) increases, retirement planning needs to be changed. This is because being an old man today is very different from what it was a generation or so ago. 2 Sixty-five is the new middle-aged man. These days people are talking about the young-old, that is ages 70-75, and those over 75 as the old-old. The young-old frequently continue in good health and maintain strong links with friends and family. The old-old have a much higher chance of poor health and social isolation. 3 Although men are living longer, there are still more old women than old men. This fact alone should arouse interest as to why. Relatively little is actually known about why this is the case or about the experiences of the old man. Sure, we are aware that the old man experiences anxiety, financial problems, loneliness, etc. , but that"s really about all we know. 4 It is usually believed that the old man often complains about their health. In fact, most rate their health as good even though most are diagnosed with at least one chronic illness. The physical health of the old man is strongly affected by their health behavior when they were younger.

填空题Exercising Year Memory 1 Aging does not mean a dramatic decline in memory power, unless you help it happen by letting your mind go. 2 That"s not to say that memory, doesn"t change throughout life. Researchers divide memory into categories based on the length of time when memories are stored. One system divides it up as short-term ( less than one minute ; remembering a telephone number while you dial, for instance) , long-term ( over a period of years) and very long-term memory (over a lifetime). 3 Short-term memory isn"t mastered until about age 7, but after that you never lose it. Long-term memory, however, involves more effort and skill and changes more through life. It"s not until the early teens(十几岁 ) that most people develop a mature long-term memory. 4 First, we must get information into our heads through learning. Learning strategies can get rusty (生绣) without constant use. High school and college students, who are forced to repeatedly exercise their long- term memory abilities ( at least long-term enough to get them through a final exam), usually do well on memory tests. The longer you stay in school, the more chance you get to polish your learning skills. It"s no wonder that more highly educated people have more effective memory skills throughout life. 5 Although older people in general learn somewhat more slowly than they did when younger, a dramatic difference exists between those who stay intellectually active—reading, discussing, taking classes, thinking—and those who do not. Giving the brain daily workout (锻炼) is just as important as exercising your muscles. Brainwork keeps your learning strategies in shape, and this helps your memory to function at full capacity. 6 The next part of a healthy, long-term memory is retention (记忆力), the ability to store what you have learned. Memory researchers still do not know whether memories are lost—whether they still exist in the brain but our mental searching cannot turn them up, or have disappeared entirely as our brain ages. 7 The third necessity for memory is recall, the ability to bring to mind the memories we have stored. Again, while aging has widely different effects on the recall abilities of different people, research indicates that the older we get, the longer it takes to recall facts. But slower recall is still recall. In fact, aging does not seem to have any effect on forgetting at all, which takes place at the same rate in younger and older people.

填空题 The Story of Lani Five-year-old Lani still takes seven medicines with her breakfast every morning. "She's very good about it," says her father David. Lani is alive today because of her father David, in more than one way; when she was one year old she received part of her father's liver in a liver transplant operation. Lani was born with a liver illness. {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}Doctors advised that a transplant was the only way in which she would live. The operation lasted 12 hours and needed two teams, one for the father and one for the daughter. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}In these cases, the donor's liver grows to normal size in about eight weeks. And the child's liver becomes smaller. Lani spent three weeks in hospital after the operation. Because the receiver's body tries to reject the new organ, the patient has to be given special drugs. {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}} Although David left hospital after 10 days, he didn't return to work until after three months. In order to reach the liver, the doctors have to cut through the stomach wall, which is strong and full of muscle. It therefore takes a long time to recover after this operation. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}So far, only 16 of these liver-transplant operations have been carried out in Britain. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}Doctors say, "If possible, we prefer to take a liver from a dead donor, usually a parent." Lani still has to look after her health, and she gets more tired than other children of the same age, but doctors hope that she will continue to get stronger and stronger. A．She had one operation when she was six weeks old, which was not successful. B．While these drugs are given, it is important that the patient does not catch any illness, not even a cold. C．In this operation a piece of liver, weighing about 250—300 grams, was removed from the father and transplanted into the daughter. D．David quickly recovered from the operation. E．However, they are more common in North America and Japan. F．David was finally able to ride his bike again after about a year.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}Bedwetting{{/B}} Millions of kids and teenagers from every part of the world wet the bed every single night. It's so common that there are probably other kids in your class who do it. Most kids don't tell their friends, so it's easy to feel kind of alone, like you might be the only one on the whole planet who wets the bed. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} The fancy name for bedwetting is nocturnal enuresis. Enuresis runs in families. This means that if you urinate, or pee, while you are asleep, there's a good chance that a close relative also did it when he or she was a kid. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} The most important' thing to remember is that no one wets the bed on purpose, It doesn't mean that you're lazy or a slob. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} For some reason, kids who wet the bed are not able to feel that their bladder is full and don't wake up to pee in the toilet. Sometimes a kid who wets the bed will have a realistic dream that he's in the bathroom peeing — only to wake up later and discover he's all wet. Many kids who wet the bed are very deep sleepers. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} Some kids who wet the bed do it every single night. Others wet some nights and are dry on others. A lot of kids say that they seem to be drier when they sleep at a friend's or a relative's house. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} So the brain may be thinking, "Hey, you! Don't wet someone else's bed!" This can help you stay dry even if you're not aware of it.A The good news is that almost all kids who wet the bed eventually stop.B Trying to wake up someone who wets the bed is often like trying to wake a log — they just stay asleep.C It's something you can't help doing.D Just like you may have inherited your mom's blue eyes or your uncle's long legs, you probably inherited bedwetting, too.E That's because kids who are anxious about wetting the bed may not sleep much or only very lightly.F But you are not alone.

填空题Many older people commit suicide as a result of

填空题1. More efforts are being made toward environmentally safe work places. An environmental policy research organization has done that in Washington, D.C. The World Resources Institute re-designed its office to make it safer for people and the environment. This newly-designed office is called a "green" office. 2. The newly designed office was made with environmentally safe building materials instead of building products that are harmful to the environment. For example, the floor of the office is made of bark(树皮)from a cork tree. The bark of a cork tree will renew itself so the tree does not die. The cork floor also feels good to stand on. 3. The floor in another part of the office is made of bamboo(竹子). Bamboo is a fast-growing grass that quickly replaces itself. Other areas of the floor are covered with carpeting. However, unlike many offices, the carpet was made without harmful chemicals. 4. Storage areas in the office are made from the crushed shells of sunflower seeds. The office doors are made from pressed wheat straw. Wheat straw is an agriculture waste product that would normally be burned. That process adds chemicals to the atmosphere. 5. World Resources Institute officials also chose lighting and other electrical equipment that use less energy. And, they improved their communication systems. New video communication equipment lets workers see and talk to people in other cities. The new equipment was added to reduce the amount of travel by office workers. That reduces the amount of harmful gases that are released into the atmosphere by cars or planes. 6. The organization's officials also announced a plan that would reduce harmful carbon dioxide gases from their office by the year 2005. 7. World Resources Institute officials say the cost of building a "green" office is similar to that of a traditional office. They say building more "green" offices could lead to a healthier environment. They say a healthy environment and a strong economy can exist together. The organization says it is creating a work environment that is better for people.

填空题 Caring for the Old 1. The old do not have to look exclusively to the past. Relieved of some of life's responsibilities and fortified by many years of experience and knowledge, they may have a much better idea of how to spend their time enjoyably than they did in their youth. And not all enjoyment is restricted to the mental or philosophical. Healthy physical activity remains quite possible for most of us well into our later years. 2. Old people sometimes display surprising freedom and forthrightness in the expression of their thoughts and feelings, and an ability to transmit affection. It is as though some of the rituals which constrict us in earlier life fall away. 3. But a higher percentage of people suffer from emotional distress in old age than at any other time in adult life, and the gap between need and care is often filled by dubious measures, such as heavy-handed prescription of medicine. For many years it was assumed that old people were not appropriate candidates for psychotherapy. But a few clinicians have risen to the challenge and discovered that individual and group psychotherapy is just as effective with the old as with the young. 4. It is easy to understand why an earthquake causes terror. Yet in old age there may be terror of a very private nature, a sense of disintegration sometimes stemming from inner conflicts, sometimes from a premonition of death or the fear of becoming dependent. 5. Dependency is a grim choice: insecurity and deprivation must be weighed against loss of autonomy and integrity. But if there is nothing shameful about the dependency of a baby or a young child, there should be nothing shameful about the dependencies natural with old age and diminishing physical resources. 6. The complexity and impersonality of the bureaucratic establishments, which have the means to provide help, are often threatening to old people. The younger generation today, on the other hand, will have had many decades to interact with "the system" by the time they reach old age. 7. Many of us, including healthcare providers, assume that we know what old people and dying people want, but our assumptions are often a reflections of our own thoughts and feelings based on personal interpretations of scanty bits of observation. Such assumptions are really an excuse to avoid close contact with the terminally ill. Assuming we "know" what they want, we observe ourselves from being with them, and sharing their thoughts about the end of life. 8. We sometimes assume, wrongly, that old people are too confused or senile to be aware of the nearness of death. In consequence, communication between a dying and others is subject to extraordinary omissions and distortions. "Protecting" the dying from knowledge of their condition often serves to protect us from the uncomfortable prospect of talking about dying and death. Evasions like this only lead to increasing isolation at a time when emotional honesty and understanding are most needed. A. Knowing Better How to Enjoy Life B. Freedom in Expression C. Psychotherapy Effective with Some of the Old D. Period of Greater Emotional Distress E. Dependency. a Grim Choice F. Guiltiness. Dependency

填空题Some Unusual Celebrations Some holidays are well-known all around the world. Among them are New Year's Eve celebrations. Also common are days in honor of love and friendship,like Valentine's Day. Each country has its own special holidays, too, often to mark important events in its history. Schools, banks, and government offices all close on days like these. (46) A few of them are really very strange. Of course, they are not strange to the people who celebrate them. Perhaps that is because the celebrations have long traditions. Consider April Fool's Day, for example. No one knows when or why it began. Today it is celebrated in many countries—France, England, and Australia, among others. On this day,people play practical jokes. (47) The ones who laugh are the ones playing the jokes. The people they fool often get angry. Does celebrating this day make sense to you? Dingus Day in Poland seems strange,too. On this day,it is traditional for boys to pour water over the heads of girls. Here is the strangest part:They do it to girls they like. Other unusual celebrations take place in a single city or town. A holiday called La Tomatina is celebrated in Bunol,Spain. Every year,in late August,big trucks carry more than 200,000 pounds of tomatoes into this little town. (48) For two hours,people in the streets throw tomatoes at each other. Everyone ends up red from head to toe. August 10 marks the start of the Puck Fair,an Irish festival with a very unusual tradition. People from the town of Killorglin go up into the mountains and catch a wild goat. (49) There are also some celebrations that are really strange. In the United States, sometimes one person gets an idea for a new holiday and tries to get others to accept it. Whose idea was Public Sleeping Day? That one is on February 28. It may seem strange, but it sounds like more fun than the one on February 9. (50) Do you like the idea of inventing a new holiday? If you do,then you will want to mark March 26 on your calendar. That is Make Up Your Own Holiday Day. A. Some of the days people celebrate, however,are less serious. B. That is supposed to be Toothache Day. C. Some people have fun imagining new holidays. D. Then begins the world's biggest food fight. E. Jokes are supposed to be funny,but these jokes do not make everyone laugh. F. They bring him back to town, put a crown on his head, and make him king for three days.

填空题All of US Have Felt Pain We have cut ourselves. We have been burned. Or we have had headaches. Some of us suffer pain rarely pain rarely. 1 Pain can take complete control of our body and mind, making it impossible to move and even to think. Yet we need pain. Without it, we would not know if we have hurt ourselves. It is our body"s warning system. 2 Pain is the most common reason we go to a doctor. It is the most common reason we take medicines. Until recently, however, most doctors knew of only a few drugs that stopped some pains. 3 But new knowledge about the process of pain is helping them to control pain better. Scientists have learned that the sense of pain is made up of both chemical and electrical signals. 4 Scientists also have learned that the nervous system sends two different kinds of pain messages to the brain, one very fast, the other slow. The first message is the warning signal. It moves at a speed of 30 meters a second. In less than a second, the brain understands that part of the body is hurt and how badly it is injured. 5 It tells us not to use the injured part until it heals. A. And others have painful attacks all the time. B. These signals travel from nerve cells in the injured area, up the spinal cord(脊髓)to the brain, and back down again. C. It tells us that "we are injured and should do something about it." D. They knew little about the process of pain itself. E. The other message moves at a speed of only 13 meters a second. F. And they send the second, slower message of pain to the brain.

填空题A. sad and lonelyB. emotionally healthyC. without real love for themD. a sense of security healthyE. a lonely wolfF. without pity

填空题Most doctors are too optimistic in predicting how long dying patients have to live, and this has a negative effect on the care they receive in their final days, American researchers said Friday. A study by scientists at the University of Chicago Medical Center in Illinois showed that of the survival estimates for 486 terminally ill patients given by 343 doctors, (46) . (47) , and in some cases doctors predicted patients had five time longer to live than proved to be the case. "Doctors are inaccurate in their prognoses(预后)for terminally ill patients and the error is systematically optimistic," professor Nicholas Christakis and Dr Elizabeth Lamont said in a report in The British Medical Journal. The researchers added that doctors who knew their patients best were more likely to get it wrong. " (48) ...the type of systematic bias toward optimism that we have found in doctors' objective prognostic assessments may be adversely(不利地)affecting patient care," the researchers added. Instead of receiving three months of hospice care, which is considered to be the ideal, (49) . Patients who thought they had longer to live also opted for more aggressive treatment instead of palliative(治标的)care, the report said. The researcher suggested doctors should get second opinions from colleagues, (50) , before giving a prognosis. "Reliable prognostic information is a key determinant in both doctors' and patients' decision making," they said.A. many patients received only one month's care because of the optimistic prognosis.B. Although some error is unavoidableC. a lot of patients are eager to leave the hospital.D. only 20 percent were accurateE. particularly if they know a patient well.F. Sixty three percent of the predictions overestimated the time patients had left.

填空题The university offers a rich variety of ______.

填空题Mind Those Manners on the Subway So, there you are, just sitting there in the subway car, enjoying that book you just bought. 1 Or, the person sitting next to you takes out a nail clipper (指甲刀) and begins cutting his or her nails. Annoying? Many of us have to spend some time every day on public transportation. 2 So, to make the trip more pleasant, we suggest the following. Let passengers get off the bus or subway car before you can get on. 3 Stand away from the doors when they are closing. Don"t talk loudly on a bus or subway. Chatting loudly with your friends can be annoying to others. 4 Don"t think your bags and suitcases (手提箱) deserve a seat of their own. Use a tissue whenever you cough or sneeze (打喷嚏). An uncovered sneeze can spread germs (细菌), especially in crowded places. Don"t cut your nails or pick your nose on public transportation. Don"t read over other people"s shoulder. 5 It can make people uncomfortable. They might think you"re too stingy (小气的) even to buy a newspaper. Or they might think you"re judging their behavior. A. Don"t eat food in your car. B. Don"t shout into your mobile phone on a bus or subway. C. We all know that some behaviors are simply unacceptable. D. Many people do this on subways, but it"s really annoying. E. Getting off and on in an orderly manner can save time for all. F. Suddenly, you feel someone leaning over your shoulder reading along with you.

填空题A. 10 percent to 25 percent for the proportion of workers who use drugs occasionally on the jobB. determine exactly when simple drag use becomes abuseC. the 1920s until the 1960sD. the 1960s until the 1970sE. signals passing through the nervous systemF. describe the phenomenon of drug use

填空题The Diet Zone: A Dangerous Place Diet Coke, diet Pepsi, diet pills, no-fat diet, vegetable diet...We are surrounded by the word "diet" everywhere we look and listen. We have so easily been attracted by the promise and potential of diet products that we have stopped thinking about what diet products are doing to us. We are paying for products that harm us psychologically and physically(身体上). Diet products significantly weaken us psychologically. On one level, we are not allowing our brain to admit that our weight problems lie not in actually losing the weight, but in controlling the consumption of fatty, high-calorie, unhealthy foods. Diet products allow us to jump over the thinking stage and go straight for the scale (秤) instead. All we have to do is to swallow or recognize the word "diet" in food labels. On another level, diet products have greater psychological effects. Every time we have a zero-calorie drink, we are telling ourselves without our awareness that we don"t have to work to get results. Diet products make people believe that gain comes without pain, and that life can be without resistance and struggle. The danger of diet products lies not only in the psychological effects they have on us, but also in the physical harm that they cause. Diet foods can indirectly harm our bodies because consuming them instead of healthy foods means we are preventing our bodies from having basic nutrients (营养成分). Diet foods and diet pills contain zero calorie only because the diet industry has created chemicals to produce these wonder products. Diet products may not be nutritional, and the chemical that go into diet products are potentially dangerous. Now that we are aware of the effects that diet products have on us, it is time to seriously think about buying them. Losing weight lies in the power of minds, not in the power of chemicals. Once we realize this, we will be much better able to resist diet products, and therefore prevent the psychological harm that comes from using them.

填空题The Joy of Living Alone More and more Americans are living alone. Some live alone because of divorce or the death of a partner. 1 According to a recent US census (人口普查), 25 percent 0f all households in the US are made up of just one person. This is a dramatic change from the extended families of just a couple of generations ago. The typical person living alone is neither old nor lonely. 2 The majority of these people have chosen to live alone. They are responding to decreasing social pressure to get married and have a family. It"s now socially acceptable, even fashionable, to live alone. As people get better jobs and become financially independent, it becomes possible for them to maintain one person household. 3 However, people who do get married are marrying at a later age and divorcing more often. The number one reason given by most people for living alone is that they simply enjoy doing what they want when they want to do it. "Living alone is a luxury," says Nina Hagiwara, "Once you do it, you can"t ever go back to living with others." David C"Debaca, agrees. 4 Children think that being grown up means being able to do exactly as they please. 5 The chance to discover whether that freedom is as wonderful as it sounds is a chance more and more Americans are taking. A．There"s more pressure to get married nowadays. B．The growing number of women with good j obs has done much tO increase the number of people living alone. C．However, even more people are living alone because they have chosen to. D．It seems that many grown-ups today are realizing that childhood dream. E．In fact, a quai-ter of the 23 million single people in the US are under the age of 35. F．He says, "I like being by myself."

填空题The Bilingual Brain When Karl Kim immigrated to the United States from Korea s a teenager, he had a hard time learning English. Now he speaks it fluently, and he had a unique opportunity to see how our brains adapt to a second language. As a graduate student, Kim worked in the lab of Joy Hirsch, a neuroscientist in New York. (1) They found evidence that children and adults don't use the same parts of the brain when they learn a second language. The researchers used an instrument called an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanner to study the brains of two groups of bilingual people. (2) . The other consisted of people who, like Kim. learned their second language later in life. People from both groups were placed inside the MRI scanner. This allowed Kim and Hirsch to see which parts of the brain were getting more blood and were more active. They asked people from both groups to think about what they had done the day before, first in one language and then the other. They couldn't speak out loud because any movement would disrupt the scanning. Kim and Hirsch looked specifically at two language centers in the brain — Broca's area, which is believed to control speech production, an Wernicke's area, which is thought to process meaning. Kim and Hirsch found that both groups of people used the same part of Wernicke's area no matter what language they were speaking. (3) People who learned a second language as children used the same region in Broca's area for both their first and second languages. People who learned a second language later in life used a different part of Broca's area for their second language. (4) Hirsch believes that when language is first being programmed in young children, their brains may mix the sounds and structures of all languages in the same area. Once that programming is complete, the processing of a new language must be taken over by a different part of the brain. A. second possibility is simply that we may acquire languages differently as children than we do as adults. Hirsch thinks that mothers teach a baby to speak by using different methods involving touch, sound, and sight. (5) A. But their use of Broca's area was different. B. One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children. C. How does Hirsch explain this difference? D. We use special parts of the brain for language learning. E. And that is very different from learning a language in a high school or college class. F. Their work led to an important discovery.